不同时期电针对大鼠急性炎症及COX-2表达的影响

目的观察不同时期电针对角叉菜胶致炎大鼠的抗炎效应及其对环氧合酶-2(COX-2)mRNA和蛋白表达的干预作用,以探讨不同时期电针抗急性炎症作用及部分关键机制。方法大鼠右后足掌皮下注射1%角叉菜胶诱导急性炎症模型,分别采用电针预处理和造模后即刻电针治疗,并以消炎痛和罗非昔布作对照治疗。采用毛细管放大法、ELISA、RT-PCR和Western Blotting法分别检测足跖肿胀率、足爪炎症组织PGE2含量、COX-2mRNA表达和足爪炎症组织及脾组织COX-2蛋白表达。结果电针预处理和即刻电针均有效抑制角叉菜胶致炎大鼠足跖肿胀,尤以造模后即刻电针为佳;消炎痛显著抑制大鼠足跖肿胀,而罗非昔布作用不明显。即刻电针可有效降低足爪组织中的PGE2含量。电针预处理和即刻电针对足爪炎症组织COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达均产生明显下调,同时对脾组织中COX-2蛋白表达进行抑制。结论不同时期电针对角叉菜胶致炎大鼠急性炎症具有良好的抗炎效应,电针对环氧合酶-2mRNA和蛋白表达的干预,可能是其抗炎效应的关键机制之一。     

电针对角叉菜胶致炎大鼠的抗炎效应及对白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响

目的:观察电针对角叉菜胶致炎大鼠的治疗作用,并探讨电针抗急性炎症的部分机理。方法:正常Wistar大鼠分别在电针、消炎痛和罗非昔布预处理5 d后致角叉菜胶急性炎症模型。电针刺激"曲池"穴,刺激参数为:连续波,频率2 Hz,强度5 mA,时间30 min,每天1次,连续5 d;消炎痛和罗非昔布预处理分别以7.5 mg/kg灌胃,每天1次,连续5 d;另一组大鼠在相同造模后进行即刻电针处理(参数同电针预处理组)。以毛细管放大法检测足跖肿胀度,ELISA法检测炎症足爪PGE2、IL-1β和TNF-α水平,RT-PCR法检测足爪炎症组织IL-1βmRNA、TNF-αmRNA表达。结果:电针可有效抑制角叉菜胶致炎大鼠足跖肿胀,尤以造模后2、3 h最为显著;可降低大鼠炎症足爪组织中的PGE2水平;不同时段电针介入治疗均能下调炎症足爪组织中IL-1β和TNF-α水平,但以造模后治疗为佳;电针对足爪炎症组织IL-1βmRNA、TNF-αmRNA表达产生不同程度的下调作用。结论:电针对角叉菜胶致炎大鼠急性炎症具有良好的抗炎效应,并通过抑制局部促炎症因子(如IL-1β、TNF-α)的生成与表达而控制炎症的发展。     

荆防挥发油的抗炎作用及对PGE2的影响

目的：研究荆防挥发油的抗炎作用及对PGE2的影响。方法：对角叉菜胶致小鼠足跖肿胀、大鼠胸膜炎模型及大鼠弗氏完全佐剂所致关节炎肿胀的试验，并检测PGE2的含量。结果：荆防挥发油对多种炎症有显著的抑制作用，并能减少炎症介质PGE2的含量。结论：荆防挥发油有较好的抗炎效果，其抗炎机理与抑制PGE2的产生有关。     

通痹止痛胶囊抗炎作用的实验研究

目的探讨通痹止痛胶囊的抗炎作用。方法通过角叉菜胶致足肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹膜炎及大鼠棉球肉芽肿实验,观察通痹止痛胶囊的抗炎作用。结果通痹止痛胶囊对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足跖肿胀及对大鼠关节炎症介质前列环素(PGE2)生成有显著抑制作用,同时对醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高有明显的抑制作用,对大鼠棉球肉芽肿形成也有抑制作用。结论通痹止痛胶囊对急、慢性炎症均有抑制作用。     

复方玄驹制剂抗炎作用的实验研究

目的 :观察复方玄驹中药制剂的抗炎作用。方法 :采用大鼠实验性关节炎模型 ,观察复方玄驹中药制剂对大鼠佐剂性足肿胀的抑制和治疗作用以及对角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀和大鼠棉球肉芽肿的影响。结果 :复方玄驹中药制剂对各种致炎剂引起的水肿均具有明显的抑制作用。口服 0.2 ,0.4,0.8g·kg^-1的复方玄驹中药制剂对角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀以及棉球肉芽肿有显著的抑制作用 ,用药后 1h对角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀的抑制率均达 25%以上 ,6h的抑制率分别为 23.8% ,22.2% ,39.7%。复方玄驹中药制剂对大鼠佐剂性足肿胀具有显著的预防和治疗作用。结论 :复方玄驹中药制剂对动物炎症模型具有明显的抗炎作用。     

五味藤抗炎作用及其机制初探

目的研究五味藤水提物的抗炎作用并探寻其部分机制。方法通过巴豆油诱导小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶诱导小鼠足爪肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加、角叉菜胶致大鼠胸膜炎和棉球诱导大鼠肉芽肿模型,观察五味藤的抗炎作用;检测角叉菜胶致大鼠胸膜炎大鼠胸腔渗出液中总蛋白、NO及PGE2含量的测定和对小鼠炎性组织中PGE2含量的测定,初步探索五味藤的抗炎作用机制。结果五味藤水提物对巴豆油诱导的小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶诱导的小鼠足爪肿胀、棉球诱导的大鼠肉芽肿、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加和角叉菜胶致大鼠胸膜炎具有抑制作用,对角叉菜胶致大鼠胸膜炎大鼠胸腔液中总蛋白、NO及PGE2有抑制作用。结论五味藤有较强的抗炎作用,抗炎机制与抑制PGE2、NO生成及抑制总蛋白渗出有关。     

蜂胶的外用抗炎作用实验研究

目的:观察蜂胶的外用抗炎作用.方法:昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为模型对照组(3.0 g·kg-1吐温80)、阳性药布洛芬乳膏组(4.0 g·kg-1),蜂胶高、中、低剂量组(0.72,0.24,0.08 g·kg-1),每组12只采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀模型,检测小鼠血清中前列腺素E2(PGE2),一氧化氮(N0)含量,观察蜂胶对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀炎症模型的影响;Wistar大鼠60只,分组同上,模型对照组(3.0 g·kg-1吐温80),布洛芬乳膏组(3.0g·kg-1),蜂胶高、中、低剂量组(0.20,0.10,0.05 g·kg-1),采用角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀模型,检测大鼠炎症组织中PGE2含量,观察蜂胶对角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀炎症模型的影响.结果:蜂胶能明显抑制二甲苯导致的小鼠耳肿胀(P＜0.05);能明显减轻角叉菜胶导致的大鼠足肿胀(P＜0.05);能显著降低小鼠血清中PGE2,NO含量(P＜0.01);能显著降低大鼠炎症组织中PGE2含量(P＜0.01).结论:蜂胶外用具有明显的抗炎作用.     

南方红豆杉茎叶提取物镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究

目的:研究南方红豆杉提取物的抗炎和镇痛作用。方法:采用角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀模型评价南方红豆杉茎叶提取物的抗炎作用,采用甲苯致痛小鼠模型评价其镇痛作用。结果:南方红豆杉茎叶提取物各剂量组对角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀均有抑制作用,抗炎效应呈剂量相关性。各剂量组均能显著减少甲醛致痛实验中小鼠的舔足次数(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:南方红豆杉茎叶提取物具有良好的镇痛抗炎作用。     

喉咽灵口服液的药效学研究

目的：验证喉咽灵口服液的抗炎作用。方法：采用大鼠足跖角叉菜胶肿胀法、小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎法和大鼠棉球肉芽肿法，分别进行药效试验，探讨喉咽灵口服液的抗炎作用。结果：喉咽灵口服液对角叉菜胶所致的大鼠足跖肿胀性炎症、二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀以及棉球肉芽肿的形成均有明显的抑制作用。结论：喉咽灵口服液具有明显的抗炎作用。     

黄瓜香在急性炎症动物模型中抗炎效应的研究

目的 研究黄瓜香提取物的抗炎效应.方法 采用4种急性炎症模型,包括角叉菜胶及蛋清诱导大鼠足趾肿胀、二甲苯致小鼠耳片肿胀、1%冰醋酸致小鼠腹腔渗出模型,观察黄瓜香提取物的抗炎作用.结果 黄瓜香提取物组对二甲苯致小鼠耳片肿胀,对角叉菜胶和蛋清引起的大鼠足跖肿胀,对急性炎症导致的皮肤和腹腔毛细血管通透性均有不同程度抑制作用,其中黄瓜香提取物中、高剂量两个剂量组与模型组相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 黄瓜香提取物具有较强的抗炎效应.     

Electroacupuncture inhibits inflammatory edema and hyperalgesia through regulation of cyclooxygenase synthesis in both peripheral and central nociceptive sites

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on carrageenan-induced inflammatory model in association with peripheral and spinal COX-2 expression. EA with 2, 15 and 120 Hz, especially 2 Hz, had significant inhibitory effects on the developing of edema and hyperalgesia, which was measured in 30-min intervals after carrageenan injection. Therefore, we investigated whether the effect of 2 Hz EA on carrageenan-induced edema and hyperalgesia is associated with peripheral and spinal expression of inflammatory proteins. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was inhibited by 2 Hz EA in carrageenan-injected rat paws. Interestingly, we found that the mRNA of COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the spine was not induced by 2 Hz EA treatment after carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammation. In addition, synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was partially inhibited by 2 Hz EA treatment in both peripheral and spinal nociceptive regions. In conclusion, EA treatment might be a useful therapy for mitigation of inflammatory edema and hyperalgesia through regulation of COX-2 expression in both peripheral and central nociceptive sites.     

The anti-inflammatory effects of Caragana tangutica ethyl acetate extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Caragana tangutica KOM has been used to treat arthritis, wounds, fever and other disease conditions in traditional Chinese medicine (TMC). To support the application of the plant in traditional Chinese medicine by investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Caragana tangutica.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by animal models including xylene-induced ear edema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, acetic acid induced writhing in mice and LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The anti-inflammatory mechanism was evaluated by detecting prostaglandin E₂ and immunohistochemistry expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) using an EIA assay kit and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

Results

The results showed that the xylene-induced ear edema in mice was significantly reduced by the ethyl acetate extract at dosages of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, and the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was monitored to be reduced by the ethyl acetate extract 3 h after carrageenan injection. The ethyl acetate extract was also found to reduce the inflammation pain of acetic acid-induced writhing model in a dose-dependent manner and cause reduction of the ALI in mice through the inhibition of the release of PGE₂ and the LPS-induced COX-2 expression in the lung.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that the ethyl acetate extract of the plant can help to reduce inflammations by inhibiting the expression of COX-2.     

电针对人重组白介素-1β诱导的气囊炎性反应模型大鼠环氧合酶基因和蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨电针对环氧合酶(COX)-2的干预与前炎性反应细胞因子调控途径的相关性。方法:大鼠背部埋植一个经灭菌的聚四氟乙烯空心圆柱体(容积1.5 ml)建立气囊模型,10 d后将确认无感染合格大鼠90只随机分为空白对照组、模型组、电针组。模型组与电针组向囊内注射1 ml人重组白介素-1β细胞因子造模,电针组即刻电针"曲池"穴30 min。于造模后1、52、4 h抽取各组囊内液体,分别采用RT-PCR法和Western Blot法检测各时间点COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:注射后1 h,模型组COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),电针组COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达明显低于模型组(P<0.05);注射后5 h,模型组、电针组COX-2 mRNA表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),模型组COX-2蛋白表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.05);注射后24 h,模型组、电针组COX-2 mRNA表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),电针组COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达与模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:电针能干预人重组白介素-1β诱导的COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达,且即时效应明显。     

Inhibitory effect of eupatilin and jaceosidin isolated from Artemisia princeps on carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Artemisia princeps Pampanini (family Asteraceae) is an herbal medicine widely used as a hepatoprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent in Korea, China, and Japan.

Aim of the study

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of the main constituents, eupatilin and jaceosidin, isolated from Artemisia princeps.

Materials and methods

We used carrageenan-induced inflammation in an air pouch on the back of mice and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of eupatilin and jaceosidin. Inflammatory makers, such as expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblot analyses.

Results

Eupatilin and jaceosidin blocked carrageenan-induced increase in leukocyte number and protein levels in air pouch exudates. Eupatilin and jaceosidin inhibited COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation, and markedly reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) levels. They also inhibited hind paw edema induced by carrageenan. Eupatilin and jaceosidin had similar activity.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that eupatilin and jaceosidin may reduce inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation, and that Artemisia princeps inhibits inflammation because of these constituents.     

Differences of electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effect in normal and inflammatory conditions in rats

It has been reported by Stein et al. that the immune system and peripheral opioid receptors are involved in the control of pain accompanying inflammation. Electroacupuncture (EA) is used to relieve various kinds of pain. However, little is known about the effect of electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA) during hyperalgesia elicited by inflammation. The aim of the present study was to compare (1) the individual variation of EAA, (2) the durability of EAA, and (3) the effect of naloxone on EAA between normal rats and rats subjected to acute inflammatory pain. Carrageenan was subcutaneously administered by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of the left hind paw to induce a nociceptive response. Nociceptive thresholds were measured using the paw pressure threshold (PPT). Rats received EA at 3 Hz in the left anterior tibial muscles for 1 hour after carrageenan injection. Naloxone was administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or i.pl. injection just before EA. EAA was elicited in 15 of 29 normal rats. These rats were divided into responders and non-responders. EAA in the responder group was almost completely antagonized by i.p. injection of naloxone. In contrast, in all the rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation, EAA was elicited, lasted for at least 24 hours after carrageenan injection, and was dose-dependently antagonized by i.pl. injection, but not significantly by i.p. injection of naloxone. It seems likely that the EAA in the rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation differs from that in normal rats, and these findings suggest that peripheral opioid receptors are involved in EAA during inflammatory conditions.     

电针镇痛时炎症痛大鼠PAG部位I型白细胞介素-1受体mRNA表达的变化

目的 :本实验观察炎症痛和针刺镇痛时 ,大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 (PAG)部位I型白细胞介素 1受体基因 (IL 1RImRNA)表达的变化。方法 :实验分正常组、炎症痛组、假电针组、电针组。正常对照组大鼠脚掌注射生理盐水 ,炎症痛各组大鼠脚掌注射 2 %角叉菜胶 ( 1 0 0 μL)造成炎症痛模型。在角叉菜胶注射 3hr后大鼠处于一种稳定的痛敏状态。电针组大鼠于造模前电针将致炎侧“足三里”和“昆仑”穴 3 0min ,假电针组大鼠给予同样处理但不通电。实验采用原位杂交技术 ,观察脚掌注射角叉菜胶 3hr后大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 (PAG)部位IL 1RImRNA表达的变化及针刺对其的影响。结果 :致炎后 3hr大鼠痛阈显著降低 ,大鼠PAG部位的IL 1RImRNA表达显著增加 ,假电针组大鼠该部位的IL 1RImRNA表达与炎症痛组相比无显著变化 ,而电针组大鼠该部位的IL 1RImRNA阳性细胞数与假电针组相比显著减少。结论 :炎症痛可引起大鼠PAG部位的IL 1RImRNA表达增加 ,而电针镇痛则抑制炎症痛引起的大鼠PAG部位IL 1RImRNA表达     

电针对人重组肿瘤坏死因子诱导的气囊炎症模型大鼠环氧合酶基因和蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨电针对人重组肿瘤坏死因子(hrTNF)诱导的环氧合酶(COX)基因和蛋白表达的影响。方法 SPF级大鼠背部埋植一个经灭菌的聚四氟乙烯圆柱体建立气囊模型,10天后将确认无感染合格大鼠90只随机分为对照组、TNF模型组(简称模型组)、TNF电针组(简称电针组),每组30只,分别注射生理盐水和hrTNF造模,电针组即刻电针双侧曲池穴(2Hz,5mA,30min),分别于造模后1、5、24h抽取囊内液体,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法及蛋白免疫印迹(Westernblot)法检测各组各时间点COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组、电针组差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)),注射后24h电针组COX-2mRNA表达明显低于模型组(P0.05),注射后1h电针组COX-2蛋白表达明显低于模型组(P0.01)。结论电针能有效干预hrTNF-α诱导的COX-2mRNA和蛋白的表达;电针对COX-2的干预可能通过前炎症细胞因子调控途径。     

Corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1beta are involved in the electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effect on inflammatory pain elicited by carrageenan

Electroacupuncture (EA) is used to relieve various kinds of pain. However, the mechanistic basis of electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA) in inflammatory pain remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether endogenous peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1) participated in EAA during hyperalgesia elicited by carrageenan-induced inflammation. Carrageenan was subcutaneously administered by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of the left hind paw to induce inflammation. Nociceptive thresholds were measured using the paw pressure threshold (PPT) (Randall Sellito Test). Rats received 3 Hz EA in the left anterior tibial muscles for 1 hour after carrageenan injection. The selective CRF antagonist, alpha-helical CRF, or the recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra, was administered by i.pl. injection of the inflamed paw or by intravenous (i.v.) injection 1 hour before EA. PPT decreased significantly 3 hours after carrageenan injection. This decrease persisted at least 24 hours after carrageenan injection. EA resulted in significant increases of PPT, moreover, PPT elevations lasted 24 hours after carrageenan injection. By contrast, PPT elevations produced by EA were dose-dependently antagonized by local i.pl. injection of alpha-helical CRF or IL-1ra. This PPT elevation was not influenced by i.v. injection of alpha-helical CRF or IL-1ra. These findings suggest that peripheral CRF or IL-1 participate in EAA during hyperalgesia. The release of CRF or IL-1 elicited by EA may trigger the release of opioid peptides within inflamed tissue which may activate peripheral opioid receptors and inhibit the pain.