胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的外科治疗

目的报告1988年～2000年12月手术治疗36例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力(MG)的结果.方法全部患者均行手术治疗,按Masaoka临床分期Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期15例,Ⅲ期12例,Ⅳ期3例.结果术后18例出现重症肌无力危象,均行气管切开及辅助呼吸,1例死于危象.术后随访半年～10年,3年内MG缓解率为72.2%,5年生存率为65.4%,10年生存率为24.8%.结论胸腺切除手术是治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的主要方法,术后肌无力危象发生率高,及时行气管切开及辅助呼吸是处理的关键.     

24例胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力围术期治疗体会

目的研究胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力患者的围术期治疗。方法对我科自1990年至2004年收治的24例胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力病人围术期治疗进行回顾性研究。结果本组中3例患者术后出现重症肌无力危象,治疗后痊愈;其余患者术后均顺利康复;全组无围术期死亡病例。结论降低手术并发症及死亡率的关键;合理使用抗胆碱酯酶药物和激素;尽早拔除气管插管,选用有效抗生素防治肺部感染;必要时气管切开、呼吸机辅助呼吸。     

40例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力的手术治疗

报告４０例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力（ＭＧ）的手术治疗效果。本组包括完全切除肿瘤和胸腺２６例，次全切除肿瘤１０例，组织活检４例。结果手术死亡１例（２．５％），术后１年内死亡８例（２０．５％）。３１例术后随访３～１２年，５年生存率为６１．３％，１０年生存率２７．７％；其中非浸润型胸腺瘤分别为７６．９％和３０．０％，浸润型胸腺瘤则为５０．０％和２５．０％。ＭＧ术后缓解改善率为８０．６％，术后肌无力危象发生率为４０．０％，抢救成功率为９３．８％，结论显示手术治疗胸腺肿瘤合并ＭＧ，如严格掌握手术指征，可获得较好的疗效和预后。     

胸腺瘤术后并发重症肌无力危象的原因和护理

目的探讨胸腺瘤术后并发重症肌无力危象的主要原因及护理干预的重要作用和临床意义。方法重视术前准备、手术时机及手术方式的选择,抗胆碱酯酶药物、糖皮质激素及麻醉药物的管理,加强呼吸支持,控制肺部感染,积极的心理护理,高度警惕重症肌无力危象发生的可能,加强临床症状的观察并采取积极的救治措施。结果 38例胸腺瘤术后患者中,6例发生重症肌无力危象,术后气管切开2例,拔管后再次机械辅助呼吸4例,经积极救治痊愈。结论重视术前风险防范,采取全面有效的护理和急救措施,使胸腺瘤术后患者顺利康复,尽量避免重症肌无力危象的发生。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者的手术及围术期处理

目的 为提高胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力（MG）患者手术的安全性和治愈率，总结其临床经验。方法 1991年7月至2005年8月收治胸腺瘤合并MG23例，术前均给予肾上腺糖皮质激素和抗胆碱酯酶药物治疗，病情稳定后行胸腺扩大切除术，对发生MG危象患者予以气管切开或气管内插管，必要时使用呼吸机辅助呼吸。结果 全组无手术死亡，术后2例发生MG危象，经处理后痊愈。随访20例，失访3例，随访时间3个月～10年，缓解3例，明显改善11例，改善5例，无变化1例。其中1例胸腺瘤部分切除患者术后4个月死于肿瘤复发。结论 胸腺瘤合并MG患者除临床证实肿瘤无法切除或已胸外转移者外，其余均应手术治疗，完全切除胸腺瘤并清除前纵隔脂肪组织；正确的围术期处理是降低手术并发症及死亡率的关键。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力28例外科治疗分析

目的提高胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的外科治疗水平。方法对28例经过手术治疗的胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者的临床资料及随访资料进行分析。结果全组无围术期死亡。术后5例患者发生重症肌无力危象,经延长呼吸机辅助通气治疗安全度过围术期。出院后进行定期随访,随访时间6个月至6年。完全缓解12例,改善8例,无效5例,死亡3例。结论合理选择病例、彻底手术切除、完善围术期管理、减少肌无力危象的发生,外科治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力可获得良好的疗效。     

重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象的防治（附23例临床资料分析）

本文报告了重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象２３例，占我科手术治疗１０７例重症肌无力病例的２１．５％，因危象死亡１例（４．３％）。通过对临床资料进行分析，作者认为，重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象多数可以预测，发生危象与病人重症肌无力临床类型，术前服用抗胆碱酯酶药物剂量，是否合并胸腺瘤，术前曾发生危象以及肺通气功能障碍等因素有关。对于术前预测术后可能发生危象者，可于术毕行预防性气管切开，合理调整抗胆碱酯酶药物用药剂量，加强控制肺部感染等综合性防治措施。     

重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤手术治疗的近期疗效及危象发生的临床分析

目的观察重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的手术治疗的近期疗效及危象发生的情况，分析疗效和危象的相关因素。方法1994年1月至2005年1月手术治疗重症肌无力（MG）436例，其中58例合并胸腺瘤。肌无力按改良Osserman分型，Ⅰ型17例，Ⅱa型23例，Ⅱb型12例，Ⅲ型6例；胸腺瘤Masaoka分期Ⅰ期30例，Ⅱ期18，Ⅲ期7例，Ⅳ期3例。对术后近期疗效和发生危象发生情况进行统计分析。结果手术后缓解16例（27．59％），无效18例（31．03％），恶化11例（18．97％），危象及死亡13例（22．41％）。Logistic回归分析发现，MG合并胸腺瘤者发生危象的可能性是无胸腺瘤者的1．286倍，MG伴有胸腺瘤者、MGⅡ型及以上者是术后发生危象的高危人群。Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型及以上者术后近期的危象发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期及以上胸腺瘤者术后近期的危象发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论MG合并胸腺瘤的病人术后危象的发生率明显增加，MGⅡ型及以上型术后更容易发生危象，危象的发生与胸腺瘤的病理分期无相关性。     

38例胸腺瘤的外科治疗

１９８０～１９９３年，我院手术治疗胸腺瘤３８例，１６例良性胸腺瘤手术后１３例症状消失，无复发，恶性胸腺瘤１３例，其中手术切除３例，死亡２例，部分切除２例，术后加放疗，随访２及４年未见复发，不能切除８例，胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力共１１例（良性９例，恶性２例），行肿瘤及胸腺广泛切除后，２例症状消失，３例症状减轻，６例并发重症肌无力危象，本文讨论了短期应用较大剂量糖皮质激素在预防和治疗重症肌无力危象中的重要     

扩大胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床研究

目的:探讨重症肌无力的外科治疗和围术期处理方法。方法:采取扩大的胸腺切除和纵隔脂肪组织清扫手术治疗重症肌无力89例,其中单纯重症肌无力48例,胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力41例,其中1例伴发甲状腺机能亢进,27例有肌无力危象发作史。Osserman分型:Ⅰ型21例,Ⅱa型17例,Ⅱb型31例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ5例。1987年以前手术采用前胸二或三肋间横切口或右胸前外侧切口入路手术。1988年以后采用胸骨正中入路施术。术前均口服吡啶期的明每天180～600mg分次服用,Ⅱb型以上病加服强的松每天30～60mg或90mg隔日一次顿服。手术当日和术后抗胆碱酯酶药物给药的剂量、方法、时间不变。术日激素采用氢考300～400mg静滴。危重病人采取预防性气管切开或延迟气管插管和呼吸机辅助呼吸,以帮助病人渡过手术创伤期和危象发生期。结果:全组13例术后12～22小时之间发生肌无力危象,死亡3例,死亡率3.4％。其余均治愈出院。对32例病人随访12个月～120个月,缓解6例,明显改善13例,改善4例,无效1例,差2例,失访6例。结论:正中入路施行扩大胸腺切除和纵隔脂肪组织清扫效果可靠,围术期合理抗胆碱酯酶药物和激素是手术成功的前提,适时的气管切开和延迟气管插管拔管行呼吸机辅助呼吸为病人提供了渡过手术创伤期的安全保证。     

胸腺瘤切除术后重症肌无力的临床分析

目的 探讨胸腺瘤切除术后出现重症肌无力(MG)患者的临床病理特点。方法 回顾性分析15例胸腺瘤切除术后出现MG患者的临床资料,并与同时期手术平均随诊5．5年未发现：MG的全部112例单纯胸腺瘤患者的临床资料比较。15例胸腺瘤切除术后出现MG患者中女性9例、男性6例;胸腺瘤Masaoka分期Ⅰ期7例、Ⅱ期4例、Ⅲ期4例;上皮细胞型3例、淋巴细胞型4例、混合型7例、不定1例。平均随诊时间为76．7个月(8～178个月)。结果 (1)胸腺瘤切除术后出现MG的时间为术后麻醉苏醒时至术后137个月(平均33．9个月),MG症状完全缓解时间平均为术后30．9个月(0．5～120个月);(2)麻醉苏醒时即出现：MG的4例患者中,均使用了非去极化肌松剂;(3)术后放射治疗患者中3例出现MG(3／67),出现时间平均为治疗第24天,已照剂量平均为36 Gy;(4)女性、病程较长,混合型,肿瘤较大,病期稍晚者,可能有发生术后MG的倾向。结论 手术、术后放射治疗及麻醉中肌松药选择和剂量控制,均可影响术后MG的发生。     

Management of myasthenia gravis in association with thymoma

From June 1975 to March 2002, we experienced 339 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Ninety-four patients (81 generalized MG and 13 ocular type) had associated with thymoma. Extended thymectomy including thymoma was performed in all patients. The thymomas were classified as stage I (n = 46), II (n = 31), III (n = 14), and IV a (n = 3). Histopathological findings of the thymoma indicated polygonal cell type in 75 cases, mixture of polygonal and spindle cell type in 14, and spindle cell type in 3, respectively. Three cases in stage II, 12 in III, and 3 in IV a received postoperative radiation therapy. Twenty-two patients required prolonged respirator management for respiratory crisis. Complete remission of MG was seen in 15 cases (17%), and good therapeutic results were obtained in 55 cases (58%) with combined corticosteroid therapy. On the other hand, recurrences of the invasive thymoma were seen in 12 cases (13%), and six of them (6%) died of the tumor. In conclusion, early extended thymectomy including thymoma is markedly effective therapy for MG associated with thymoma, although careful attention should be paid for recurrence of the invasive thymoma.     

Myasthenia gravis appearing after thymectomy for thymoma.

OBJECTIVE: A few thymoma patients without myasthenia gravis (MG) have been observed to develop MG after total removal of the thymoma (postoperative MG). However, the cause of this is not yet known because of the rarity of postoperative MG patients. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of the 8 postoperative MG patients. METHODS: We compiled 1089 thymoma patients treated between 1990 and 1994 in 115 institutes in Japan, and found 8 cases of postoperative MG. RESULTS: Postoperative MG was found in 8 (0.97%) of 827 thymoma patients without preoperative MG. The postoperative MG patients included 1 male and 7 females, with a mean age of 50.5+/-15.0 years. The thymoma was completely resected in all cases. The surgical method used was extended thymectomy in 2 cases and thymothymectomy in 6 cases. There were 2 cases (0.7%) of postoperative MG in the extended thymectomy group (n = 275), 6 (1.9%) in the thymothymectomy group (n = 321), and none in the tumor resection group (n = 137). The interval between thymectomy and the onset of postoperative MG varied (6 days-45 months, 19.3+/-16.5 months). The type of MG was ocular in 2 cases and general in 5 cases, according to the modified Osserman classification. The postoperative MG was responsive to anti-cholinesterase compounds and/or steroids. The improvement rate was 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative MG was present in about 1% of the patients who underwent total thymoma resection. Resection of the thymus gland does not prevent postoperative MG.     

外科治疗重症肌无力的疗效分析

目的评价外科治疗重症肌无力的效果,探讨影响术后肌无力危象发生的因素以及预防治疗要点。方法回顾性分析1985年6月至2005年6月78例接受外科治疗重症肌无力患者的临床资料,对影响术后肌无力危象发生及程度的因素进行分析,比较不同围手术期处理方案的疗效差异。结果肌无力症状完全缓解21例,明显改善38例,改善11例,无变化8例。病程长短、血清抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体水平、Osserman分期和胸腺病理类型均是术后肌无力危象发生的独立相关危险因素。在围手术期处理方面,新方案疗效明显优于旧方案。结论外科治疗重症肌无力具有良好的效果和可行性。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力527例

目的总结胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的外科治疗经验,探讨MG外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1996年6月至2017年10月期间527例行胸腺扩大切除术的MG患者临床病例资料,其中男242例,女285例;年龄5~77岁,平均(52.6±13.7)岁。病程12天~18年。合并甲状腺功能亢进症22例,纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血7例,甲状腺机能减退症、肠激惹症、风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和血小板减少综合征各1例。改良OssermanⅠ型272例,Ⅱa型72例,Ⅱb型78例,Ⅲ型81例,Ⅳ型24例。所有患者肌疲劳试验、新斯的明试验阳性,胸部CT检查明确诊断。总结围手术期相关资料及术后随访情况。结果围手术期死亡3例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型MG 2例、Ⅳ型MG 1例。术后肌无力危象15例,其中OssermanⅡb型2例、Ⅲ型11例、Ⅳ型2例,气管切开7例。血浆置换70例,并发低渗综合征、下肢静脉血栓各2例。术后病理诊断胸腺增生293例(55.60%)、胸腺瘤207例(39.28%)、胸腺囊肿24例(4.55%)和胸腺萎缩3例(0.57%)。随访378例,平均随访(85.9±58.5)月;MG完全缓解、部分缓解、无变化和恶化患者分别为135例(35.71%)、192例(50.79%)、41例(10.85%)和10例(2.65%)。完全缓解率OssermanⅠ>Ⅱa>Ⅳ>Ⅱb>Ⅲ型,恶化率OssermanⅢ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ型。OssermanⅠ型外科治疗无效18例,术前病程>5~10年;恶化1例,为应用电视胸腔镜胸腺切除的眼肌型MG患者,遗留胸腺左叶未切除,6年后发展为重度全身型,再次手术切除遗留的左叶胸腺,证实左叶胸腺代偿性肥大增生。恶化患者中死亡6例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型5例、Ⅳ型1例;死亡原因为肌无力危象3例,快速停服溴吡斯的明3个月后突发呼吸骤停猝死2例,胆碱能危象1例。结论规范的胸腺扩大切除是治疗MG的有效方法,眼肌型MG尽早手术可有效降低其全身性转化风险。OssermanⅡb型以上MG易发生肌无力危象,围手术期采取综合处理措施有助于降低MG相关风险。重症术后远期可反复发生肌无力危象,须规律用药,并采取MG综合治疗措施。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力527例

目的总结胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的外科治疗经验,探讨MG外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1996年6月至2017年10月期间527例行胸腺扩大切除术的MG患者临床病例资料,其中男242例,女285例;年龄5~77岁,平均(52.6±13.7)岁。病程12天~18年。合并甲状腺功能亢进症22例,纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血7例,甲状腺机能减退症、肠激惹症、风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和血小板减少综合征各1例。改良OssermanⅠ型272例,Ⅱa型72例,Ⅱb型78例,Ⅲ型81例,Ⅳ型24例。所有患者肌疲劳试验、新斯的明试验阳性,胸部CT检查明确诊断。总结围手术期相关资料及术后随访情况。结果围手术期死亡3例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型MG 2例、Ⅳ型MG 1例。术后肌无力危象15例,其中OssermanⅡb型2例、Ⅲ型11例、Ⅳ型2例,气管切开7例。血浆置换70例,并发低渗综合征、下肢静脉血栓各2例。术后病理诊断胸腺增生293例(55.60%)、胸腺瘤207例(39.28%)、胸腺囊肿24例(4.55%)和胸腺萎缩3例(0.57%)。随访378例,平均随访(85.9±58.5)月;MG完全缓解、部分缓解、无变化和恶化患者分别为135例(35.71%)、192例(50.79%)、41例(10.85%)和10例(2.65%)。完全缓解率OssermanⅠ>Ⅱa>Ⅳ>Ⅱb>Ⅲ型,恶化率OssermanⅢ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ型。OssermanⅠ型外科治疗无效18例,术前病程>5~10年;恶化1例,为应用电视胸腔镜胸腺切除的眼肌型MG患者,遗留胸腺左叶未切除,6年后发展为重度全身型,再次手术切除遗留的左叶胸腺,证实左叶胸腺代偿性肥大增生。恶化患者中死亡6例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型5例、Ⅳ型1例;死亡原因为肌无力危象3例,快速停服溴吡斯的明3个月后突发呼吸骤停猝死2例,胆碱能危象1例。结论规范的胸腺扩大切除是治疗MG的有效方法,眼肌型MG尽早手术可有效降低其全身性转化风险。OssermanⅡb型以上MG易发生肌无力危象,围手术期采取综合处理措施有助于降低MG相关风险。重症术后远期可反复发生肌无力危象,须规律用药,并采取MG综合治疗措施。     

Results and problems of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis over 65 years old

From June 1975 to March 1999, 300 cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) have undergone thymectomy. Twenty-eight patients over 65 years old were examined, focusing on the relationship between clinical appearances and microscopic findings of the thymuses. Among these cases, six were classified as ocular type (one case with thymoma) and 22 generalized type (eight cases with thymoma). According to the thymoma registering stages defined by Masaoka and colleagues, those nine cases with thymoma associated with stages I (n = 7), II (n = 1) and III (n = 1), respectively. The case of stage III (74 year old female) died four years and eight months after surgery. The case of stage II died of old age two years after the surgery. Complete remission was achieved in two cases of stage I. The follicular hyperplasia were seen in eight cases, and all resulted in improvement. Nine cases with no particular findings of thymuses classified into four ocular type and five generalized type including one fulminating type. Post-operative course of all these cases were uneventful. Although one recurrent of the thymoma and one death of the tumor were observed, post-operative outcomes of these elderly patients were generally satisfactory. We concluded that there is an operative indication of thymectomy for MG of even elderly patients, if no particular findings were recognized in the thymus.     

Expanded indications for transcervical thymectomy in the management of anterior mediastinal masses

BACKGROUND: Transcervical thymectomy (TCT) is an accepted though controversial approach for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis (MG). The suggestion of thymoma on computed tomography (CT) has been considered a contraindication to TCT. We sought to determine whether the indications for TCT could be safely expanded to include selected patients with thymomas as well as other types of anterior mediastinal masses. METHODS: Between January 1992 and September 1999, we performed 121 TCTs: 98 in patients with MG and 23 in patients without MG. The patients' records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 98 MG patients, 28 had CT scans suspicious for thymoma. Of these, 14 had a thymoma pathologically. These were classified as stage I (5), stage II (8), and stage III (1). Five patients required extension of the incision for completion of the procedure. There have been no thymoma recurrences to date with a mean follow-up of 48 months (range 3 to 96 months). In the 23 patients without MG, 12 had new anterior mediastinal masses, 4 had a history of treated lymphoma, 1 had a history of treated germ cell tumor, and 6 had suspected mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in all patients undergoing the procedure for diagnosis, and in 4 of 6 patients, a parathyroid adenoma was successfully resected. CONCLUSIONS: Transcervical exploration and thymectomy offers a less invasive approach to the diagnosis and/or definitive treatment of selected anterior mediastinal masses. We suggest that it is appropriate to expand its use to several clinical scenarios beyond the typical indication of thymectomy in MG patients without thymoma.     

Results from surgical treatment for thymoma. 43 years of experience.

OBJECTIVE: The biological behavior of thymoma and its prognosis after surgical intervention remain still controversial. The efficacy of surgical treatment for thymoma was investigated by examining long-term follow-up data. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Follow-up data for patients undergoing surgical resection of histopathologically-confirmed thymoma between 1954 and 1997 were obtained and were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical staging was based on Masaoka's staging system, and histological classification on Rosai's proposed criteria. RESULTS: Data for 140 patients were collected. Sixty-four patients had stage I, 32 had stage II, 28 had stage III, and 16 had stage IV thymoma. There were significant differences in survival between patients with stage I and stage III, stage I and stage IV and stage II and stage III disease, but not between those with stage I thymoma and stage II thymoma. No significant difference in survival was observed between the 56 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and the 84 without MG. The 38 patients classified as having a predominantly-epithelial thymoma had a poorer prognosis than the 41 with a predominantly-lymphocytic thymoma. Until 1975, there were four patients with stage I thymomas who later showed recurrence, compared with 21 among those with stage II, III and IV diseases. Since 1976, extended thymectomy with thymomectomy under median sternotomy has been adopted as the standard operation for a thymoma, and there has been no recurrence in stage I patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with stage III or IV invasive thymoma have a poorer prognosis and a higher recurrence rate than those with encapsulated thymoma, and patients with a predominantly-epithelial thymoma have a poorer prognosis than those with a predominantly-lymphocytic thymoma. Extended thymectomy with thymomectomy under median sternotomy can be considered as adequate treatment for a stage I thymoma. Myasthenia gravis does not appear to affect the prognosis of patients with a thymoma.