恶性胸腔积液中DNA倍体分析的诊断价值

人体正常的体细胞均有较恒定的DNA二倍体含量．而在细胞癌变过程中将伴随细胞DNA含量的异常改变．当细胞内DNA含量异常时．用流式细胞仪（flow cytometer．FCM）检测可检出DNA异倍体。本文探讨流式细胞术DNA倍体分析在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的敏感性、特异性．以期提高恶性胸腔积液诊断的准确性。     

流式细胞术分析舌体鳞癌细胞DNA倍体和细胞周期的意义

目的 探讨舌体鳞癌细胞的DNA倍休、细胞周期特征，并分析其临床意义。方法 采用流式细胞术测定40例舌体鳞癌标本及10例正常舌体组织中的异倍体、DNA指数、增殖指数和S期细胞比例，并研究这些参数与肿瘤组织分期之间的关系。结果 40例舌体鳞癌中，异倍体检出率为70％(28／40)；舌体鳞癌与正常舌组织相比，DI、SPF有显著性差异，相对于低分化组而言，高、中分化组的DI、SPF及PI有显著性差异。结论 流式细胞仪可用来分析舌体鳞癌的DNA；DI可以鉴别细胞的良恶性；DI、SPF、PI可以作为恶性程度及预后的指标。     

DNA倍体在胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的应用流式细胞术（FCM）测定胸腔积液细胞DNA倍体,以探讨其在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法用FCM检测135例胸腔积液中细胞DNA倍体,同时与病理细胞学结果比较。结果FCM检测胸腔积液细胞DNA倍体结果为二倍体58例,近二倍体8例,异倍体69例;敏感性90.4%,特异性100%,准确性92.5%。两种方法检测的结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论应用FCM进行DNA倍体分析对诊断恶性胸腔积液具有重要价值。     

染色体分析、细胞学检查及肿瘤标志物检测在恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的联合应用价值

目的 评价染色体分析技术、细胞学检查和肿瘤标志物在鉴别恶性胸腔积液中的联合应用价值。方法 直接法制备中期胸腔积液染色体，观察分裂相的数目和结构，以异倍体≥10％，2个以上分裂相出现染色体结构异常为阳性标准；肿瘤标志物使用Elecsys2010电化学发光仪测定。结果 35例恶性胸腔积液，染色体分析有25例阳性（71．4％），97例良性胸腔积液中未见阳性结果，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；细胞学检查：35例恶性胸腔积液中，阳性11例（31．4％），良性胸腔积液中均未找到癌细胞；肿瘤标志物检查：恶性胸腔积液，阳性率为65．7％，良性胸腔积液阳性率4．9％。结论 染色体分析技术在恶性胸腔积液鉴别中具有灵敏度高，特异度强，投入少，低成本，易在基层医院推广的特点；对于临床上性质难以明确的胸腔积液患者，在进行细胞学检查的同时，联合染色体和肿瘤标志物检测，可以大大提高恶性胸腔积液的检出率。     

端粒酶活性和DNA异倍体及癌胚抗原联检实验诊断恶性胸腔积液

目的 评价联合检测胸腔积液中端粒酶活性(TA)、DNA异倍体和癌胚抗原(CEA)对实验诊断恶性胸腔积液的价值.方法 应用端粒末端重复序列扩增-杂交-酶联免疫分析检测TA、流式细胞术检测DNA异倍体,应用磁性抗体分离酶免疫测定法检测CEA.比较单指标与指标联检的差别.结果 单指标鉴别诊断恶性与良性胸腔积液的特异度、敏感度、准确率分别为.端粒酶0.961,0.800,0.870;DNA异倍体0.937,0.752,0.832;CEA 0.898,0.515,0.682.联合检测上述指标鉴别诊断恶性与良性胸腔积液的特异度、敏感度、准确率分别为:TA CEA 0.866,0.824,0.842;DNA异倍体 CEA 0.843,0.776,0.805,TA DNA异倍体0.906,0.867,0.884;TA DNA异倍体 CEA 0.803,0.891,0.853.结论 联合检测可进一步提高诊断恶性胸腔积液的敏感度和准确度,但可轻度降低特异性,其中以TA DNA异倍体联检效果最佳,而联合TA与CEA的效果不理想.     

流式细胞术检测食管癌细胞DNA含量的临床意义

目的了解食管癌细胞DNA指数（DI）、S期细胞百分率（SPF）、细胞增殖指数（PI）的临床意义。方法应用流式细胞仪检测64例食管癌手术标本的癌细胞和肺癌远端食管切缘粘膜细胞DI、SPF、PI值，并结合随访资料进行临床病理分析。结果根据DI值，研究对象分为二倍体组（0．90～1．10），亚二倍体组（1．11～1．20）和异倍体组（〉1．20），分别占53．1％（34／64），21．9％（14／64），25．0％（16／34）。异倍体癌细胞DI、SPF、PI值高于二倍体组（P〈0．01）。食管癌异倍体组I～II期病例占18．8％（3／16），低于二倍体组52．9％（18／34）（P〈0．05）。食管癌异倍体组无淋巴结转移病例占25．0％（4／16），低于二倍体组55．9％（19／34）（P〈0．05）。异倍体组与亚二倍体组同时SPF〉10％的患者中无淋巴结转移例数占29．4％（5／17），低于二倍体组无淋巴结转移例数52．9％（18／34），有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论食管癌细胞DI值与临床分期、淋巴结转移密切相关。与食管癌患者生存无显著相关，同时癌细胞的SPF值与淋巴结转移密切相关。     

恶性胸腔积液292例病因分析

目的：观察恶性胸腔积液的病因分布及临床特点，并综合评价多种检查手段的诊断价值。方法：对292例恶性胸腔积液进行回顾性分析。结果：（1）292例中，呼吸系统肿瘤的比例为51．0％（其中肺癌占45．2％，胸膜间皮瘤占5．8％），其他病因依次为消化系统肿瘤（25．0％）、血液系统肿瘤（6．5％）及乳腺－子宫附件肿瘤（3．1％）；男性和女性前两位病因仍是呼吸系统和消化系统肿瘤，第三位病因男性为血液系统肿瘤，女性为乳腺－子宫附件肿瘤；（2）常见的临床症状为咳嗽（50．7％）、气促（42．8％）、胸痛（26．7％）；（3）右侧、左侧及双侧恶性胸腔积液比例分别占53．4％、32．3％和14．4％（P＜0．05）；（4）胸腔积液癌胚抗原均值35μg/L，大于5μg/L 47例（72．3％）；（5）胸腔积液癌细胞检查、胸膜活检、纤维支气管镜9纤支镜）检查的阳性率分别为40．6％、36．8％、45．8％，三者联合阳性率为68．9％。结论：呼吸系统、消化系统、血液系统、乳腺－子宫附件肿瘤是恶性胸腔积液的主要病因；进行性胸痛为恶性胸腔积液较特异性的症状；恶性胸腔积液有一定的左胸选择性；胸腔积液癌胚抗原、胸腔积液细胞学、胸膜活检、纤支镜检查、胸腔镜检查对诊断恶性胸腔积液有重要价值，联合应用能提高阳性率。     

DNA倍体分析在浆膜腔积液诊断中的应用

目的探讨全自动细胞DNA倍体分析系统在良、恶性浆膜腔积液诊断中的应用价值。方法 262例浆膜腔积液标本(胸腔积液169例、腹水78例、心包积液15例)经离心处理后,制片2张,其中1张用于Feulgen染色后,给予全自动细胞DNA倍体分析,另1张用于巴氏染色,同样给予常规的细胞学检查,比较2种不同的检测方法对恶性浆膜腔积液的阳性检出率。结果 262例浆膜腔积液常规细胞学检测出119例(45.4%)异常,而同样标本中DNA倍体分析检测出113例(43.1%)异常,常规细胞学找到肿瘤细胞及可疑肿瘤细胞73例标本,均发现异倍体细胞的存在,而在常规细胞中找到核异质细胞的46例中,仅有34例出现异倍体细胞。结论全自动细胞DNA倍体分析系统有助于提高浆膜腔积液的阳性检出率,可作为细胞学检查的重要辅助手段。     

流式细胞术分析舌体鳞癌细胞DNA倍体和细胞周期的意义

目的探讨舌体鳞癌细胞的DNA倍体、细胞周期特征,并分析其临床意义.方法采用流式细胞术测定40例舌体鳞癌标本及10例正常舌体组织中的异倍体、DNA指数、增殖指数和S期细胞比例,并研究这些参数与肿瘤组织分期之间的关系.结果 40例舌体鳞癌中,异倍体检出率为70%(28/40);舌体鳞癌与正常舌组织相比,DI、SPF有显著性差异,相对于低分化组而言,高、中分化组的DI、SPF及PI有显著性差异.结论流式细胞仪可用来分析舌休鳞癌的DNA;DI可以鉴别细胞的良恶性;DI、SPF、PI可以作为恶性程度及预后的指标.     

短棒状杆菌制剂胸腔内注射对晚期肺癌胸腔积液患者免疫功能的影响

【目的】探讨短棒状杆菌抑制剂胸腔内注射对晚期肺癌胸腔积液患者的疗效及对外周血γ‐干扰素（IFN‐γ）、白细胞介素‐4（IL‐4）、T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。【方法】选择2012年1月至2013年12月于本院接受治疗的晚期肺癌合并恶性胸腔积液患者84例为研究对象，随机均分为观察组和对照组各42例，均行中心静脉导管持续引流，同时前者行短棒状杆菌制剂胸腔内注射；后者行顺铂胸腔内注射。酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA ）检测患者外周血 IFN‐γ及 IL‐4水平，免疫组化法检测外周血 T 淋巴细胞亚群CD4＋、CD8＋水平，并比较两组疗效。【结果】观察组完全有效（C R ）16例，占38．1％、总有效率90．5％（38／42），显著性高于对照组总有效率45．2％（19／42），其差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）；两组患者治疗后IFN‐γ、CD4＋及CD4＋／CD8＋水平均较治疗前显著性上升，IL‐4及CD8＋水平均较治疗前显著性下降（ P ＜0．05），且观察组治疗后数据与对照组相比，差异亦有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】短棒状杆菌制剂胸腔内注射有助于提升晚期肺癌合并胸腔积液患者疗效，并纠正免疫系统紊乱，值得推广。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.