玉竹炭疽病的病原鉴定北大核心

目的:明确贵州玉竹炭疽病病原种类及其分类地位。方法:对玉竹炭疽病进行田间调查,并采集玉竹炭疽病病叶样品进行病原菌分离、纯化,采用科赫氏法则对其进行致病性验证,通过病原菌形态学和分子生物学鉴定,明确该病原菌的分类学地位。结果:该病害主要危害叶片,初期病斑水渍状,随着病情发展叶脉退绿变黄,叶片逐渐黄化,后期病斑表面有黑色小点。采集炭疽病病叶样品6份,分离获得25个菌株,致病性试验表明,2个代表菌株(YZ-1,YZ-2)对玉竹均有致病性。多基因系统发育分析发现,代表菌株与炭疽菌属白蜡树复合种Colletotrichum spaethianum species complex中的山麦冬刺盘孢Colletotrichum liriopes亲缘关系最近,结合其形态学特征,确定引起贵州玉竹炭疽病的病原为山麦冬刺盘孢Colletotrichum liriopes。结论:本研究明确了玉竹炭疽病病原菌的分类学地位,为玉竹炭疽病菌的进一步深入研究奠定了理论基础。     

云南粗茎秦艽斑枯病病原鉴定

目的:明确云南种植的粗茎秦艽斑枯病的发生规律及病原菌的分类地位,以期为该病的防治提供依据。方法:通过田间调查掌握该病发生的基本规律,经组织分离、柯赫氏法则验证获得病原菌,依据真菌的形态特征和ITS序列特征确定其分类地位。结果:基于真菌形态和ITS序列特征,粗茎秦艽斑枯病病原被鉴定为小孢壳针孢Septoria microspora,该病在云南粗茎秦艽主要种植区普遍发生。结论:小孢壳针孢Septoria microspora是粗茎秦艽斑枯病病原菌。     

甘肃省黄芪细菌性叶斑病病原的分离和鉴定

目的：明确甘肃省黄芪细菌性叶斑病的病原。方法：通过植物病原细菌形态学、生理生化指标测定,以及16S rDNA、rpoB和rpoD基因位点联合构建系统发育树,对黄芪细菌性叶斑病病原菌进行鉴定。结果：病原菌在营养琼脂（NA）培养基上培养24 h后菌落直径为1～3 mm,圆形或近圆形,乳白色、光滑凸起、半透明状、边缘整齐;革兰染色反应为阴性,好氧型,在10～40℃均能生长,在pH为5.7、6.8的环境中生长良好,在2%、5%NaCl环境下可生长;可利用葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、柠檬酸盐及硝酸盐;在代谢活动中可产生酪氨酸酶、过氧化氢酶、苯丙氨酸脱氨酶;分解色氨酸,液化明胶;不产生卵磷脂酶、淀粉水解酶及乙酰甲基甲醇。致病性测定初步验证了黄芪细菌性叶斑病的致病菌;16S rDNA、rpoB和rpoD基因序列分析进一步确定引起黄芪细菌性叶斑病的病原菌为绿黄假单胞菌Pseudomonas viridiflava(Burkholder)Dowson。结论：明确了甘肃省黄芪细菌性叶斑病的病原,为黄芪细菌性叶斑病的有效防治提供参考。     

甘肃省大黄病害调查与病原鉴定

目的:通过调查甘肃省大黄主产区大黄病害种类及其特性,为病害综合防治提供理论依据.方法:田间调查和室内分离鉴定相结合.结果和讨论:共发现真菌性病害8种,分别为叶黑粉病Thecaphora schwarzmaniana、斑枯病Septoria sp.、锈病Puccinia rhei-palmati、轮纹病Ascochyta rhei、叶点霉灰斑病Phyllostica rhei、白粉病Erysiphe polygoni、灰霉病Botrytis sp.、根腐病Fusarium oxysporiums、1种病毒病(毒源待定).黑粉病发病率为:14%～26%,为害严重,急待解决.白粉病、灰霉病为国内首次报道.     

山萆薢的生药鉴定

本文对山萆薢根茎性状、根茎横切面及粉末显微特征、根茎薄层色谱等方面作了鉴定研究,为山萆薢的开发利用提供鉴别依据。     

甘肃省甘草病害种类调查及病原鉴定

目的：为甘草病害综合防治以及规范化种植提供理论依据。方法：2007~2013年对甘肃省民勤、岷县、陇西、渭源,兰州5个市县的甘草病害进行了田间系统调查和室内病原鉴定。结果：共发现病害7种：褐斑病Cercospora glycyrrhizae、锈病Uromyces glycyrrhiza、壳二孢轮纹病Ascochyta onobrychidis、灰霉病Botrytis cinerea、白粉病Erysiphe sp.、链格孢黑斑病Alternaria sp.和1种病毒病（毒源待定）。结论：甘肃省生产中甘草褐斑病和锈病发生为害严重,应引起重视,并研究安全有效的防控对策。     

甘肃省羌活病害种类调查及病原鉴定

目的:对甘肃省岷县、渭源等地的羌活病害进行了调查和病原鉴定.方法:采取五点取样,每点调查10株,记载发病率,严重度.结果:共发现病害8种:壳二胞褐斑病Ascochyta levistici、白粉病 Erysiphe heraclei、链格孢灰斑病Alternaria burnsii壳针孢叶斑病 Septoria dearnessii、角斑病Pleospora sp.、茎点霉条斑病Phoma sp.、细菌性角斑病(属种待定)和1种病毒病(毒源待定).结论:白粉病和细菌性角斑病为害严重,是急待解决的问题.以上病害均为国内首次报道.     

黄芪冠腐病病原鉴定

目的：发现一种新的黄芪根部病害,症状表现为根冠部表皮褐色至黑色、呈龟裂状,定名为黄芪冠腐病。明确引起该病害的病原菌种类,为田间防治提供理论依据。方法：采用组织分离法对患有冠腐病的黄芪典型病株进行病原菌分离培养,结合病原形态学和分子生物学方法进行病原鉴定。结果：基于形态学鉴定共分离得到52株菌株,分为3类病原菌;选取代表性菌株,对rDNA-ITS序列、TEF1-α、β-TUB基因序列进行扩增并测序后,进行多基因联合系统发育分析。其中菌株HJ108与木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti聚为一支;菌株HJ201与锐顶镰刀菌Fusarium acuminatum聚为一支;菌株HJ305与尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum聚为一支。结论：将引起黄芪冠腐病发生的致病菌鉴定为木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、锐顶镰刀菌Fusarium acuminatum和尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum,其中木贼镰刀菌分离频率为57.7%,是该病害的优势病原。     

黄芪根腐病病原鉴定研究初报

近几年,随着黄芪种植面积扩大,经调查甘肃省定西市陇西、渭源、岷县、漳县等县,发现有35%～92%的根部表皮粗糙,微微发褐,严重者呈褐色腐朽状,表皮易剥落.现将鉴定结果报道如下.     

过山蕨乙醇提取物化学成分的分离鉴定

目的:研究过山蕨Camptosorus sibiricus全草95%乙醇提取物的化学成分,并测定其抗氧化活性。方法:采用正相硅胶,小孔树脂(MCI),LH-20型羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex LH-20),制备薄层色谱和反相HPLC等多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,通过波谱数据分析,结合文献鉴定了化合物的结构。结果:共分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为香豆酸(1),香豆酸4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2),顺式对香豆酸4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3),阿魏酸4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),咖啡酸甲酯(5),阿魏酸甲酯(6),丁香酸(7),丁香酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8),原儿茶醛(9),香草醛(10),丁香醛(11)。结论:化合物3～11均为首次从过山蕨属中分离得到。对从过山蕨乙醇提取物中分离的11个化合物采用类超氧化物歧化酶(SOD-like)活性测试法进行了抗氧化活性研究,结果显示化合物7,9～11均有一定活性,四者的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为16. 70,11. 70,12. 23,13. 52μmol·L~(-1);在浓度1. 0×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)下,其他化合物均未表现出活性。     

栀子炭疽病病原菌鉴定及抑菌药剂筛选

目的:明确引起栀子炭疽病病原菌种类,研究常用杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,为病害防治提供依据。方法:采集江西省不同地区栀子炭疽病病叶标本,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离与纯化,基于柯赫氏法则,检测病原菌的致病性,采用形态观察、显微鉴定、真菌r DNA-ITS序列分析,系统的鉴定病原菌,选取常用的11种抑菌剂对其进行室内药剂毒力测定,并建立抑制率与药剂浓度的相关回归方程;筛选出有明显抑菌作用的药剂,为防治该病的发生提供理论依据。结果:从收集的栀子炭疽病病原菌感染的叶片中分离纯化得到11个菌株,经致病性测定和科赫氏验证确定使栀子发病快且病情严重的菌株,通过形态和显微鉴定并对扩增得到的r DNA-ITS序列进行Blast对比分析,确定该病害为茎点霉菌Phoma.sp。选用的药剂中武夷菌素、链霉素和寡糖链蛋白无明显的抑菌效果,多菌灵的抑菌效果最好,回归方程为Y=79.97X-1.75[r=0.965,半最大效应浓度(EC_(50))=0.65 mg·L~(-1)],其次为咪鲜三环唑和五硝多菌灵,回归方程分别为Y=6.142X+19.47(r=0.902,EC50=4.97 mg·L~(-1)),Y=6.1X+17.23(r=0.93,EC_(50)=5.37 mg·L~(-1)),其他药剂呈现不同程度的抑菌效果。结论:确定了栀子炭疽病病原菌并筛选出了抑制病原菌的有效药剂。     

Aromatic constituents of Uvaria grandiflora

Grandiuvarone A (1) and grandiuvarins A-C (2-4) were isolated from the bark of Uvaria grandiflora. The structures of these new aromatic compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, especially 2D NMR techniques. Only compound 1 exhibited antileishmanial activity, with IC(50)/IC(90) values of 0.7/1.5 microg/mL. The positive controls pentamidine and amphotericin B had IC(50)/IC(90) values of 1.6/6.6 and 0.17/0.34 microg/mL, respectively.     

A study on major chemical components of Uvaria grandiflora]

OBJECTIVE: To make clear the chemical constituents of Uvaria grandiflora (Annonaceae). METHODS: Purification was performed using sephadex LH-20 permeation and silica gel chromatography. Structures of the purified components were determined on the basis of 1H, 13C NMR analysis and also by comparison with those of authentic compounds. RESULTS: Two major triterpenes, suberosol and lupeol, were identified. CONCLUSION: This paper is the first report on the identification of suberosol and lupeol from the gunus Uvaria.     

Chronic toxicity study of Portulaca grandiflora Hook

We investigated the toxic effects of Portulaca grandiflora aqueous extract given to male and female Wistar rats for 6 months. The rats were divided into five groups of each sex that were control groups, three experimental groups and recovery groups. The control groups received 5 ml of distilled water/kg per day. The experimental groups were orally given the water extract of Portulaca grandiflora at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg per day. The recovery groups received 1000 mg/kg per day for 6 months and were continued husbandry without giving the extract for further 14 days. Changes in the body weights, actual and relative organ weights were not significantly demonstrated in all groups throughout the study. No significant alteration in hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters was observed in all female groups given the extract. It was found that any significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in the male rats at the doses of 100 and 1000 mg/kg per day were not dose-related. In addition, no histopathological lesions were observed in the male animals. Our results suggested that the water extract of Portulaca grandiflora at the doses given in the study did not induce any detrimental effects in the rats.     

Analgesic effect of Dioclea grandiflora constituents in rodents

An aqueous fraction and dioclein (5,2′,5′-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavanone) obtained from the ethanolic extract of the Dioclea grandiflora were tested for their analgesic effect in mice and rats employing acetic-induced writhing and tail flick tests, respectively. When administered intraperitoneally the two agents exhibited significant analgesic effects. The activity of both dioclein and aqueous fraction apparently involves an opiate-like mechanism, since their analgesic action was attenuated by naloxone pretreatment.     

桔梗的采收加工研究

<正>桔梗为常用中药,《中国药典》2000年版(一部)收载的桔梗为桔梗科桔梗属植物(PlatycodongrandiflorumA.DC.)的干燥根,桔梗性平,味甘苦辛。归肺、胃经。具有宣肺、散寒、祛痰、利咽、排脓等功效。主要用于咳嗽痰多、咽喉肿痛、胸闷腹胀、支气管炎、胸膜炎等症。现代研究表明桔梗中含有多种皂苷类成分,主要为三萜皂苷,桔梗皂苷     

Antioxidative and acute anti-inflammatory effects of Campsis grandiflora flower

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract of the flower of Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum. Exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to 50% EtOH extract of Campsis grandiflora flower (ECG) at 10 and 100 microg/ml showed significant protective effect against hydrogen peroxide (300 microM). ECG not only protected cell survival from H(2)O(2)-induced toxicity, but also inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme release and DNA fragmentation significantly. It was also found that ECG showed scavenging activities of radicals and reactive oxygen species with IC(50) values of 20 microg/ml against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 52 microg/ml against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Topically applied ECG dose-dependently inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)- and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice. Consistent with its antioxidative properties in vitro, the present results suggest the therapeutic potential of ECG for acute skin inflammation that may involve oxidative tissue damage.     

金钗石斛和铁皮石斛软腐病原菌的分离和鉴定

 目的 确定引起金钗石斛和铁皮石斛软腐病的病原菌,为制定高效、安全的防治措施提供依据。方法 采用普查和定点观察相结合对软腐病发病情况进行田间观察,采集两种石斛典型病株样本,按照柯赫氏法则对其病原菌进行分离、纯化、菌株鉴定及致病性测定。结果 在树皮为基质的苗床上软腐病在不同苗龄上均可发生,病原菌主要侵染幼嫩多汁的嫩芽和新枝,引起幼嫩茎叶的腐烂、萎焉和坏死等症状。通过对病原菌形态学观察,以及核糖体rDNA ITS序列分析,侵染石斛植株的2个分离菌株被鉴定为终极腐霉Pythium ultimum。致病性实验证明,这两个菌株为石斛软腐病的致病菌株。结论 金钗石斛和铁皮石斛是终极腐霉菌的自然寄主。     

剖析伏邪学说

温病伏邪学说的立废,一直就是各朝各代医者争论的焦点。持新感学说医家坚决否定伏邪学说的存在,然而各朝各代医家医籍的涉及,以及根据伏邪学说指导临床取得显著成效的客观事实,说明伏邪学说有其存在的价值。