声辐射力脉冲技术和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数评价家兔肝纤维化

目的 探讨声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）技术和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数（APRI）评价家兔肝纤维化模型的价值。方法 应用硫代乙酰胺（TAA）对32只家兔以皮下注射的方法建立肝纤维化模型,以8只家兔作为对照组。于首次注射后第4、8、12周分批应用ARFI获取剪切波速度（SWV）,计算APRI,取其肝脏行病理肝纤维化分期。以病理检查结果为金标准,比较SWV和APRI指数对家兔肝纤维化分期的诊断价值。结果 共29只家兔造模成功,其中肝纤维化分期为S1、S2、S3和S4期者分别为10、8、7和4只。SWV值和APRI均随纤维化程度加重而增高（P<0.05）。SWV（r=0.724,P<0.05）和APRI（r=0.555,P<0.05）与肝纤维化病理分级均存在相关性。SWV和APRI诊断家兔肝纤维化S≥1、S≥2、S≥3、S=4的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.92、0.81,0.87、0.78,0.82、0.76,0.89、0.79。SWV和APRI联合诊断S≥3的AUC为0.84,敏感度为81.80%,特异度为73.10%,阳性预测值为56.23%,阴性预测值为90.48%。结论 ARFI技术与APRI可定量评估家兔肝纤维化程度,ARFI技术的价值较高。     

声触诊组织量化技术评价肾脏恶性肿瘤弹性

目的 采用声触诊组织量化（VTQ）技术观察肾脏恶性肿瘤的弹性特征,评价其对肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法 采用VTQ技术对54例患者的肾恶性肿瘤及周围正常肾皮质进行剪切波速度（SWV）检测,观察各类肾肿瘤的弹性表现及不同大小CCRCC的弹性特点,比较直径<3 cm的CCRCC与其他肿瘤的弹性差异,通过ROC曲线评价VTQ技术对<3 cm的CCRCC的鉴别诊断价值。结果 54例中,CCRCC 40例,嫌色细胞癌4例,乳头状肾细胞癌3例,肾盂尿路上皮癌7例;各类肿瘤SWV与肾皮质差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;13例<3 cm的CCRCC的SWV高于肾皮质（P=0.01）,且ΔSWV（SWV_肿瘤-SWV_皮质）显著高于其他类型肿瘤（P<0.01）,以△SWV≥0为标准诊断<3 cm CCRCC的ROC曲线下面积为0.897,敏感度76.9%,特异度91.7%,准确率84.6%。结论 CCRCC、嫌色细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌和肾盂尿路上皮癌的弹性与肾皮质无显著差异,直径<3 cm的CCRCC较肾皮质韧,且硬度高于其他3种肿瘤;VTQ技术对<3 cm的CCRCC有中等鉴别诊断价值。     

脾剪切波速度与肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的关系

目的 探讨脾剪切波速度(SWV)对肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)的预测价值.方法 应用声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术测量99例受试者的脾SWV值,包括69例乙肝后肝硬化患者(出血组36例、非出血组33例)和30名健康志愿者(对照组),比较各组脾SWV值的差异,分析脾SWV值与EVB的关系.结果 脾SWV值在各组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);脾SWV值与EVB发生率呈正相关(r=0.68,P<0.05);脾SWV值诊断EVB的临界值为3.54 m/s,敏感度、特异度分别为81.3%、84.6%,ROC曲线下面积为0.89.结论 VTQ技术测量的脾SWV值可用于预测肝硬化患者EVB的风险,具有重要临床应用价值.     

声辐射力脉冲成像诊断儿童慢性肾病

目的 观察声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）成像评估儿童慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）的价值。方法 纳入40例CKD患儿（CKD组）及40名健康儿童（对照组）,采用ARFI成像测量肾皮质剪切波速度（SWV）。计算估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）,并将CKD组分为eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）亚组和eGFR≥60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）亚组;比较组及各亚组间肾SWV及肾功能指标,观察肾SWV与肾功能指标的相关性。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评估SWV诊断CKD的效能。结果 CKD组肾SWV、血肌酐、尿素氮及尿酸均高于对照组（P均<0.05）,而eGFR低于对照组（P<0.05）。CKD组平均肾SWV与血肌酐均与尿素氮呈正相关（r=0.46、0.54,P均<0.01）,与eGFR呈负相关（r=－0.44,P<0.01）,而与尿酸无明显相关（r=0.22,P=0.09）;其内eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）亚组和eGFR≥60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）亚组血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、eGFR和平均肾SWV差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）亚组平均肾SWV与血肌酐和尿素氮均呈正相关（r=0.48、0.47,P均<0.05）,与eGFR呈负相关（r=－0.76,P<0.01）,而与尿酸无明显相关（r=0.07,P>0.05）。以SWV=2.60 m/s为截断值,其诊断CKD的敏感度和特异度分别为67.50%和87.50%,AUC为0.80（P<0.01）。以SWV=2.66 m/s为截断值,其评估CKD患儿eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）或≥60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）的敏感度和特异度分别为83.30%和59.10%,AUC为0.69（P=0.03）。结论 以ARFI成像测量肾皮质SWV有助于诊断儿童CKD,尤其是eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）的CKD。     

声触诊组织定量技术在IgA肾病的应用

  目的  评价声触诊组织定量(virtual touch tissue quantification, VTQ)技术在IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy, IgAN)的应用价值。  方法  选择2012年1月1日至4月30日北京协和医院经肾活检证实的28例IgAN患者, 对所有患者左肾进行常规超声(肾脏长径、皮质厚度、叶间动脉阻力指数)及VTQ超声[剪切波速度(shear wave velocity, SWV)]检查。分析常规超声与VTQ指标间, 以及各超声指标与患者临床/病理指标-慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)分期、Lee分级、肾小球硬化指数(glomerular sclerosis index, GSI)、肾小管萎缩(tubular atrophy, TA)以及肾间质纤维化(interstitial fibrosis, IF)的相关性。  结果  IgAN患者肾脏常规超声指标与其VTQ结果、临床/病理指标无显著相关性(P > 0.05);VTQ测定的SWV与CKD分期(r=-0.382, P=0.045)、Lee分级(r=-0.407, P=0.031)及IF(r=-0.397, P=0.036)呈负相关, 与GSI和TA无显著相关性(P > 0.05)。  结论  通过VTQ技术测定的肾皮质SWV与多项临床/病理指标存在相关性, 这一新型超声弹性成像技术的临床意义值得进一步研究。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者超声辐射力脉冲成像参数与肝功能Child-Pugh分级的相关性

目的 探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝功能Child-Pugh分级与声辐射力脉冲成像(ARFI)定量参数剪切波速度(SWV)之间的相关性.方法 对临床诊断为肝硬化的40例慢性乙型肝炎患者及40名健康体检者行ARFI,测量肝脏SWV;检测肝硬化患者血清学指标,根据结果及临床表现进行肝功能Child-Pugh分级.比较肝硬化患者与健康人及不同Child-Pugh分级患者间SWV的差异,分析肝脏SWV与Child-Pugh分级及血清学指标之间的相关性.结果 健康人肝脏SWV 显著低于肝硬化患者;随Child-Pugh分级上升,SWV明显增加(P<0.001),SWV与Child-Pugh分级呈正相关(r=0.62,P<0.001).肝硬化患者SWV与凝血酶原时间呈正相关(r=0.65,P<0.001),与血清白蛋白水平呈负相关(r=-0.59,P<0.001).结论 肝硬化患者SWV显著高于健康人,并与肝功能Child-Pugh分级呈正相关.     

声触诊组织量化技术无创动态评估兔耳增生性瘢痕硬度

探讨声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术无创评估兔耳增生性瘢痕(HS)形成过程中的硬度变化。方法 运用VTQ技术在兔耳HS模型形成过程的不同时间点(术前1天,术后第1、3、5、7、11、16、20、28、36、45、60、90、120天)测量其剪切波速度(SWV),比较相邻时间点的SWV值,同时测量二维图灰阶值,对HS剪切波速度值(HSSWV)及灰阶值进行对比分析。结果 HS形成过程中SWV值比较:除术前1天与术后第1天(P=0.099)、术后第60天与术后第90天(P=0.053)差异无统计学意义外,其余相邻时间点差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。兔耳HS形成过程中,HSSWV值与灰阶值呈正相关(r=0.568,P<0.001);而在兔耳HS增生期(术后11~45天),HSSWV值与灰阶值高度相关(r=0.813,P<0.001)。结论 应用VTQ技术测得的HSSWV值在量化评估HS硬度改变方面有重要应用价值。     

声触诊组织定量分析技术无创性评价慢性肾病的应用价值

目的：应用声触诊组织定量技术（Virtual touch tissue quantification,VTQ）探讨慢性肾病（CKD）患者肾实质弹性变化。方法：选取107例不同临床分期CKD患者和20例健康志愿者,应用VTQ技术测量双肾实质剪切波传播速度（Shear wave velocity,SWV）并进行比较,分析CKD患者肾实质组织弹性变化与临床分期、血肌酐水平变化的相关性。结果：CKD 2期、3期、4期、5期患者肾实质剪切波速度（SWV）明显低于1期患者及正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;慢性肾病4期、5期患者肾实质SWV与1期、2期、3期患者比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CKD 4期与5期之间,2期与3期之间,1期与正常对照组之间比较,肾实质SWV差异无统计学意义（P值分别为0.996,0.339,0.139）;CKD患者肾实质SWV值与临床分期、血肌酐水平呈负相关关系（r=-0.596,-0.458;P均<0.001）。结论：VTQ能够量化反映肾实质组织弹性硬度变化,有望成为无创性定量评估CKD肾实质功能损害的新指标。     

声辐射力脉冲技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 对106例甲状腺结节患者于术前行ARFI检查,根据术后病理结果,分析甲状腺良恶性结节ARFI表现及ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果 甲状腺恶性结节声触诊组织成像（VTI）分级高于良性结节（Z=8.65,P<0.05）;以VTI≥4级作为恶性结节的标准,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为79.40%、96.80%。甲状腺良恶性结节的声触诊组织量化（VTQ）值差异有统计学意义（t=4.25,P<0.05）;以VTQ≥2.50m/s作为良恶性结节诊断点,其敏感度、特异度分别为75.00%、70.00%。联合应用VTI和VTQ,ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为95.24%、87.71%。结论 ARFI有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节。     

声触诊组织定量技术在慢性肾病中的初步应用

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术评估慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)肾组织纤维化程度的价值。方法 对45例经肾组织活检证实的CKD患者进行VTQ以及常规超声检查。分析VTQ以及常规超声指标与患者临床及病理指标(CKD分期、肾小球硬化指数、肾小管萎缩面积以及肾间质纤维化面积)之间的相关性。结果 肾皮质SWV值CKD 1期为(2.74±0.57)cm/s, CKD 2期为(2.30±0.27)cm/s, CKD 3期为(2.85±0.26)cm/s, CKD 4期为(2.60±0.40)cm/s。统计分析显示肾皮质SWV值与CKD分期及病理指标间无相关性。讨论 VTQ技术可以测定的肾脏皮质的SWV值;但肾脏皮质SWV值与CKD分期及肾组织纤维化指标间无相关性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.