结直肠癌淋巴结的分期

目的:分析结直肠癌淋巴结转移状况与预后的关系,提出新的结直肠癌淋巴结分期方案.方法:122例病理资料完整的结直肠癌病例,比较不同删分期(AJCC/UICC)病例的5年生存率:将淋巴结转移数目≥10枚和顶端淋巴结转移拟定为N,期,比较AJCC/UICC的TNM分期中No、N1、N2与N3期病例的5年生存率;按Kaplan-Meier方法计算生存率,绘制生存曲线,并对生存率进行Log-rank检验.结果:随着TNM分期的上升,5年生存率逐渐下降(Ⅰ期为100%;Ⅱ期为81.82%;ⅢAB期为69-39%,ⅢC期为15%:Ⅳ期为0,P<0.01),随着N分期的上升,5年生存率也逐渐下降(N0Ⅰ期为100%、N0Ⅱ期为89.82%、N1期69.39%,N2期为15%,P<0.01).N3期病例5年生存率为0,与TNM的Ⅳ期预后相似.结论:建议将结直肠癌TNM中的N分期定为:无淋巴结转移为N0,1-3枚淋巴结转移为N1,4-9枚淋巴结转移为N2,≥10枚淋巴结转移和/或顶端淋巴结转移为N3.N3期患者的5年生存率为0,与M1期结果相似,可以定为亚临床转移.     

直肠癌术前磁共振水成像检查的意义

目的:探讨磁共振(MRI)水成像(MRH)对直肠癌术前诊断和分期的价值.方法:对临床确诊为直肠癌的患者34例进行MRI水成像检查,检查前经直肠注入生理盐水300 mL左右,先作盆腔常规轴位平扫,再作磁共振直肠水成像扫描,扫描完后再作轴位、矢状位和冠状位增强扫描.结果:34例直肠癌均能显示原发病灶,三维成像病变部位肠腔内不规则充盈缺损32例.19例病变远侧端呈"袖口征"及"截断征".轴位30例表现为腔内软组织肿块,26例表现为肠壁不规则增厚,肠腔环形狭窄.MRI水成像检查对T1,T2,T3,T4期肿瘤的准确度分别为66.7%(2/3),76.9%(10/13),86.7%(13/15),100%(3/3),总准确性为82.4%(284);判断淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为69.2%(18/26),62.5%(5/8),67.6%(23/34);对邻近组织脏器浸润、远处转移判断的准确度分别为94.1%(32/34)、97.1%(33/34).结论:MRI水成像加常规平扫加增强扫描对直肠癌的诊断和分期有较大价值,可以较准确地判断肿瘤在肠壁的浸润深度及盆腔内淋巴结的转移.     

磁共振成像在老年前列腺癌分期中的作用

前列腺癌是老年男性常见的一种恶性肿瘤 ,在美国是男性癌症发病率和死亡率的第 2位。随着我国人口的老龄化和生活方式的改变 ,前列腺癌的发病率亦呈逐年增长的趋势。虽然前列腺癌的高发病率 ,早转移隐匿性癌多 ,但在能正确处理的前提下 ,其死亡率相对较低等流行病学特点 ,对治疗方法和选择提出了更高的要求 ;治疗方法选择的主要依据是病人的年龄和肿瘤的分期。文献报道约 80 %的前列腺癌患者在诊断时已超过 6 5岁 ,各种现代检查技术在前列腺癌分期方面MRI优于CT经直肠超声 (TRUS)及骨扫描等 ,有报道其正确率高达83%～ 89%。1　MRI检查…     

术前胃镜结合磁共振对胃癌诊断及分期的临床价值

胃癌的定性、定位诊断往往依赖胃镜结合病理检查。近年,术前胃癌分期的判断常通过各种影像技术(MRI、SCT等)获得。为探讨胃镜结合MRI在胃癌定性、定位诊断及术前分期中的价值,我们对31例胃癌患者术前行胃镜和MRI检查结果进行分析,并讨论其临床意义。     

MRI在直肠癌术前T分期临床诊断的应用价值

目的对MRI在直肠癌术前T分期临床诊断的应用价值进行分析。方法选取2012年4月1日~2013年3月31日间于我院进行疾病诊断治疗的直肠癌患者70例,于手术治疗前采取MRI检查,将患者MRI T分期检查结果与患者术后病理疾病诊断结果相比较,从而对MRI在直肠癌术前T分期临床诊断的应用价值进行分析。结果与直肠癌术后患者病理疾病诊断结果相比,MRI T1~T2期诊断准确率为80.00%,T3期诊断准确率为85.71%,T4期诊断准确率为98.57%。结论给予直肠癌患者MRI T分期诊断,能积极指导临床疾病治疗,值得推广使用。     

超声双重造影在结直肠癌诊断及分期评估中的应用进展

结直肠癌是消化道常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和死亡率均较高。TNM分期是指导临床制定结直肠癌治疗方案及判断预后的关键,尤其是T分期。结直肠癌筛查与分期评估的方法有多种,如电子肠镜、MRI、CT、超声等,但均存在一定不足之处。超声双重造影（DCEUS）是近年发展起来的一种无创性超声成像技术,是在经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查基础上联合静脉超声造影检查,能够清晰显示肠壁各层次结构,实时动态地观察病变组织的微血流灌注情况,从而更有助于结直肠癌的诊断及分期评估。目前,DCEUS在结直肠良恶性病变鉴别诊断和结直肠癌T分期评估、新辅助放化疗后再分期评估以及环周切缘评估中均具有一定的临床价值。未来DCEUS有潜力成为诊断结直肠癌的常规影像学检查方法之一,并在临床中普及应用。     

内镜超声检查应用于直肠癌术前分期诊断

自１９９３年１～１２月，应用术前内镜超声检查（ＥＵＳ）对３０例直肠癌患者进行Ｄｕｋｅ分期。扫描时采用水充盈法、气囊法或二者结合的方法。ＥＵＳ诊断癌的浸润深度与病理诊断的符合率为８６．７％（２６／３０）；ＥＵＳ诊断淋巴结转移与病理诊断的符合率为７６．７％（２３／３０）；根据癌浸润深度及淋巴结有无转移进行的Ｄｕｋｅ分期，正确率达７６．７％（２３／３０）。ＥＵＳ对决定直肠癌手术治疗的方式有重要意义，将成为术前重要的检查手段。     

MRI检查在直肠癌诊断与术前分期的应用研究

目的探讨3.0T MRI对直肠癌患者术前判断T、N分期以及测量直肠肿瘤下缘与肛缘间曲线距离的准确性。 方法经术前肠镜活检病理证实为直肠癌的患者53例,于术前行MRI扫描,进行T、N分期并测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘间的距离。以术后病理结果为标准,验证3.0T MRI评价肿瘤T、N分期的准确性;用MRI测量出的肿瘤下缘与肛缘曲线的距离与手术标本测量的结果相比较,找出两种结果的相关性。 结果MRI对直肠癌患者T、N分期判定的准确率分别为83.1%、67.9%,统计学分析显示与病理结果有较好的一致性。MRI测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘的曲线距离与手术标本测得的数值无明显统计学差异。 结论MRI对直肠癌患者术前T、N分期的判定以及测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘间的曲线距离有较高的准确性,对术前治疗及手术方式的选择有很好的指导意义。     

心肌梗塞的磁共振成像诊断进展

磁共振成像是一种独特的非创性、具有优质空间分辨力的诊断方法，可清晰显示并分辨梗塞，缺血心肌和正常心肌，测定梗塞面积，局部运动失调，收缩期室壁增厚改变及心功能指标，并与左室造影，同位素显像及二维超声心动图相关性良好，也能显示心腔内附壁血栓，梗塞区及周围出血，近来用顺磁性造影剂后能改善信号／噪声比?提高图像质量，磁共振波谱分析能测定心肌代谢，潜在冠脉显像，多维成像能力使之有进一步发展的潜力。     

Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rectal Cancer Depends on Location of the Tumor

PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate prospectively magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of the circumferential resection margin in rectal cancer to identify in which patient magnetic resonance imaging could accurately assess the circumferential resection margin before surgery and in which patients it could not.METHODS During a 17-month period, a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of circumferential resection margin was obtained prospectively in 38 patients with mid or low rectal cancer. The agreement of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic examination for assessment of circumferential resection margin was analyzed.RESULTS Overall, magnetic resonance imaging agreed with histologic examination of the circumferential resection margin assessment in 28 patients (73 percent; κ = 0.47). In all cases of disagreement between magnetic resonance imaging and pathology, magnetic resonance imaging overestimated the circumferential resection margin involvement. For the 11 patients with mid rectal cancer, circumferential resection margin was well predicted by magnetic resonance imaging in all cases (κ = 1). For 27 patients with low rectal tumor, overall agreement between magnetic resonance imaging and histologic assessment was 63 percent (κ = 0.35). Agreement was 22 percent (κ = 0.03) for the 9 patients with low anterior and 83 percent (κ = 0.67) for the 18 patients with low posterior rectal tumor. Univariate analysis revealed that only low and anterior rectal tumor was risk factor of overestimation of the circumferential resection margin by magnetic resonance imaging.CONCLUSIONS Although magnetic resonance imaging remains the best imaging tool for the preoperative assessment of the circumferential resection margin in patients with rectal cancer, it can overestimate the circumferential resection margin involvement in low and anterior tumor with the risk of overtreating the patients.Presented at the meeting of the French Society of Digestive Surgery, Paris, France, March 29 to April 2, 2003.     

Limitations of Early Rectal Cancer Nodal Staging may Explain Failure after Local Excision

Successful selection of patients with rectal cancer for local excision requires accurate preoperative lymph node staging. Although endorectal ultrasound is capable of detecting locally advanced disease, its ability to correctly identify nodal metastases in early rectal lesions is less well described. This study examines the accuracy of endorectal ultrasound in determining nodal stage based on depth of penetration of the primary lesion (T stage). Between 1998 and 2003, endorectal ultrasound was performed on 938 consecutive patients; 134 had biopsy-proven rectal cancers and were treated with radical resection, without neoadjuvant therapy. Lymph node metastases were measured pathologically and correlated with endorectal ultrasound and clinicopathologic features. Accuracy and specificity of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging was determined. The overall accuracy of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging for the study cohort was 70 percent, with a 16 percent false-positive rate and 14 percent false-negative rate. Endorectal ultrasound was more likely to overlook small metastatic lymph node deposits. The size of lymph node metastasis and accuracy of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging was related to T stage. The specificity of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging, or the ability to identify patients who were node-negative, was dependent on T stage. Early rectal lesions are more likely to have lymph node micrometastases not detected by endorectal ultrasound. The ability of endorectal ultrasound to correctly identify patients without lymph node metastasis is dependent on the T stage of the primary lesion. The limitations of endorectal ultrasound in accurately staging nodal disease in early rectal lesions may, in part, explain the relatively high recurrence rates seen after local excision. Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 30 to May 5, 2005. Reprints are not available.     

Factors Affecting Circumferential Resection Margin Involvement After Rectal Cancer Excision

Purpose This study was designed to assess factors affecting rates of circumferential resection margin involvement after rectal cancer excision, the association between circumferential resection margin involvement rates for patients undergoing anterior resection and abdominoperineal excision within the same unit, and trends in outcomes between units. Methods Data about patients undergoing rectal cancer excision between 2000 and 2003 were extracted from the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland database. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of circumferential resection margin involvement. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between circumferential resection margin involvement for anterior resection and abdominoperineal excision. Results A total of 1,430 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The circumferential resection margin involvement rate for anterior resection (n=794) was 6.7 percent, between hospital variability was 0 to 40 percent, and for abdominoperineal excision (n=521) was 17.6 percent, between hospital variability 0 to 100 percent. Independent predictors of circumferential resection margin involvement were T stage (P<0.001), nodal involvement (P=0.007), and operative procedure (P<0.001). Units with a high circumferential resection margin involvement rate for anterior resection also had a high circumferential resection margin involvement rate for abdominoperineal excision (Pearson correlation=0.349; P=0.01). Conclusions Circumferential resection margin involvement is more common in lymph-node-positive tumors and is more common after abdominoperineal excision compared with anterior resection. This relationship was consistent across units irrespective of their individual circumferential resection margin involvement rates. Supported by The Health Foundation “Engaging with quality” grant. Presented at the Tripartite Colorectal Meeting, Dublin, Ireland, July 5 to 7, 2005.     

Evaluation of a Protocol-Based Management of Rectal Cancer

Introduction The management of rectal cancer is multidisciplinary. We have devised and implemented a standardized protocol. This study was designed to evaluate the protocol and identify areas for improvement. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of rectal cancer were staged preoperatively. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were used to predict whether surgical resection would be complete (RO) or involved (R1/2). Data were collected on preoperative adjuvant therapy, surgical procedure, and subsequent pathologic stage, including circumferential resection margin status. Results Between January 2000 and October 2002, 163 patients were studied (107 male; median age, 70 (range, 60–77) years). One hundred and fifty seven patients underwent surgical excision for rectal cancer of whom 155 were discussed in the multidisciplinary meeting. One hundred seventeen patients (75 percent) had pelvic magnetic resonance scan and staging computed tomography of chest and abdomen, whereas 38 had computed tomography only. Seventy-seven tumors were predicted as R0 and 78 as likely R1/2. In the predicted RO group, 50 had surgery alone, 25 had short-course radiotherapy, and 2 had chemoradiotherapy. Twelve patients (15.5 percent) had involved circumferential resection margin on the histologic specimen. In the predicted R1/2 group (n = 78), 40 patients received chemoradiotherapy, 11 had short-course radiotherapy, and 27 had surgery alone. Thirty patients (38.4 percent) had involved circumferential resection margin. Circumferential margin involvement was seen in 11 of 40 patients (27.5 percent) who received chemoradiotherapy, 6 of 11 patients (54.5 percent) who received short-course preoperative radiotherapy, and 13 of 27 patients (48.1 percent) who had surgery alone. Conclusions Protocol-driven management of rectal cancer within the context of a multidisciplinary team has been demonstrated to work. Regular audit allows for modification and improvement of the protocol as newer management strategies evolve. Presented at the meeting of The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 7 to 10, 2003. Reprint requests to: Paul J. Finan, F.R.C.S., Department of Colorectal Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George Street, LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.     

Surgery for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE Resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer after curative resection represents a difficult clinical problem and a surgical challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of a series of patients who underwent resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer with curative intent.METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 64 patients who underwent surgical exploration with a view to cure for locally recurrent rectal cancer under the care of one surgeon between April 1997 and April 2004. Details were obtained on the primary tumor and the operation, the indication for investigation of recurrence, preoperative imaging, operative findings, morbidity and mortality, and histopathology.RESULTS The median time interval between resection of primary tumor and surgery for locally recurrent disease was 31 (interquartile range, 21 to 48) months. Twenty-three patients had central disease, 10 patients had sacral involvement, 21 patients had pelvic sidewall involvement, and 10 patients had both sacral and sidewall involvement. Fifty-seven patients underwent resection of the tumor. Thirty-nine of the 57 patients underwent wide resection (abdominoperineal excision of rectum, anterior resection, or Hartmanns procedure) whereas 18 patients (31.6 percent) required radical resection (pelvic exenteration or sacrectomy). Curative, negative resection margins were obtained in 21 of 57 patients who had tumor excision (36.8 percent). Perioperative mortality was 1.6 percent. Significant postoperative morbidity occurred in 40 percent of patients.CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that a significant proportion of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer can undergo resection with negative margins.     

The Impact of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography on the Staging and Management of Primary Rectal Cancer

Purpose  18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) has a role in recurrent colorectal cancer. This study was designed to assess the impact of PET-CT on management of primary rectal cancer. Methods  Eighty-three patients with rectal cancer underwent PET-CT scan between 2002 and 2005. Referring physicians prospectively recorded stage and management plan after conventional imaging before PET-CT scan, which were compared to subsequent stage and management after PET-CT. Results  Staging PET-CT caused a change in stage from conventional imaging in 26 patients (31 percent). Twelve (14 percent) were upstaged (7 change in N stage; 4 change in M stage; 1 change in N and M stage), and 14 (17 percent) were downstaged (10 change in N stage; 3 change in M stage; 1 change in N and M stage). PET-CT scan altered management intent in seven patients (8 percent) (curative to palliative 6 patients; palliative to curative 1 patient). Management was altered in ten patients (12 percent). There was no difference in impact with respect to tumor height. Conclusions  PET-CT scan impacts the management of patients with primary rectal cancer and influences staging/therapy in a third of patients and should be a component of rectal cancer workup. Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, St Louis, Missouri, June 2 to 6, 2007.     

Optimizing the Outcome for Patients With Rectal Cancer

INTRODUCTION: Historically, rectal cancer with transmural spread and/or lymph node involvement has presented a major challenge to surgeons, with a variable and often high risk of local recurrence and poor survival outcomes. In recent years a large amount of literature has focused attention on the importance of surgical technique, tumor staging, and the optimal integration of CT and radiation therapy. METHODS: This article reviews the clinical trials that have defined the current approach to rectal cancer, the controversies regarding what should be considered the standard of care, and the ongoing clinical studies that will resolve some of these issues. RESULTS: The preoperative staging of rectal cancer can be improved with the use of endorectal ultrasound and (where available) magnetic resonance imaging. Careful pathologic analysis, particularly of the radial margin, provides important prognostic information that enables better allocation of postoperative care. Although both radiation therapy and CT have a proven role in adjuvant therapy, the interpretation of many studies is confounded by unacceptably poor outcomes in the control arm, and in older studies the use of inferior chemotherapy and radiation therapy techniques. Ongoing studies will better define the optimal combination and timing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with respect to both toxicity and survival endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: A combined modality approach to rectal cancer, integrating the colon and rectal surgeon, pathologist, medical oncologist, and radiation oncologist, is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes. The achievements to date and the ongoing vigorous debates regarding standard care continue to highlight the importance of quality ongoing research in a rapidly changing clinical environment.     

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based indication for neoadjuvant treatment of rectal carcinoma and the surrogate endpoint CRM status

Aim

Is it possible to reduce the frequency of neoadjuvant therapy for rectal carcinoma and nevertheless achieve a rate of more than 90% circumferential resection margin (CRM)-negative resection specimens by a novel concept of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based therapy planning?

Materials and methods

One hundred eighty-one patients from Berlin and Mainz, Germany, with primary rectal carcinoma, without distant metastasis, underwent radical surgery with curative intention. Surgical procedures applied were anterior resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) or partial mesorectal excision (PME; PME for tumours of the upper rectum) or abdominoperineal excision with TME.

Results

With MRI selection of the highest-risk cases, neoadjuvant therapy was given to only 62 of 181 (34.3%). The rate of CRM-negative resection specimens on histology was 170 of 181 (93.9%) for all patients, and in Berlin, only 1 of 93 (1%) specimens was CRM-positive. Patients selected for primary surgery had CRM-negative specimens on histology in 114 of 119 (95.8%). Those selected for neoadjuvant therapy had a lower rate of clear margin: 56 of 62 (90%).

Conclusion

By applying a MRI-based indication, the frequency of neoadjuvant treatment with its acute and late adverse effects can be reduced to 30–35% without reduction of pathologically CRM-negative resection specimens and, thus, without the danger of worsening the oncological long-term results. This concept should be confirmed in prospective multicentre observation studies with quality assurance of MRI, surgery and pathology.

     

Dealing with robot-assisted surgery for rectal cancer:current status and perspectives

The laparoscopic approach for treatment of rectal cancer has been proven feasible and oncologically safe, and is able to offer better short-term outcomes than traditional open procedures, mainly in terms of reduced length of hospital stay and time to return to working activity. In spite of this, the laparoscopic technique is usually practised only in high-volume experienced centres, mainly because it requires a prolonged and demanding learning curve. It has been estimated that over 50 operations are required for an experienced colorectal surgeon to achieve proficiency with this technique. Robotic surgery enables the surgeon to perform minimally invasive operations with better vision and more intuitive and precise control of the operating instruments, thus promising to overcome some of the technical difficulties associated with standard laparoscopy. It has high-definition threedimensional vision, it translates the surgeon's hand movements into precise movements of the instruments inside the patient, the camera is held and moved by the first surgeon, and a fourth robotic arm is available as a fixed retractor. The aim of this review is to summarise the current data on clinical and oncologic outcomes of robot-assisted surgery in rectal cancer, focusing on short- and long-term results, and providing original data from the authors' centre.