2017年北京市昌平区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的 了解北京市昌平区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平,为制定免疫策略提供依据。方法 2017年采取多层抽样方法对360名健康人群采集血标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对血清进行百日咳、白喉、破伤风IgG抗体检测,分析不同年龄组、性别、户籍等之间抗体水平情况。结果 昌平区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体阳性率分别为5.00%、59.44%、68.33%,抗体几何平均滴度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)分别为9.18、0.55、0.86 IU/ml。不同年龄组白喉、破伤风抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。不同性别、户籍和免疫剂次人群间百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。接种末剂DTaP和/或DT和/或DTaP-IPV/Hib≤1年、2~5年、6~14年后的百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 昌平区15岁以上人群白喉、破伤风抗体阳性率较低,随着免疫后时间延长,百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平均明显降低。应加强小月龄婴儿、青少年及成人百日咳、白喉、破伤风的监测,推荐15岁以上人群、与1岁以下儿童有密切接触的成人及医务人员接种1剂Tdap疫苗。     

北京市2007年健康人群白喉抗体水平监测分析

目的了解北京市2007年健康人群白喉抗体水平。方法采用分层多级抽样的方法,调查北京市9个区(县)1、1～4、5～9、10～14、15～19、20～24、25～29、30～34、35～39、≥40岁健康人群共2003人,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定白喉抗体。结果白喉抗体阳性率为60.26%,平均浓度为0.62IU/m(l国际单位/毫升)。抗体水平随年龄增长和免疫后时间延长而逐渐下降,25～29岁人群抗体水平最低。结论预测北京市近期不会出现白喉流行。推荐成人每10年进行一次白类或含白类成份疫苗的加强免疫。     

南京市25岁以下健康人群白喉和破伤风抗体水平调查

[目的]了解南京市白喉、破伤风健康人群免疫水平.[方法]采集健康人群血清,采用间接血凝法(IHA)测定白喉和破伤风抗体水平.[结果]白喉的几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:66.9;抗体阳性率为91.3%;破伤风的GMT为1:36.6;抗体阳性率为82.3%.白喉和破伤风各年龄组之间抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义.[结论]白喉和破伤风抗体在25岁以下人群中形成了较好的免疫屏障,但GMT在16～25岁年龄组有明显降低,因此要加强对大年龄组白喉、破伤风的预防控制工作.     

北京市西城区健康人群白喉抗体水平监测

目的了解北京市西城区健康人群白喉抗体水平,为传染病预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法采集西城区10个居委会本市及外省健康人群血标本共220份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定白喉抗体,同时调查患病史、免疫史及人口学特征。结果白喉抗体阳性率为78.64%,抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为0.421 IU/ml,不同性别、不同户籍白喉抗体阳性率和GMC比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.244,P=0.622;t=0.841,P=0.401)。≥20岁人群白喉抗体阳性率和GMC随年龄增长和免疫后时间延长而逐渐下降。结论预测西城区近期不会发生白喉暴发流行;当出现白喉流行迹象时,建议对成人开展白破疫苗加强免疫。     

2009年上海市中心城区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫水平监测

目的 了解2009年上海市中心城区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平,评价健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫水平状况,为控制百日咳、白喉、破伤风的发病制定最适宜的免疫策略提供科学依据.方法 随机抽取不同年龄段健康人群317人,采血进行抗体水平监测.结果 监测人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体保护率分别为54.57％、83.2...     

浙江省2005～2007年健康人群白喉抗体水平监测分析

目的 了解浙江省健康人群白喉抗体状况.方法 2005～2007年在浙江省9个设区的市13个监测点,对2～4、6～8、13～15、25～39岁健康人群3 136人采集血清,采用间接血凝试验进行了白喉抗体水平监测.结果 4个年龄组的白喉抗体保护率分别为83.89%、72.82%、71.11%、47.04%,平均72.35%;抗体几何平均浓度为0.061 21U/ml.结论 浙江省健康人群已形成了较好的免疫屏障,预测近期不会出现白喉流行.     

宁夏川区、山区健康人群白破抗体水平调查

目的了解宁夏川区、山区不同类型健康人群白喉及破伤风抗体水平,为制定免疫策略提供依据。方法按照不同区域类型采用多阶段整群抽样选择调查对象,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对健康人群白喉及破伤风Ig G抗体进行检测。结果共调查920例(川区县520例,山区县400例)。白破抗体阳性率均为川区县高于山区县(白喉:χ2=21.47,P<0.01;破伤风:χ2=11.71,P<0.01),高年龄组人群白破抗体阳性率较低,山区女性健康人群白破抗体阳性率均高于男性(白喉:χ2=48.70,P<0.01;破伤风:χ2=60.32,P<0.01),川区汉族人群白喉抗体阳性率高于回族(χ2=4.91,P<0.01),山区白破抗体阳性率均为汉族高于回族(白喉:χ2=84.58,P<0.01;破伤风:χ2=107.68,P<0.01)。结论宁夏健康人群白喉及破伤风抗体水平较低,且山区人群更为明显,随年龄的增长,免疫力衰减,易感人群数量增多,建议加强对成人,尤其是男性及回族等白破免疫抵抗力较弱人群的百白破及白破疫苗的免疫工作。     

2007年广西永福县部分健康青少年白喉抗体水平监测分析

[目的]了解青少年人群白喉抗体水平,为预防控制白喉提供依据.[方法]2007年4月采用随机抽样方法抽取调查点和被测人群,用间接血凝试验(IHA)检测白喉毒素抗体,结果用χ2和F检验统计分析.[结果]青少年健康人群白喉抗体阳性率为80.85%,白喉抗毒素几何平均抗体滴度(GMT)为1∶11.7 559,白喉抗毒素平均含量(ATC)为0.058 IU/ml.抗体水平比较分析,年龄组中最高者是9～11岁组(96.67%),最低者为12～14岁组(50.00%);县城高于乡村,男女性别间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]永福县健康青少年人群的抗白喉抗体水平较高,能够有效防止白喉流行.     

四川省健康人群白喉 百日咳 破伤风抗体水平监测

近几年,四川省白喉、百日咳发病率逐年下降,为了解健康人群对白喉、百日咳、破伤风的免疫水平,为免疫决策提供科学依据,于1998年对遂宁、温江、自贡、德阳和沪州共计2583人份健康人血清进行了白喉、百日咳、破伤风抗体水平监测,现将结果报告如下。互监测对象和监测方法以随机抽样的方法,在遂宁等5市抽取2-4、6-8、13～15、25～29岁4个年龄组人群为监测对象。每个监测对象抽取静脉血Zrnl,分高血清,一20oC保存备用。白喉、破伤风抗体用间接血凝法测定,＞0．ollU／tnl判为阳性;百日咳抗体用微量凝集试验,以凝集效价＞1：160判为阳…     

成人用吸附精制白喉破伤风二联类毒素人体反应及血清学效果观察

为了解成人用吸附精制白喉破伤风二联类毒素 (成人白破二联 )的人体反应及血清学效果 ,于 1999年 3月在北京市朝阳区5所小学对 2 14名小学一年级学生随机分为两组 ,分别接种北京生物制品研究所 (北京所 )、上海生物制品研究所 (上海所 )生产的成人白破二联。人体反应观察结果显示 :接种北京所疫苗 2 4小时全身中、强反应发生率为 2 2 5 % ,局部反应发生率 <7% ;接种上海所疫苗局部与全身中、强反应发生率均 <7%。用间接血凝法检测免疫前后配对血清白喉、破伤风抗毒素含量显示 :北京所疫苗人群免疫后白喉、破伤风抗体较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率分别为 98 9%、96 6 % ,成功率均为 10 0 0 % ;上海所疫苗人群免疫后白喉、破伤风抗体较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率分别为 93 2 %、98 8% ,成功率分别为 97 7%、10 0 0 %。观察结果表明 ,在小学一年级学生中使用上海所生产的成人白破二联是安全有效的。另外 ,根据本次观察 ,免疫前白喉抗体仍保持在较高水平 ,而破伤风抗体已下降至较低水平 ,提示有必要继续观察小学一年级学生加强免疫后血清白喉抗体消退情况 ,并据此考虑是否取消北京市初中一年级白喉类毒素加强免疫 ,同时将高三、中专、技校毕业班和外地进京大学一年级学生的白喉类毒素加强免疫改为成人白破二联免疫     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.