锰对雄性大鼠睾丸毒性的病理学研究

每天给大鼠腹腔注射氯化锰１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，连续６０天及８４天。结果染锰大鼠睾丸重量下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），睾丸脏器系数也明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血清锰虽无明显增高，但睾丸组织中的锰含量却增高；光镜检查；睾丸曲细精管呈不同程度的变性，管内生精细胞数目减少，精子形成少或无。     

切除颌下腺对大鼠睾酮和精子顶体酶活力的影响

本实验对大鼠切除颌下腺３０和４８天时，睾丸和附睾重量、血清睾酮水平及精子顶体酶活力进行了观察。结果显示：（１）切除颌下腺的实验组，睾丸和附睾重量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），睾丸脏器系数也明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），但附睾脏器系数无明显降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）；（２）血清睾酮水平３０天时实验组略低于对照组，４８天时为２．４１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，明显低于对照组的４．４９ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）实验组的精子顶体酶活力分别为７．１９和６．００ｍＵ／ｍｌ明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）分别降低了５５．１％和６１．１％。结果表明表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）参与了调节睾酮的分泌，并能影响精子顶体酶活力以及睾丸和附睾的重量。     

长期饲饮乙醇的大鼠睾丸过氧化脂质的动态变化

本文报告长期饮用１０％乙醇８ｇ／ｋｇｄ－１的雄性Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠睾丸组织过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）含量动态变化。饮用乙醇３０天、６０天和９０天的大鼠，睾丸组织ＬＰＯ水平均明显高于同期对照大鼠（Ｐ＜０．０１）；在饮用乙醇６０天之内，ＬＰＯ水平呈上升曲线，６０～９０天期间达平顶；每日饲饮乙醇之前给大鼠护肝宁口服液饮用，则睾丸组织ＬＰＯ水平不升高，且明显低于乙醇组大鼠（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明长期饮酒可以引起睾丸组织过氧化损害，护肝宁口服液能够有效地保护睾丸免遭乙醇的毒害。     

大块肝切除后急性肝损伤治疗的研究

将６０只大鼠随机分为２组，一组腹腔内注射肝细胞生长因子（ＨＧＦ）和１，６二磷酸果糖（ＦＤＰ），另一组代之以生理盐水做为对照，分别于术后３、７、１４天检测血清酶学变化、胃泌素含量和体外肝细胞培养蛋白质合成及ＤＮＡ合成。结果发现：治疗组大鼠术后３天ＡＬＴ较对照组迅速降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆脯肽酶（ＰＬＤ）在术后７天、１４天低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血清胃泌素测定在术后３天、７天治疗组高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；肝细胞体外原代培养￣３Ｈ－亮氨酸掺入法显示治疗组术后３天蛋白质合成明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；￣３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成，治疗组术后各期均非常显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果证实大鼠大块肝切除后应用ＨＧＦ和ＦＤＰ，对急性肝损伤有重要的治疗作用。     

输精管吻合术后睾丸cAMP含量与精子密度的关系

日本大耳白雄兔３２只，随机分为输精管结扎组（ＶＧ）、输精管结扎－吻合组（ＶＡＧ）和假手术组（ＳＯＧ）。结果显示：ＶＡＧ的精子密度明显低于ＳＯＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１），并且与睾丸组织ｃＡＭＰ含量呈明显正相关（ｒ＝０．８４１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。血清睾酮水平３组无显著差异。ＶＧ，ＶＡＧ的睾丸重量均低于ＳＯＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），但ＶＡＧ与ＶＧ比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），且ＶＡＧ和ＳＯＧ的睾丸重量与精子密度也呈明显正相关（ｒ＝０．６９９，Ｐ＜０．０１）．说明输精管结扎及吻合后一段时间内睾丸生精功能处于相对抑制状态，且与对垂体促性腺激素反应性下降有关。     

胰岛素替代治疗对青春期糖尿病鼠睾丸间质和支持细胞功能的影响

以４０日龄雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４０只，分为对照（Ｃ），糖尿病（Ｄ），糖尿病胰岛素及时治疗（ＤＣＩＲ）和糖尿病胰岛素延迟治疗（ＤＤＩＲ）组，进行睾丸间质细胞和支持细胞功能的研究。结果表明：血清睾酮Ｄ组最低，培养间质细胞睾酮分泌量ＤＣＩＲ、ＤＤＩＲ和Ｄ组均显著低于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．０５及０．００１），ｃＡＭＰ分泌量ＤＤＩＲ和Ｄ组显著低于Ｃ和Ｄ分别的ＣＩＲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；睾丸组织雄激素结合蛋白（ＡＢＰ）水平，ＤＤＩＲ组显著高于Ｃ和Ｄ组（分别为Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１），其它组间比较差异不显著，培养支持细胞ＡＢＰ分泌量Ｄ组显著低于Ｃ和ＤＣＩＲ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ｃＡＭＰ分泌量ＤＤＩＲ和Ｄ组显著低于Ｃ和ＤＣＩＲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

大鼠胰腺生长抑素含量与结肠癌的关系

用放射免疫测定，动态观察大鼠结肠癌产生过程中胰腺生长抑素样免疫活性物（ＳＬＩ）的含量变化。结果：结肠癌组ＳＬＩ含量为５．９９±０．３１（ｎｇ／ｍｇ蛋白），明显高于粘膜乳头增生组（３．５６±０．０８）和正常对照组（１．８１±０．０７）Ｐ＜０．０ｌ）；结肠癌中管状腺癌组ＳＬＩ高于粘液腺癌组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；癌肿浸润达深肌层或浆膜层时ＳＬＩ含量明显低于粘膜层或浅肌层（Ｐ＜０，０１）；有淋巴转移组ＳＬＩ含量明显低于无淋巴转移组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

昆明山海棠提取物TH5对雄性大鼠的抗生育活性

为了开发避孕新药，作者对昆明山海棠提取物ＴＨ５的抗生育活性进行了研究。５批Ｗｉｓｔａｒ成年雄性大鼠灌服ＴＨ５（１１６ｍｇ／ｋｇ）３０天后的雄性抗生育有效率平均为９７％（８６／８９）。停服ＴＨ５２０天后的大鼠附睾尾部三项精子参数统计值明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；停服ＴＨ５５０天后，９０％的受试大鼠恢复生育，其附睾尾部的三项精子参数值与对照组相比无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＴＨ５对大鼠体重、睾丸重量与大小等无影响。认为ＴＨ５具有发展为男用避孕药的良好前景。     

别嘌呤醇对体外循环期间氧自由基及内毒素的影响

选取瓣膜置换术患者２２例分为两组；Ａ组（ｎ＝１０）术前３天口服ＡＬＬＯ每天１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ／；Ｂ组（ｎ＝１２）为对照组。结果表明 Ｂ组血 ＬＰＯ和 ＵＡ在 ＣＰＢ期间均明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）和（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａ组血ＬＰＯ和ＵＡ也升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），但却显著低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；同时Ｂ组血ＬＰＳ含量在开放主动脉及其后１０’明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．００１），而Ａ组血ＬＰＳ含量在ＣＰＢ期间无明显升高。提示ＣＰＢ期间ＯＦＲ及ＬＰＳ含量均升高，ＡＬＬＯ可抑制二者的上升。     

烧伤大鼠早期血浆、皮肤创面及脏器TNFα的变化

采用３５％Ⅲ度烫伤大鼠模型，对烧伤大鼠早期（７２小时内）８个时相点的血浆、皮肤创面及５种脏器的ＴＮＦα含量进行了综合性分析与比较，旨在探讨烧伤早期机体上述部位ＴＮＦα变化规律及其影响。结果表明：血浆ＴＮＦα水平伤后均较伤前有显著升高，１２小时到达峰值（Ｐ＜０．０１），８、７２小时两个时相点升高有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。皮肤创面ＴＮＦα水平自伤后１至１２小时（四个时相点）均出现非常显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。５种脏器的含量，伤后１、３小时无变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），自８至２４小时分别出现异常增高，并达到峰值（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：①严重烧伤后大鼠出现血浆、皮肤创面及五种脏器ＴＮＦα含量的异常增高，其出现峰值与当今烧伤病理生理变化高峰期相一致（伤后２４小时内）；②皮肤创面无论伤前或伤后不同时间的均值显著高于血浆及五种脏器的２．７５～８６．７倍，它的异常增高可能是造成烧伤后机体ＴＮＦα异常的主要来源     

双侧短期隐睾大鼠睾丸形态及抑制素的研究

本文研究了双侧短期人为隐睾大鼠睾丸的形态及抑制素的变化。结果发现隐睾一周和四周的大鼠睾丸和付睾重量均减轻。曲细精管直径缩小(平均直径:对照组250μm±43.75μm,1周组,159.5±32.25;4周组139.25±22.5;与对照组比P均<0.01)。Leydig细胞切面面积比明显增大(对照组为(％)6±2.4,1周组为21.83±7.4,4周组为23±11.38,P均<0.01)。电镜发现隐睾组leydig氏细胞线粒体和内浆网数量均增多,局部呈囊性扩张。睾丸间液和血清抑制素含量均明显下降(与对照组比P分別<0.01和<0.05),表明曲细精管破坏与leydig细胞呈一定的负相关。支持精管控制leydig氏细胞的理论,是否抑制素参于这一过程有待证实。     

Antioxidant effect of manganese on the testis structure and sperm parameters of formalin‐treated mice

Manganese inhibits oxidative stress damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of manganese on testis structure and sperm parameters in adult mice exposed to formaldehyde (FA). Twenty adult male NMRI mice were selected and randomly divided into four groups: (i) control; (ii) sham; (iii) ‘FA’‐exposed group; and (iv) ‘FA and manganese chloride’‐exposed group. The FA‐exposed groups received 10 mg kg^?1 FA daily for 14 days, and manganese chloride was just injected intraperitoneally 5 mg kg^?1 on 2nd weeks. Mice were sacrificed, and spermatozoa were collected from the cauda of the right epididymis and analysed for count, motility, morphology and viability. The other testicular tissues were weighed and prepared for histological examination upon removal. Seminiferous tubules, lumen diameters and epithelium thickness were also measured. The findings revealed that FA significantly reduced the testicular weight, sperm count, motility, viability and normal morphology compared with control group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, seminiferous tubules atrophied and seminiferous epithelial cells disintegrated in the FA group in comparison with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). However, manganese improved the testicular structure and sperm parameters in FA‐treated mice testes (P ≤ 0.05). According to the results, manganese may improve and protect mice epididymal sperm parameters and testis structure treated with FA respectively.     

Antifertility effect of ethanolic extract of Amalakyadi churna in male albino mice

Aim: To evaluate the antifertility activity of the ethanolic extract of Amalakyadi churna by oral administra-tion in male albino mice. Methods: The ethanol extract of Amalakyadi churna at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 30 days to adult male mice. On day 31, the mice were sacrificed and the testis and accessory reproductive organs were removed and weighed. The organs were processed for biochemical estimation and histological work. Results: Treatment with Amalakyadi chuma resulted in decrease in the weights of testis and accessory reproductive organs. The diameters of testis, seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell nucleus were decreased. The spermatogenic elements, like spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis were re-duced significantly as well as the sperm count in cauda epididymis. There was a significant reduction in the protein,glycogen, DNA and RNA contents and the activity of acid phosphatase in the testis of extract treated mice compared with the control. The cholesterol content and the alkaline phophatase activity were increased significantly in treated mice. Conclusion: Amalakyadi churna extract arrests spermatogenesis in male mice without noticeable side effects.(Asian J Andro12003 Sep; 5: 247-250)     

Experimental cryptorchidism in the adult mouse: I. Qualitative and quantitative light microscopic morphology

Morphologic changes in the testes of adult mice after experimentally induced cryptorchidism were studied by light microscopy and stereology. Increasing duration of cryptorchidism resulted in a gradual decrease in the volume of seminiferous tubules per testis, and this was associated with germ cell degeneration. The volumes of Sertoli cell lipid droplets increased, and dilations of the intercellular space between the Sertoli cell junctions was observed in the cryptorchid testis. The luminal volume of the seminiferous tubule was reduced by 50% after 28 days of cryptorchidism. However, the volumes of intertubular tissue and Leydig cells in control and cryptorchid testes were not significantly different. Leydig cell number per testis increased, and the average volume of a Leydig cell decreased gradually with the progression of the cryptorchid state. The volume of the connective tissue cells in the intertubular area increased, but no significant volume change was observed in the volume of intertubular macrophages. After 28 days, the cryptorchid testis contained a significantly increased volume of blood vessels and a reduced volume of lymphatic space per testis. These observations clearly demonstrate that, although the mouse is a species closely related to the rat, the morphologic changes that occur in the Leydig cell population after induction of experimental cryptorchidism in this species is different.     

Transplantation of newborn rat testis under the kidney capsule of adult host as a model to study the structure and function of Leydig cells

Newborn rat testis was transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult castrated and uncastrated male rats to develop and characterize a model system for studies on Leydig cell development. Two weeks after transplantation, the number of Leydig cells and the size of their nuclei in the transplants had increased. Secretion of testosterone was indicated by increased seminal vesicle weights and decreased pituitary LH in the castrated host animals. Pituitary FSH content increased significantly in the uncastrated animals with transplants, which suggested production of an FSH-stimulating factor. Cells with the morphologic features characteristic of fetal- and adult-type Leydig cells were observed in the transplants. The seminiferous tubules with spermatocytes, incipient lumina, and significantly larger average diameters showed more advanced development than those in the normal 2-week-old testis. By the present morphologic and functional criteria, the kidney subcapsular transplantation technique provides a suitable model for studies of fetal and adult Leydig cell development.     

Experimental cryptorchidism inhibited growth of the rat ventral prostate

Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats, weighing about 350 g, were rendered cryptorchid by suturing the testes to the lateral abdominal wall. Twenty-eight days later, cryptorchidism resulted in a significant decline in testis weight and suppressed spermatogenesis. The ventral prostate was significantly smaller in cryptorchid rats. There was no significant difference in serum testosterone levels between the normal and cryptorchid rats. Charcoal-stripped aqueous extracts of the testis from intact and cryptorchid animals were tested on primary cultures of rat prostatic stromal cells. Cultures treated with extract from the intact testis had a significantly increased cell proliferation as assessed by cell count and by the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Additionally, extracts of seminiferous tubules significantly increased prostate stromal cell proliferation compared to extracts of testicular interstitial components. Furthermore, this proliferative effect of testicular extracts is specific to the prostate as extract of both normal and cryptorchid testis stimulated proliferation of rat footsole fibroblasts in culture, but only extracts from intact testis stimulated proliferation of prostate stromal cells. These observations demonstrate that the testis produces nonandrogenic substances that can promote growth of prostatic stromal cells and that these substances were eliminated in the cryptorchid testis.     

Acute effects and long-term sequelae of 1,3-dinitrobenzene on male reproduction in the rat. II. Quantitative and qualitative histopathology of the testis

This study determined the quantitative and qualitative histopathologic effects of a single oral dose of 1,3-dinitrobenzene (48 mg/kg) on the rat testis from 1 to 175 days postexposure. The testis was damaged severely by hour 24, as evidenced by increased numbers of regressive seminiferous tubules that exhibited degenerating pachytene spermatocytes, chromatin margination in spermatids, giant cells, deformed spermatid heads, retained spermatids, and reduced numbers of meiotic figures. The major effects during the first 48 hours posttreatment were degeneration or exfoliation of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids and the retention of step 19 spermatids. These regressive effects continued until 24 days, after which the tubules either recovered or became atrophic. At the end of the study (175 days), three males were normal, one had regressed testicles, and three males had atrophic tubules (15 to 45%). Several cellular abnormalities were common throughout the period. In addition, the frequency of the stages of spermatogenesis was altered, an indication of a disturbance in the kinetics of spermatogenesis. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene produced profound and specific lesions in the seminiferous tubules, and recovery was slow and incomplete. Atrophic tubules seemed to form if the normal cellular associations were not reestablished within 24 days, possibly due to the inability of Sertoli cells to reorganize the synchrony of germ cell development.     

The effect of selective destruction and regeneration of rat Leydig cells on the intratesticular distribution of testosterone and morphology of the seminiferous epithelium

This study was designed to explore the relationship between the intratesticular distribution of testosterone and spermatogenesis by completely destroying the Leydig cells of mature male rats with injection of a single i.p. dose of ethane dimethanesulphonate. After such treatment, testosterone levels in serum, testicular interstitial fluid, seminiferous tubules, and whole testis declined significantly 6 to 24 hours after injection and fell below assay detection limits between 3 and 7 days. At 3 and 7 days, serum LH and FSH levels rose significantly and remained elevated up to 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. Leydig cells disappeared from the interstitium by day 3, but between 2 and 4 weeks postinjection a new generation of fetal-like Leydig cells repopulated the testicular interstitium and, during weeks 6 to 10, were transformed into, or replaced by, Leydig cells with an adult type of morphology. Histologic examination of the seminiferous tubules showed progressive disruption of spermatogenesis between 3 and 14 days post-ethane dimethanesulphonate. The first histologic sign of spermatogenic damage was noted at day 3, with the occurrence of stage-specific degenerating pachytene primary spermatocytes at stages VII to VIII of the spermatogenic cycle. On day 7, these cells and degenerating round, or step 19, spermatids often were observed during stages VII to XI, although qualitatively normal spermatogenesis also was seen in these and all other stages of the cycle. Maximum impairment of spermatogenesis occurred 2 weeks post-ethane dimethane sulphonate, at which time the tubules commonly lacked one or more germ cell generations or, alternatively, showed accumulation of lipid inclusions, extracellular spaces, and variable numbers of degenerating germ cells. Following repopulation of the testis by Leydig cells during weeks 3 and 4, spermatogenesis recovered. By 10 weeks after treatment, qualitatively normal spermatogenesis was seen in the great majority of seminiferous tubules, although a few tubules still remained in which the germ cell complement was severely reduced, and contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

一氧化氮合酶同功异构酶在大鼠睾丸中的表达和定位

目的 :了解一氧化氮 ( NO)在睾丸中的作用。方法 :运用免疫组织化学方法观察 3种一氧化氮合酶 ( NOS)同功异构酶在大鼠生后 4、7、1 4、3 0、60 d睾丸中的分布。结果 :( 1 )生后 4、7、1 4d大鼠睾丸未见 3种 NOS免疫阳性反应 ;( 2 )生后 3 0 d少数精母细胞及生后 60 d生精小管腔面精子和间质细胞呈 NOS1阳性 ;( 3 )生后 3 0 d少数精母细胞、支持细胞和管周类肌细胞呈 NOS2阳性 ,而生后 60 d NOS2阳性反应见于睾丸间质细胞、管周类肌细胞、支持细胞、极少数精母细胞和不成熟精子头部 ;( 4)生后 3 0 d睾丸内少数精母细胞和血管壁呈 NOS3阳性 ,生后 60 d NOS3阳性反应仅见于血管壁。结论 :NO可能参与精子发生、睾酮的分泌过程 ,并调节睾丸内的血流。     

低氧对大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究低氧对大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响。方法:雄性成年Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:常氧对照组、低氧5 d组、低氧15 d组和低氧30 d组(各组n=6)。常氧对照组在平原喂养;低氧5 d组、15 d组和30 d组分别在低压舱内模拟5 000 m高原喂养5、15、30 d。采用流式细胞术和TUNEL法检测低氧对睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的影响。运用Western印迹技术检测低氧对大鼠睾丸内凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响。结果:低氧5 d组、15 d组和30 d组睾丸内发生生殖细胞凋亡的生精小管数量[每100个生精小管中,含有凋亡生殖细胞的生精小管数分别为(20.50±5.07)、(21.25±7.85)、(14.00±2.45)个]均非常显著地高于常氧对照组[(6.00±2.16)个,P<0.01]。凋亡的生殖细胞以精原和精母细胞为主。低氧15 d组睾丸组织亚单倍体细胞百分率[(2.18±0.82)%]显著高于常氧对照组[(1.30±0.33)%,P<0.05],低氧30 d组[(3.08±0.93)%]极显著高于常氧对照组(P<0.01)。低氧30 d组睾丸组织Bax表达显著高于常氧对照组(P<0.05),其灰度值分别为17.34±4.54和10.50±2.82。低氧30 d组睾丸组织Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于常氧对照组(P<0.01),比值分别为0.40±0.10和0.27±0.04。结论:低氧诱导大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡增多,慢性低氧引起的睾丸生殖细胞凋亡增多与Bax表达增加有关。