尘肺发病率分析

目的 研究当前厂矿中尘肺发病率水平。方法 按统一设计方案,对11个厂矿和1个综合性地区（辽宁省）的尘肺发病情况进行回顾性调查。以不同开始接尘年度工龄分布表为基础,用寿命表法设计30年工龄累计尘肺发病率。统一用一次断面采样法和围岩构成加权平均法重新采样分析,统计出工种（车间）历年粉尘平均浓度及游离SiO2含量。结果 辽宁省的尘肺检出率50年代为6．29％;90年代下降到0．83％。11个厂矿防尘后开始接尘工人30年工龄累计尘肺发病率为0．007－0．1575。尘肺发病率与粉尘浓度、游离SiO2含量关系密切。SiO2含量高、粉尘浓度大的金、铜矿的煤矿（综采）工人30年工龄累计尘肺发病率为0．1139－0．1575;其次为钼矿、煤矿（机采）和耐火材料厂（0．0329－0．027）;SiO2含量低、粉尘浓度较小的铁矿和煤矿（炮采）为0．0073－0．0105。结论 当前我国尘肺危害仍较严重,建立加速立法、制订规划,以解决我国尘肺问题。     

萤石矿工尘肺预防控制与消除的研究

目的 通过加强综合防尘措施达到控制病因来预防尘肺，探讨我国消除尘肺的可能性。方法 采用尘肺流行病学调查方法，评价浙江省东风萤石矿采取综合防尘措施预防尘肺的效果；用前瞻性追踪调查，验证通过降低生产环境的粉尘浓度消除尘肺的可行性。结果 对东风萤石矿历经35年（1962－1996年）的动态观察和前瞻性30年追踪调查的结果表明，开展综合防尘后，工人作业环境的平均粉尘浓度和时间加权平均粉尘浓度分别由防尘前的366．0、163．4mg/m^3下降至1．2、1．3mg/m^3，其下降率分别为99．7％和92．1％。尘肺的病因－生产性粉尘被控制后，尘肺发病率、患病率、死亡率分别由防尘前的24．8％、85．5％、5．9％下降为0。结论 通过30年前瞻性追踪调查验证，东风萤石矿无1例尘肺发生，达到了消除尘肺的目的。     

卫生防护与三废处理

980478 界牌陶瓷厂矿防尘效果评价/王秀兰…//工业卫生与职业病.-1996,22(5).-287～289 采用队列研究方法评价湖南界牌陶瓷厂矿防尘效果。研究队列2404人,陶工尘肺150例。结果表明,该厂矿近30年的粉尘防制取得明显效果,尘肺发病率明显下降,减少32名尘肺的发生,获得的经济效益259.2万元;本文并对尘肺经济损失估算方法及调查内容进行了讨论。图0表4参5 (刘滋祜)     

粉尘危害指数与尘肺普查年限的探讨

目前表示粉尘对人体危害程度的主要指标有 :尘肺发病率、患病率、发病工龄、病程年限、病死率、尘肺晋期年限等 ,不同性质粉尘在不同浓度下导致不同的尘肺患病率和不同的发病工龄 ,反之 ,不同的尘肺患病率及不同的发病工龄在一定程度上也可以反映出某种粉尘的危害程度。由国家标准局颁布的生产性粉尘作业危害程度分级也就是根据生产性粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量、生产性粉尘浓度超标倍数及工人劳动强度 ,将粉尘危害分为 0～ 4级 ,对评价综合防尘措施、加强劳动保护、科学管理提供了科学依据 ,专业技术人员可根据不同的级别 ,将粉尘作业厂矿进行…     

界牌陶瓷厂矿防尘效果评价

本文采用队列研究方法评价湖南界牌陶瓷厂矿防尘效果。研究队列２４０４人，陶工尘肺１５０例。，结果表明，该厂矿近３０年的粉尘防制取得明显效果，尘肺发病率明显下降，减少３２名尘肺的发生，获得的经济效益２５９．２万元；本文并对尘肺经济损失估算方法有及调查内容进行了讨论。     

煤工尘肺预期发病工龄寿命表法研究

目的 研究煤工尘肺预期发病工龄。方法 收集整理某局1960－1995年期间的8291份接尘工人健康检查资料,分别计算不同时间的尘肺累积发病数,队列寿命表法求得矿工预期发病工龄。结果 煤矿工人的接尘工龄与累积患病率的概率单位之间呈正相关（r=0.98,P=0.0001),煤工尘肺的发病率随工龄的增加而增高,预期发病工龄随工龄的增加而缩短。结论 煤矿工人的尘肺发病工龄约为15年左右,在目前煤矿粉尘浓度水平的条件下,若想把尘肺患病率控制在1％左右,各工种的工人接尘期限以不超过6年为宜。     

民用瓷生产粉尘危害预防与陶工尘肺流行病学调查分析

我国民用瓷生产历史长，粉尘危害重。随预防措施逐步实施，陶工尘肺流行病学规律发生了变化。本文对四家有代表性瓷厂的环境、陶工尘肺患病资料分析，原料加工防尘措施日臻完善，陶工尘肺患病率已明显低于成型制坯，１９７０年后接尘人群虽已超过平均发病工龄，但尚未发现陶工尘肺病人。成型制坯１９７５年后接尘人群虽只接近平均发病工龄，但陶工尘肺发病率已达３７８％。建议，今后应对成型制坯粉尘危害重点预防。     

某市煤工尘肺流行病学调查

目的 通过煤工尘肺流行病学调查,了解煤工尘肺发病规律,为预防煤工尘肺提供科学依据.方法 搜集作业场所粉尘检测资料、煤工尘肺发病资料和作业工人健康监护资料,对1 292例煤工尘肺病例进行流行病学调查.结果 该市1974-2010年煤工尘肺年均发病率为3.07‰,平均发病年龄(41.2±4.3)岁,平均接尘工龄(22.9±7.4)年,2001年以来,尘肺发病有明显下降的趋势.结论 粉尘依然是煤矿作业工人的主要职业危害,三级预防是控制煤工尘肺发生发展的有效措施.     

某煤矿井下粉尘作业工人10年健康动态观察报告

目的通过对煤矿井下粉尘作业工人10年健康动态观察,探讨煤工尘肺的发病因素,X线表现及诊断、尘肺发病率预测。方法1990～2000年对煤矿井下粉尘作业工人进行了10年健康动态观察。结果煤工尘肺患病率4．6％。结论煤矿井下作业场所粉尘浓度分散度及游离SiO2含量,防尘措施是影响煤工尘肺的发病因素。     

煤矿及铁矿脱尘后尘肺的进展情况分析

为探讨工人脱离粉尘作业后尘肺的发病及进展情况，本文共收集脱尘后尘肺病例２１５３例，现职尘肺２０８２例，对每一病例进行阅片，利用因素分层分析、寿命表及人年率的方法，分析脱尘后尘肺的进展规律。结果表明：脱尘后尘肺接尘工龄较短，而发病工龄及发病年龄较长，其累积晋期率、ＰＭＦ人年发病率均低于现职尘肺。基于本次调查结果，针对如何对脱尘工人进行普查提出了几点建议。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.