Digital reconstruction and donor site resurfacing: a two-flap technique

Use of a great toe pulp flap is one of the methods to repair partial soft-tissue defect of the thumb or other digits. However, the conventional application of free skin grafts to close the donor site may bring donor-site morbidity. The authors present a two-flap technique that a reverse first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) flap resurfaces the defect of the free great toe pulp flap. Six patients with soft-tissue defects of the thumbs or fingers were treated with this technique. Both the pulp and reverse flaps survived uneventfully after reconstruction of the thumbs and fingers. The reverse flap to resurface the donor site on the great toe was sensate and durable. Satisfactory appearance and function were gained in all patients. Results revealed that this technique can be accepted as an alternative method when treating soft tissue defect of the thumb or finger.     

逆行第一跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复(足母)趾腓侧游离皮瓣供区创面

目的应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾腓侧游离皮瓣的供区,为减少显微外科供区损伤提供新方法。方法2000年2月至2004年6月,对12例拇指及其他手指软组织缺损,采用趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复。根据第1跖背动脉和跖底动脉在跖趾关节处存在恒定的交通支的解剖学基础,切取逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾供区创面,足背供区直接缝合。结果12例趾腓侧游离皮瓣和逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣移植全部成活,平均随访10个月,皮瓣外观和功能恢复良好。趾腓侧游离皮瓣平均两点辨别觉为6mm,逆行第1跖背动脉皮瓣为10mm。结论在趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复拇指或其他手指软组织损伤的同时,应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣完善修复趾供区创面,达到了＂双赢＂的手术目的。     

逆行第一跖背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复[足母]趾缺损

目的探讨逆行第一跖背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复[足母]趾缺损的手术疗效。方法在解剖学基础上，采用逆行第一跖背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复[足母]趾缺损12例。结果术后12例皮瓣全部成活。术后3-24个月随访，皮瓣外形良好，质地、色泽良好，厚度适中。感觉恢复满意，两点分辨觉平均达10-14mm。结论应用逆行第一跖背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修锻趾缺损是一种较为理想的方法。     

两种方法修复拇趾皮肤软组织缺损的比较

目的比较第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣和足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇趾皮肤软组织缺损的成功率和功能效果．探索和优化拇趾皮肤软组织缺损修复的技术方法。方法分别采用第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣（n=12）和足底内侧逆行岛状皮瓣（n=15）修复拇趾软组织缺损,对比两组的手术成功率和术后并发症。以足行走负重功能、皮瓣外形、颜色、抗压耐磨、皮肤感觉为参数评价和对比两组病例术后2年的疗效．结果第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣组12例全部成活,无手术并发症发生：足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣组15例发生静脉危象导致皮瓣坏死1例,皮瓣边缘部分缺血坏死造成延迟愈合1倒,无其他手术并发症：两组病例术后2年在行走负重功能、皮瓣外形、颜色方面无显著性差异．P〉0．05;皮肤感觉：两组有显著性差异,P〈O．05;抗压耐磨性：两组有显著性差异,P〈0．05。结论第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣和足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇趾软组织缺损均有较高的成功率和较低并发症发生率,前者皮肤感觉好,后者抗压耐磨性强。     

Compound flap from the great toe and vascularized joints from the second toe for posttraumatic thumb reconstruction at the level of the proximal metacarpal bone

The purpose of this study is to describe the harvesting technique, anatomic variations, and clinical applications of a compound flap from the great toe and vascularized joint from the second toe used for thumb reconstruction. Five fresh cadaver dissections were studied, focusing attention on the dorsal or plantar vascular dominance, position of the communicating branch between the dorsal and plantar system, the Gilbert classification, and the size of the first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) and first plantar metatarsal artery (FPMA) to the great toe and second toe. Five compound flaps were performed on five patients with traumatic thumb amputation at the level of proximal metacarpal bone. The patients' ages ranged from 14 to 47. Follow‐up period was 11–24 months. The anatomic study showed that FPMA had larger caliber in 40% of dissections, FDMA in 40%, and had the same caliber in 20%. The Gilbert classification of FDMA was 40% class I and 60% class III. In the clinical applications, four patients achieved good functional opposition and motion of transferred joints with good pinch and grip strength. There was one flap failure, and donor‐site morbidity was minimal. The compound flap offers advantages over traditional toe transfer by providing two functional joints. It can be used for amputation of the thumb at carpometacarpal joint level. Finally, the compound flap maintains growth potential in children through transfer of vascularized epiphyses. The disadvantages of this compound flap include a technically challenging harvest and a longer operative time. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.     

Anatomical bases of the second toe composite dorsal flap for simultaneous skin defect coverage and tendinous reconstruction of the dorsal aspect of the fingers.

Coverage of the dorsal aspect of the fingers is difficult, especially when the soft tissue defect is large and involves extensor apparatus and joints. Tendinous and/or articular reconstruction is not usually performed simultaneously with cutaneous repair. The aims of this study were: (1) to accurately determine the precise position of the first common dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) on the dorsal aspect of the foot, and (2) to enumerate the anatomical structures which could be harvested 'en-bloc' in order to design composite flaps. The precise position of the FDMA was studied from 22 anatomical specimens after selective injection of the arterial network. Its cutaneous area measured 75 x 40 mm on average. The extensor apparatus of the second toe was supplied by the FDMA and its lateral branch to the second toe by 2.7 branches on average over a length of approximately 75 mm. The medial dorsal digital artery was generally the main source of blood supply to the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), capsule, ligaments, head of proximal phalanx and base of middle phalanx. It is then possible to design composite flaps including both skin and extensor apparatus, and total or partial PIP joint, if necessary, based on the FDMA and the medial dorsal digital artery, without prejudice to the second toe. The average length of the arterial pedicle (60 mm) makes its suture to the dorsal metacarpal artery, the dorsal carpal branch or the radial artery easy. The harvesting technique for such a flap is described for each anatomical type of FDMA; it has to be adapted to both the type and extent of the defect. Its use is in accordance with the modern classical principle of 'all in one stage with early mobilisation', thanks to adequate coverage whose blood supply does not depend on local vascularisation, and which brings its own physiological vascular supply.     

Reverse flow first dorsal metacarpal artery flap for covering the defect of distal thumb

Reconstruction of distal thumb injuries still remains a challenge for hand surgeons. Surgical treatment includes the use of local, regional, and free flaps. The purpose of this report is to present the results of the use of a sensitive reverse flow first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap. The skin flap was designed on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of the index finger based on the ulnar and radial branch of the FDMA and a sensory branch of the superficial radial nerve. This neurovascular flap was used in five patients to cover distal soft‐tissue thumb defects. All flaps achieved primary healing except for one patient in whom superficial partial necrosis of the flap occurred, and the defect healed by second intention. All patients maintained the thumb original length and were able to return to their previous daily activities. The reverse flow FDMA flap is a reliable option to cover immediate and delayed defects of distal thumb, offering acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes in respect to sensibility, durability, and skin‐match. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:283–286, 2014.     

用趾腓侧皮瓣修饰第二足趾移植再造拇指

目的　介绍用趾腓侧皮瓣修饰第二足趾移植再造拇指的方法。方法　利用第一跖背动脉、第一跖底动脉与趾底固有动脉之间在趾蹼处相互吻合的特点 ,在切取第二足趾的同时携带趾腓侧皮瓣 ,并将其嵌入第二足趾跖侧 ,以消除第二足趾中段狭细的外形。临床应用 12例 12指。结果　 12个再造拇指及携带的皮瓣全部成活 ,再造拇指外形非常满意 ,感觉恢复良好。结论　用该方法再造的拇指 ,克服了传统足趾移植后拇指外形较细的缺点 ,形态更逼真。术后对趾供区的外形及功能无明显影响     

第二足趾与同血管蒂的四个皮瓣组合再造长手指

目的　用第二足趾组合组织再造长手指。方法　以足背动静脉为蒂 ,设计窄条状的足背皮瓣、跖背皮瓣、跖底皮瓣、趾腓侧皮瓣与带第二跖骨的第二足趾组合再造长手指。结果　再造 7例 8指(示指 1指 ,中指 4指 ,环指 3指 )全部成功。再造手指长度与健侧对应手指相同 ,外形比较美观。再造长手指ROM平均为 14 9°(96°～ 180°) ,指腹二点分辨觉为 6～ 12mm。结论　第二足趾与同血管蒂的四个皮瓣组合移植是再造长手指较为理想的方法之一     

第2跖背动脉逆行筋膜岛状皮瓣修复足趾软组织缺损

目的 介绍应用第2跖背动脉逆行筋膜岛状皮瓣修复足趾软组织缺损的手术方法.方法 2005年5月至2008年9月,对5例患者应用第2跖背动脉逆行筋膜岛状皮瓣修复足趾软组织缺损.皮瓣切取面积为2 cm×3 cm～5 cm×6 cm.结果 5例皮瓣全部成活,术后1～2个月恢复正常行走.随访5～7个月趾外形饱满,皮瓣质地良好,感觉基本恢复.结论 以第2跖背动脉为血管蒂的逆行筋膜岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠,切取方便,质地优良等优点,是修复足趾软组织缺损的较好方法.     

Coverage of defects over toes with distally based local flaps: A report of four cases

Reconstruction of the distal foot, especially of the toe has always been a challenging problem. Various methods have been tried with variable success rates and limitations. Presented here is a series of four cases, where distally based flaps were used. Two of them were Extensor Digitorum Brevis (EDB) muscle flaps and the other two were first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) based skin flaps. One in each of the two was augmented with a plantar V-Y advancement flap. All flaps survived completely without any flap- or donor site-related complications. The patients were ambulated two weeks following the reconstruction and were symptom-free after an average follow-up of thirteen months. Distal flaps based on the dorsalis pedis system provide a reliable cover for distal foot defects.     

Reversed dorsal metatarsal artery flap for reconstruction of a soft tissue defect of the big toe

Soft tissue defects of the great toe that include exposed tendon and bone present a reconstructive challenge for plastic surgeons. A distally based dorsalis pedis island flap based on the first dorsal metatarsal artery, which has been successfully used to cover the soft tissue defect following wide excision of melanoma of the big toe, is reported     

(足母)甲皮瓣供趾胫侧保留皮瓣的坏死原因

目的 探讨拇甲皮瓣供趾物胫侧保留皮瓣坏死原因。方法 １９８２年６月－１９９７年１２月对２６７例２７７例手指缺失患者采用拇甲皮瓣游离移植修复,按整形外科皮瓣设计原则,设计拇趾胫侧舌状皮瓣的基部在左足１０－６点,右足２－６点,宽宽为１．０－１．５ｃｍ,内含支配趾骨,关节等组织的血管与神经,保留骨膜。结果术后胫侧保留皮瓣坏死１３侧,坏死率为４．６９％,供皮瓣区植皮坏死７８侧,坏死率为２８．１％,大部分经     

足部皮瓣治疗多指指背复合组织缺损

目的 介绍足部皮瓣治疗多指指背复合组织缺损的临床应用.方法 临床应用7例19指,均为2～4指指背复合组织缺损伤,并伴有伸肌腱缺损及指骨或指间关节外露,并指后指背创面大小为5.0 cm×1.5 cm～9.0 cm×2.5 cm.以(足母)趾腓侧、跖侧界线及第一、二跖骨间隙为轴线设计皮瓣,形状同并指后指背创面,面积稍大.皮瓣切取时携带大隐静脉、趾背静脉和第一跖背、跖底动脉及神经,分别与相应患指指背静脉及指固有动脉、神经吻合.保留趾短或趾长伸肌腱于皮瓣内,以修复指背缺失的伸肌腱.结果 术后皮瓣全部存活,皮瓣质地及外形好,皮瓣两点分辨觉为6～8mm.患指伸指功能得到重建,主、被动屈伸活动恢复满意.足部供区瘢痕轻微,功能良好,外形美观.结论 足背、趾蹼及(足母)趾腓侧复合皮瓣是治疗多指指背复合组织缺损较好的方案之一.     

The first metatarsal web space： its applied anatomy and usage in tracing the first dorsal metatarsal artery in thumb reconstruction

Objective: To clarify the anatomical relationship of the structures in the first toe webbing space for better dissection of toes in thumb reconstruction. Methods : The first dorsal metatarsal artery, the first deep transverse metatarsal ligament and the extensor expansion were observed on 42 adult cadaveric lower extremities. Clinically the method of tracing the first dorsal metatarsal artery around the space of the extensor expansion was used in 36 cases of thumb reconstruction. Results: The distal segments of the first dorsal metatarsal artery of Gilbert types I and II were located superficially to the extensor expansion. The harvesting time of a toe was shortened from 90 minutes to 50 minutes with 100% survival of reconstructed fingers. Conclusions: The distal segment of the first dorsal metatarsal artery lies constantly at the superficial layer of the extensor expansion. Most of the first metatarsal arteries of Gilbert types I and II can be easily located via the combined sequential and reverse dissection around the space of the extensor expansion.     

Great toe-to-hand transfer: role of the preoperative lateral arteriogram of foot

This report correlates the results of the lateral angiogram of the foot with the operative dissection and eventual outcome in 29 patients in whom a great toe-to-hand transfer was performed to treat a traumatic loss of the thumb. Our angiographic findings were confirmed by surgical exploration and indicated that (1) in 20 (70%) of 29 patients the first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) originated from the dorsalis pedis artery, dorsal to the midlongitudinal axis of the first metatarsal bone; (2) in 6 (20%) of 29 patients the FDMA originated from the dorsalis pedis artery, plantar to the midlongitudinal axis of the first metatarsal bone; (3) in the remaining 3 (10%) of 29 patients the arteriogram of the lateral foot indicated that the plantar metatarsal artery supplied the great toe in a dominant pattern, necessitating its use as the donor vessel; and (4) the measured lumenal diameters of the dorsal and plantar metatarsal arteries (mean diameter = 1.30 mm and 1.27 mm, respectively) did not significantly differ. The lateral views of the foot were helpful in permitting distinct identification of the location and size of the metatarsal arteries to the great toe.     

第1跖背动脉逆行足背皮瓣修复足远端创面

目的　探索一种能修复足部远端创面的新手术方法。方法　设计以足背动脉的第 1跖背动脉为血管蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣 ,转移至足部远端创面。结果　临床治疗 5例患者 ,皮瓣面积为2cm× 4cm～ 6cm× 7cm。除 1例皮瓣远端表皮坏死外 ,其余成活良好 ,外形矫正满意 ,术后 1～ 2个月后行走恢复良好。结论　以足背动脉的第 1跖背动脉为血管蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣具有良好的血运 ,血管解剖比较恒定 ,操作简便 ,是修复足部远端创面的可取方法     

Reverse-flow first dorsal metacarpal artery flap for index fingertip reconstruction

Dorsum of the hand is an ideal skin-flap donor site for coverage of hand or finger defects. We elevated 8 reverse-flow first dorsal metacarpal artery flap in 9 patients for soft-tissue cover of index fingertip injuries distal to distal interphalangeal joint with exposed bone. In 3 patients, the digital branch of the superficial radial nerve was coapted to the digital nerve. All flaps healed uneventfully, except for 1 patient in which partial necrosis of the flap occurred. Postoperative follow-up was 4-12 months (mean, 8 months). Reverse-flow first dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a good alternative for reconstruction of index fingertip injuries.     

手指再造手术中砪甲瓣供区的修复

目的 探讨手指再造手术中砪甲瓣供区的修复方法。 方法 从1998年12月至2010年12月,共修复砪甲瓣供区511例,分别应用足背皮瓣32例、第1跖背皮瓣24例、第2跖背皮瓣21例、踝前皮瓣14例、跗内侧皮瓣17例、跗外侧皮瓣79例、跖底皮瓣106例、第2趾皮瓣79例、小腿中下段皮瓣15例以及游离皮瓣124例。 结果 皮瓣成活良好,术后经过6个月～11年随访,见皮瓣质地良好,外形满意,砪趾活动及负重行走、跑跳等皆不受影响。 结论 砪甲瓣供区的修复方法较多,各有优缺点,以跖底皮瓣及游离腹股沟皮瓣为优。     

Distally based dorsalis pedis island flap for a distal lateral electric burn of the big toe

Reconstruction of the small defects in the distal portion of the foot has always represented a difficult problem. A case of a young man with a deep electric burn of the distal lateral side of the big toe successfully treated with a distally based dorsalis pedis island flap based on the first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) is presented. The donor site area of the dorsum of the foot was grafted, and deambulation was reassumed 3 weeks later. Advantages, limits and anatomical consideration regarding the viability of the flap are also discussed.