Technical modifications and strategies for stenting gastric outlet strictures using esophageal endoprostheses

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The outcome of stenting gastric outlet stricture is favorable compared with a bypass operation which has significant morbidity and mortality. In Japan, this procedure is particularly complicated by a lack of enteral stents. We report some technical stratagems for stent placement for gastric outlet strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 1993 and July 2001, 23 patients with gastric outlet strictures (14 men, nine women; mean age 72 years) underwent stent placement using an esophageal stent system. The Ultraflex or Z-stents were used in 18 or five patients, respectively. With the Ultraflex, we increased the length of the delivery system. Some patients underwent stent placement with the help of endoscopic assistance with a grasping forceps or a home-made sheath. RESULTS: The metal stent was successfully inserted in all patients. There were no complications during the procedure. Migration occurred in two out of five patients treated with the Z-stent, whereas there was no migration in patients treated with the Ultraflex stent. In two patients, curable pancreatitis was caused by pressure on the duodenal papilla. One of these patients also experienced bile stasis which required biliary decompression. There were three cases of obstruction, caused by tumor ingrowth (1), hyperplasia (1) and stent fracture (1); recanalization by an additional stent placement and/or cutting stent filaments was successful. All the patients died, with a median survival period of 52 days. There was no procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: With some technical modification, stent placement for gastric outlet stricture, even using an esophageal stent, is feasible. This procedure offers good palliation with no major complications.     

Enteral stents for malignant gastric outlet obstruction

Malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a commonly encountered entity, defined as the inability of the stomach to empty because of mechanical obstruction at the level of either the stomach or the proximal small bowel. In this article, current literature on GOO is reviewed with a focus on enteral stents to include symptoms and diagnosis, stent and nonstent treatment, types of enteral stents, indications and contraindications to stent placement, and technical and clinical success rates. In comparison with gastrojejunostomy, enteral stent placement is better suited for patients with a shorter life expectancy and/or those who are poor surgical candidates.     

普通胃镜联合X线直视下胃十二指肠支架置放术的临床应用

目的探讨经普通胃镜联合x线直视下金属支架置入术治疗胃出口、十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法回顾分析22例胃出口、十二指肠恶性梗阻患者,经内镜钳道置入导丝。胃镜联合X线监视下置入并释放自膨式金属肠道支架。结果22例患者共置入金属支架26例次,成功25例次,其中4例患者因肿瘤生长致支架堵塞或移位而再次置入;1例胰腺癌并十二指肠水平段梗阻梗阻患者支架放置不成功,成功率为96．15％。支架置入后内镜和透视造影检查示支架均定位准确、通畅。5例有少量出血,对症治疗效果良好;无消化道穿孔及其他支架置人相关等并发症。25例次支架放置24h后梗阻症状得到缓解或消除;平均生存期为7．2个月。结论结合x线操作经内镜放置金属支架治疗胃出口、十二指肠恶性梗阻可提高置入成功率,具有简化操作、准确定位、减少相关并发症的优点。     

内镜下支架植入与旁路手术治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的比较外科手术和内镜下支架植入对晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的引流效果。方法回顾分析比较66例晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料。结果两组患者中减黄的短期效果差异无统计学意义,但手术组的住院时间和近期并发症显著高于支架组;支架组由于支架堵塞引起胆道再次梗阻及胆管炎概率高于手术组。结论两种方法短期减黄效果相似,但支架组有较高的胆道再梗阻率。对手术风险小、预期寿命较长的患者,外科手术减黄是比较合理的选择。     

Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expandable metallic stents: results of a multicenter study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Gastric outlet obstruction is a late event in the natural history of biliopancreatic tumours. Metallic self-expanding stents inserted under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance can be used for palliation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and complications of endoscopic duodenal stenting in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and November 2001, 63 patients (31 women, 32 men; mean age 73 +/- 12) presenting with clinical symptoms of duodenal obstruction underwent endoscopic stenting with large metallic prostheses. Complications and clinical outcome were assessed both retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS: Of the patients, 58 needed one duodenal stent and two overlapping stents were required in five patients. Stenting was immediately successful in 60/63 patients (95%). At the time of the duodenal procedure, 25 previously inserted biliary stents were still patent; biliary stenting was attempted during the same procedure in 18 patients; and 20 patients had no biliary stricture. There was no procedure-related mortality. There were complications in 30 % of patients: 13 stent obstructions, 4 stent migrations and 2 duodenal perforations (treated surgically). For 44 patients (70%) there were no minor or major digestive problem during their remaining lifetime. An exclusively peroral diet was possible in 58 patients (92%), but was considered satisfactory (solid or soft) in 46/63 patients (73%). Of the patients, 53 (84 %) died between 1 and 64 weeks after the duodenal stenting (median survival 7 weeks).CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stenting for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction is feasible and well-tolerated in most patients. Most dysfunctions can be managed endoscopically.     

Successful closure of a complicated duodenal ulcer perforation with an expandable esophageal stent

Laparotomy and reoperation remain the standard procedures for patients with suture line disruption after the initial surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer perforation has failed. Recently, endoscopic stents have been employed for dehiscence of the suture line after a surgical repair or even as a primary treatment. We present such a case, the fourth in the literature. In this case, a partially covered stent was placed to cover the duodenal perforation opening after an unsuccessful stitching 6 days earlier. We discuss the difficulties in stent positioning, the choice of sealant, and possible complications. Overall, for older patients with comorbidities, endoscopic stent placement could be considered a promising alternative minimally invasive treatment.     

ERCP胆道塑料支架置入术与ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石的临床效果比较

目的比较内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道塑料支架置入术与ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石的临床效果。方法将2017年1月至2018年12月我院收治的168例多发胆总管结石的老年患者按手术方法的不同分为支架组(n=75)和取石组(n=93)。支架组行ERCP+内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)+胆道塑料支架置入术,取石组行ERCP+EST+胆道取石术+内镜下鼻胆管引流术。比较两组生化指标、近远期并发症发生情况、手术时间、住院时间及住院费用。结果两组患者术前1 d及术后1、3、5 d的WBC、CRP、ALT、TBIL、γ-GT水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的死亡率及术后胰腺炎、术后胆管炎、消化道出血的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);支架组的反复胆系感染、再次ERCP手术发生率均高于取石组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。支架组患者的手术时间短于取石组,住院费用低于取石组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ERCP胆道塑料支架置入术和ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石都是安全、有效的,应根据患者情况选择合适的手术方式。     

Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass and external carotid reconstruction for carotid restenosis after angioplasty and stent placement

The recent proliferation of endovascular treatment of carotid atherosclerotic disease will increase the number of patients who require treatment for recurrent carotid stenosis after angioplasty and stent placement. The optimal management of these patients has not yet been defined. We describe a 66-year-old woman who required 2 surgical procedures for recurrent in-stent carotid stenosis. She experienced numerous transient ischemic attacks 5 months after left extracranial internal carotid artery angioplasty and stenting for asymptomatic stenosis. Angiography showed high-grade in-stent restenosis, left intracranial carotid artery stenosis, and poor collateral flow to the left middle cerebral artery circulation. The patient underwent a superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, and the transient ischemic attacks resolved. Five months later, angiography showed progressive stenosis of the external carotid artery at the site of the stent. The patient underwent successful external carotid reconstruction with an on-lay patch. Extracranial-intracranial bypass grafting may be used successfully in the treatment of recurrent extracranial carotid artery stenosis after angioplasty and stent placement. Also, external carotid artery reconstruction at the site of an internal carotid artery stent can be performed safely.     

Successful repair of a damaged duodenal stent by cutting stent wires and placement of a second stent.

Duodenal stenting has been gradually established in recent years because it is less invasive than standard surgical procedures and produces a rapid therapeutic response. For palliation of both duodenal and biliary stenoses, double stenting may be performed. Duodenal stents offer a great advantage in allowing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) without the need for balloon dilation. When biliary stent dysfunction occurs, the patient undergoes diagnostic and/or therapeutic ERCP across the duodenal stent. We encountered a duodenal stent fracture in a patient who required repeated ERCPs for stent dysfunction. Duodenal stent fractures have not previously been reported. The damaged stent was successfully repaired by using a cutting wire filament and placing another duodenal stent coaxially with the first. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of stent fracture following endoscopic procedures, such as an ERCP, that require passage through the stent. The procedure described in this report would be of significant benefit if a gastrointestinal stent is fractured and occluded by a broken part.     

Self-expandable metallic stents for malignant gastric outlet obstruction

Duodenal self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are designed for palliation and prompt relief of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). This mini-invasive endoscopic treatment is preferable to surgery due to its lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospitalization, and earlier symptoms relief; furthermore endoscopic enteral stenting can be performed under conscious sedation, reducing the risk of general anesthesia in these already fragile patients. The stent placement technique is well established and should be performed in referral centers with adequate materials and equipment. Duodenal stents can be covered and uncovered. Nitinol stents have almost replaced other materials, being more flexible with a satisfactory axial and radial force. Common duodenal SEMS-related complications are recurrence of GOO symptoms due to stent clogging (tissue ingrowth/overgrowth and food impaction) and stent migration. These complications can be usually managed endoscopically. Perforation and bleeding are the most severe, but rare, complications. After stent placement, malignant GOO patients usually have improvement of the GOO symptoms with good resumption of fluids and solids. Choosing the most appropriate type of stent is arduous and should be done mainly in relation to the morphological aspects of the stricture. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS placement is indicated in symptomatic GOO patients suffering from unresectable malignancy or those inoperable due to advanced age or comorbidities. The absence of peritoneal carcinomatosis and multiple small bowel strictures is a key point for the clinical success of duodenal SEMS. Almost all symptomatic malignant GOO patients are candidates for the duodenal SEMS procedure; resolution of GOO, avoiding the need for a permanent naso-gastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, significantly improves the patients’ quality of life and dignity, even if life expectancy is short. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS insertion, after an adequate training, is a reproducible, simple, safe, and cost-effective procedure.     

十二指肠憩室31例诊治分析

[目的]探讨十二指肠憩室的诊断及治疗方法.[方法]对本院2000年1月至2011年5月31例十二指肠憩室患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.[结果]31例患者均以消化道疾病常见临床症状为主,行上消化道钡餐,十二指肠镜,逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),螺旋CT检查确诊;非手术治疗23例,手术治疗8例,其中憩室切除术3例,憩室内翻缝合2例,十二指肠转流手术3例(远端胃切除Billrot hⅡ式2例,胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例).所有患者临床症状缓解或治愈.[结论]十二指肠憩室主要依靠影像学诊断,避免延诊及误诊.对大部分有临床症状的患者,手术及非手术治疗均有效,但应严格把握手术指证.     

药物支架与普通支架对PCI术围手术期高敏CRP的影响

目的：对比观察药物支架（DES）与普通支架（BMS）对PCI患者高敏C反应蛋白水平（Hs-CRP）的影响,探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后再狭窄的发生机制。方法：置入了单个支架的冠心病稳定性心绞痛患者83例入选本研究,DES组43例,BMS组40例,另选同期住院行冠脉造影检查显示冠状动脉不同程度的狭窄,而未行PCI的冠心病患者35例做对照组,分别于术前和术后48、72 h和2周测定血清Hs-CRP。结果：术前三组患者临床特征及冠脉造影显示的病变特征相似,具有可比性,术前及术后2周血清Hs-CRP水平组间无显著差别,术后48、72 hPCI患者较对照组Hs-CRP水平显著升高[48 h（13.42±14.70）mg/L比（5.89±4.93）mg/L,P〈0.01;72 h（16.67±19.81）mg/L比（5.38±3.94）mg/L,P〈0.01],但DES组与BMS组比较升高幅度小[48 h（6.26±4.36）mg/L比（21.02±15.46）mg/L,P〈0.01;72 h（4.83±3.50）mg/L比（15.03±9.79）mg/L,P〈0.01）。结论：PCI可显著升高Hs-CRP水平,但DES与BMS相比,可明显降低Hs-CRP水平,表明DES可明显抑制PCI术后诱发的急性炎症反应,继而抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移,可能是其预防PCI术后再狭窄的机制之一。     

Long-term outcome of endoscopic stent placement for chronic pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In pancreas divisum (PD), endoscopic drainage of the minor papilla is beneficial for patients presenting with acute recurrent pancreatitis, but in cases of chronic pancreatitis, surgery is claimed to be indicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic stent placement in patients with PD presenting with chronic pancreatitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The outcome of endoscopic treatment was evaluated in 16 patients with PD presenting with chronic pancreatitis, who underwent stenting as a first line of treatment. Chart reviews and patient interviews by mail and telephone were conducted. Median follow-up time was 51 months (range 6-120). RESULTS: After one episode of stenting and subsequent stent extraction, five of 16 patients remained pain-free (i.e., for a median time of 45 months, range 12-64). Six patients had temporary pain relief (14 months), and five patients experienced no effect of stent therapy. A total of five patients underwent surgery after failure of stenting. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic pancreatitis and a PD should undergo trial stenting, since every third patient remains symptom-free after one episode of stenting.     

十二指肠梗阻患者使用鼻胆管行肠内营养的护理

目的 探讨由于十二指肠良性或恶性梗阻、狭窄导致普通鼻肠管置管困难患者经内镜置入鼻胆管替代鼻肠管行肠内营养的效果及护理。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年1月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院27例十二指肠良性或恶性梗阻、狭窄致普通鼻肠管置入困难改经内镜放置鼻胆管，通过鼻胆管输注肠内营养制剂的患者的临床护理资料，观察置管时间、一次置管成功率、意外拔管率和肠内营养期间的相关并发症等。结果 27例患者均一次性置管成功，置管最长时间为30 d，最短为10 d。所有患者留置鼻胆管行肠内营养期间均未出现出血、穿孔和误吸等并发症，无意外拔管、脱管及机械性压疮等护理不良事件。结论 对因十二指肠良性或恶性梗阻、狭窄导致普通鼻肠管置管困难的患者经内镜置入鼻胆管行短期肠内营养具有可行性，但鼻胆管的材质较普通鼻肠管硬，管腔偏细，护理难度较大，对护理提出更高的要求，个性化精细的护理是保证经鼻肠管肠内营养顺利进行、提高患者生存质量的关键。     

肝静脉阻塞性Budd-Chiari综合征的介入治疗

目的评价肝静脉阻塞性Budd-Chiari综合征(HVBCS)的介入治疗方法及效果.方法 83例HVBCS患者经历了下腔和肝静脉造影,71例实施介入治疗.结果 83例HVBCS分为中央性肝静脉阻塞(COHV,n=65)和广泛性肝静脉阻塞(EOHV,n=18)两型.65例COHV型皆成功地实施了PTA(n=46)和支架(n=19)治疗,64例术后症状消失或明显改善.6例EOHV型接受TIPS治疗,术后症状明显改善4例,2例发生了分流道再狭窄.结论 COHV型适应于PTA和支架治疗,疗效满意;EOHV型可采用TIPS治疗,长期疗效尚不够满意.     

肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌并梗阻的临床研究

目的探讨肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌并梗阻的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年9月在九江市第一人民医院住院的72例确诊为急性左半结肠及直肠癌并梗阻的患者,其中35例行肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗(联合组),37例行传统开腹手术加术中肠腔冲洗(传统组),比较两组患者的临床指标。结果两组术前资料具有可比性,肠镜下支架置入成功率100.0%,临床缓解率100.0%。与传统组相比,联合组在手术时间(145.42 vs 200.25 min)、切口长度(4.52 vs 16.21 cm)、术中出血量(51.41 vs 215.24ml)、清扫淋巴结数(17.24 vs 13.41枚)、术后住院时间(8.52 vs 11.50 d)和二期手术率(2.9%vs 24.3%)方面均有明显优势,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。两组术中肿瘤切除率、术后肛门排气时间、治疗费用和手术并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肠道支架在治疗结直肠癌并梗阻中具有放置成功率高、临床缓解率高等优点;肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌并梗阻是一种安全、可行、效果好的方法,能降低二期手术率,值得临床推广。     

Endoscopic biliary drainage by nasobiliary drain or by stent placement in patients with acute cholangitis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic biliary drainage is an established mode of treatment for acute cholangitis. We compared the safety and efficacy of nasobiliary drain (NBD) placement and stent placement for biliary drainage in patients with acute cholangitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited a total of 150 patients with severe cholangitis who required endoscopic biliary drainage. Patients were randomized to have either a 7-Fr NBD or a 7-Fr straight flap stent placed during endoscopy. Outcome measures included complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the clinical outcome. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients, 75 were randomized to the NBD group and 75 to the stent group. The most common causes of biliary obstruction were common bile duct stones (n = 102) and biliopancreatic malignancies (n = 37). The site of the biliary obstruction was predominantly found to be the lower part of common bile duct in both the NBD group (n = 58) and the stent group (n = 59). Indications for biliary drainage were: a fever of > 100.4 degrees F (n = 140), hypotension (n = 23), peritonism (n = 40), impaired consciousness (n = 29), and failure to improve with conservative management (n = 45). Biliary drainage was achieved in 147 patients. Abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, hypotension, peritonism and altered sensorium improved after a median period of 2 days in both groups. Leukocyte counts became normal after a median time of 7 days in the NBD group and 6 days in the stent group. There were no ERCP-related complications. There were no instances of displacement or kinking of an NBD, occlusion of an NBD or stent, or of stent migration. Four patients died (two in the NBD group and two in the stent group) as a result of uncontrolled cholangitis after 1, 2, 4, and 6 days of biliary drainage. The success rates of biliary drainage in cholangitis were not affected by the type of endoprosthesis used (72/74 for NBD patients vs. 71/73 for stent patients), the etiology of the biliary obstruction (110/112 for benign obstruction vs. 33/35 for malignant obstruction), or the site of the biliary obstruction (28/30 for upper common bile duct obstruction vs. 115/117 for obstruction at the lower end of common bile duct). CONCLUSIONS: Biliary drainage by nasobiliary drain and drainage by stent are equally safe and effective treatments for patients with severe cholangitis.     

急诊颈动脉支架置入对前循环串联病变预后的影响

目的：分析置入颈动脉支架对串联病变血管内治疗预后的影响。方法：收集2014年1月1日至2020年 10月31日在湖北省第三人民医院神经内科行急诊血管内治疗的前循环大血管闭塞患者287例,其中串联病 变51例（17.77%）。根据是否急诊置入颅外颈动脉支架,将串联病变患者分为支架组23例和非支架组28 例。比较2组的一般资料、治疗方法和预后。结果：与非支架组比较,支架组的高血压、房颤、吸烟比例更高; 基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分和静脉溶栓治疗率更低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而2 组的性别、年龄、糖尿病、高脂血症、冠心病、Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分（ASPECTS）、发病至入院时间、入 院至穿刺时间、入院至再通时间、取栓次数、良好再通、症状性颅内出血、良好预后及死亡情况差异无统计学 意义（均P＞0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示基线NIHSS评分（OR=0.835,P=0.038）可能是影响置入支架的因 素。结论：急诊颈动脉支架置入不影响串联病变患者的临床预后,也不增加患者的手术风险。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗心肌桥13例分析

目的:探讨非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗心肌桥的临床效果.方法:2004年4月-2009年1月狭窄程度Noble分级在3级以上的13例心肌桥患者,均接受非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗.采用Genzyme心脏血管稳定器,心脏不停跳下切开心肌桥远端(冠状动脉钻出心肌处)心肌表面脂肪组织,取左内乳动脉搭桥至心肌桥远端.结果:13例患者均顺利完成手术.术后随访6～50个月,均无心绞痛发作,患者生活质量满意.结论:非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术是治疗Noble3级以上心肌桥的有效方法.     

Peripheral vascular disease endovascular management in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery: a clinical-angiographic approach

BACKGROUNDS: Endovascular management of peripheral vascular disease before cardiac surgery is still debated. We sought to present our preliminary experience of endovascular stent placement in patients scheduled for urgent cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between November 2003 and August 2005, 20 patients scheduled for urgent coronary surgery (13 males, mean age 72.5+/-5.3 years) underwent endovascular repair of PVD on the basis of clinical and angiographic indications. Aspirin (100 mg/day) plus low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin calcium) 100 IU/kg/12 h for urgent coronary surgical revascularization was administered after the procedure. RESULTS: Endovascular stenting has been performed in four clinical settings: renal artery stenting prior to coronary surgery (nine patients) to decrease the impact of extracorporeal circulation on an impaired renal function, iliac artery artery angioplasty and stenting (eight patients) in order to facilitate aortic balloon pump insertion after surgery, subclavian artery angioplasty and stenting propedeutical to arterial conduits bypass surgery (one patient), carotid artery stenting before coronary surgery (two patients). All patients underwent successful endovascular repair followed by cardiac surgery. At a mean follow-up of 12+/-4.6 months all patients are alive and without evident thrombosis or restenosis of the implanted vascular stents. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of PVD in patients scheduled for urgent coronary surgery may be effective, relatively safe and lasting in spite of low dose antiplatelet regimen.