调强放疗联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌42例临床分析

目的 分析调强放射治疗(IMRT)联合内分泌治疗对中晚期前列腺癌的短期治疗效果和副反应.方法 回顾性分析IMRT联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌42例患者的临床资料.放疗采用IMRT技术,1.8～2.0 Gy/次,5次/周,总放射量(DT)64 ～78 Gy,平均70.4 Gy.内分泌治疗采用去势同时加比卡鲁胺抗雄激素治疗的联合雄激素阻断治疗,28例放射治疗前接受手术去势,14例应用戈舍瑞林或亮丙瑞林药物去势.结果 42例均完成放射治疗,36例患者治疗6个月后血清PSA降至1ng/mL以下,放疗结束后尿频、排尿困难、里急后重等症状均有不同程度改善.1、2、3级急性胃肠道反应发生率分别为33.3％(14例)、9.5％(4例)、4.8％(2例),1、2级急性泌尿生殖系统反应发生率为38.1％(16例)、9.5％(4例).结论 IMRT联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌疗效满意,副反应发生率较低,是前列腺癌治疗的有效手段.     

Localized prostate cancer treatment in renal transplant patient with high intensity focalized ultrasound (HIFU)

We report a 62 years old kidney transplant (KT) patient who was diagnosed of localized prostatic cancer (PC) after 6 years of the implant. Transrectal prostatic High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) was applied. Results have been satisfactory, achieving pathologic and biochemical success. The discharge was completed at 24 hs, the morbidity was minimal. We have not found any reference in the literature on the appliance of HIFU in PC KT patients. We think that HIFU may represent a good alternative for these patients.     

High-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer

The trend in prostate cancer radiation over the past several years has been to increase the dose to the gland while minimizing the dose to normal tissues. Intensity modulated radiation therapy is a computer-driven treatment planning and delivery system that has shown promise in improving disease-free outcome while decreasing the associated gastrointestinal and urinary complication rates. This technique continues to evolve, working toward image-guided radiation therapy, which is adjusted daily for positional and architectural changes of the gland.     

不同时间新辅助内分泌治疗联合调强放疗对局部晚期前列腺癌疗效的影响作用

目的 探讨局部晚期前列腺癌联合治疗中新辅助内分泌治疗( neoadjuvant hormonal therapy,NHT)的理想方案. 方法 诊断明确的局部晚期(T3 - T4N0M0)前列腺癌患者60例,均采用NHT联合调强放疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)的治疗方案,随机分为3组,每组20例.根据放疗前NHT时间不同,分为2周NHT(A组)、3个月NHT(B组)和6个月NHT组(C组).内分泌治疗持续时间为NHT开始至IMRT结束后12个月.NHT结束后检测血清PSA、经直肠超声下前列腺体积和Qmax.放疗结束后每3个月检查上述指标. 结果 3组患者NHT后PSA中位数分别下降至24.88、0.20和0.07 μg/L,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B、C组前列腺体积明显缩小(P＜0.05),其中B组缩小20.8％,C组缩小39.5％;B组、C组Qmax分别为(11.70±2.81)和( 14.45±2.61)mL/s,与治疗前比较明显增加(P＜0.05).内分泌联合放疗后12个月,3组间PSA比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),C组＜B组＜A组;B、C组前列腺体积缩小较A组明显(P＜0.01),B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);组间Qmax值比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),C组＞B组＞A组. 结论 NHT联合IMRT是治疗局部晚期前列腺癌的理想方法,放疗前NHT治疗时间至少应达到3个月.     

High dose radiation delivered by intensity modulated conformal radiotherapy improves the outcome of localized prostate cancer

PURPOSE: We present the long-term outcome and tolerance of 3-dimensional (D) conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 1988 and December 1998, 1,100 patients with clinical stages T1c-T3 prostate cancer were treated with 3-D conformal or intensity modulated radiation therapy. Patients were categorized into prognostic risk groups based on pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score and clinical stage. Sextant biopsies were performed 2.5 years or greater after treatment to assess local control. PSA relapse was defined according to the consensus guidelines of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiation Oncology. Late toxicity was classified according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity grading scale. Median followup was 60 months. RESULTS: At 5 years the PSA relapse-free survival rate in patients at favorable, intermediate and unfavorable risk was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI] +/- 4), 58% (95% CI +/- 6) and 38% (95% CI +/- 6), respectively (p <0.001). Radiation dose was the most powerful variable impacting PSA relapse-free survival in each prognostic risk group. The 5-year actuarial PSA relapse-free survival rate for patients at favorable risk who received 64.8 to 70.2 Gy. was 77% (95% CI +/- 8) compared to 90% (95% CI +/- 8) for those treated with 75.6 to 86.4 Gy. (p = 0.04) [corrected]. The corresponding rates were 50% (95% CI +/- 8) versus 70% (95% CI +/- 6) in intermediate risk cases (p = 0.001), and 21% (95% CI +/- 8) versus 47% (95% CI +/- 6) in unfavorable risk cases (p = 0.008) [corrected]. Only 4 of 41 patients (10%) who received 81 Gy. had a positive biopsy 2.5 years or greater after treatment compared with 27 of 119 (23%) after 75.6, 23 of 68 (34%) after 70.2 and 13 of 24 (54%) after 64.8 Gy. The incidence of toxicity after 3-D conformal radiation therapy was dose dependent. The 5-year actuarial rate of grade 2 rectal toxicity in patients who received 75.6 Gy. or greater was 14% (95% CI +/- 2) compared with 5% (95% CI +/- 2) in those treated at lower dose levels (p <0.001). Treatment with intensity modulated radiation therapy significantly decreased the incidence of late grade 2 rectal toxicity since the 3-year actuarial incidence in 189 cases managed by 81 Gy. was 2% (95% CI +/- 2) compared with 14% (95% CI +/- 2) in 61 managed by the same dose of 3-D conformal radiation therapy (p = 0.005). The 5-year actuarial rate of grade 2 urinary toxicity in patients who received 75.6 Gy. or greater 3-D conformal radiation therapy was 13% compared with 4% in those treated up to lower doses (p <0.001). Intensity modulated radiation therapy did not affect the incidence of urinary toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Sophisticated conformal radiotherapy techniques with high dose 3-D conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy improve the biochemical outcome in patients with favorable, intermediate and unfavorable risk prostate cancer. Intensity modulated radiation therapy is associated with minimal rectal and bladder toxicity, and, hence, represents the treatment delivery approach with the most favorable risk-to-benefit ratio.     

Prospective multicentre study using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the focal treatment of prostate cancer: Safety outcomes and complications

PurposeTo investigate focal therapy using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (CaP), we analyzed the safety and complications of this procedure.MethodsPatients (pts) eligible for this multicenter prospective cohort study suffered from low to intermediate risk localized CaP with no prior treatment. After tumor identification on multiparametric MRI and in prostate biopsy, the lesions were treated with HIFU observing a safety margin of 8 to 10 mm. Adverse events (AE) after 30 and 90 days, as well as the required interventions were assessed and stratified for treatment localizations.ResultsOf the 98 men included in the study in two European centers, 35 (35.7%) experienced AEs in the first 30 days after HIFU intervention with Clavien-Dindo grade ≤ II: 15 pts (15.3%) had a postoperative urinary tract infection and 26 pts (26.5%) a urinary retention. Four pts (4.1%) underwent subsequent intervention (Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa/b). The number of late postoperative complications occurring between 30 and 90 days after intervention was low (2.0%). The highest complication rate was associated with tumors located at the anterior base (50.0%). The inclusion of the urethra in the ablation zone led to AEs in 20 out of 41 cases (48.8%) and represented a significant risk factor for complications within 30 days (odds ratio = 2.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–5.96; P = 0.033).ConclusionsFocal therapy of CaP lesions with a robotic HIFU-probe is safe and renders an acceptable rate of minor early AEs. The inclusion of the urethra in the ablation zone leads to an increase in early complications and should be avoided whenever possible.     

Salvage radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer

For patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate adenocarcinoma, the most common cause of failure is an asymptomatic increase in levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Salvage radiotherapy (RT) to the prostate bed has been used when there is no clinical evidence of metastatic disease. However, this is still not widely accepted because there is currently no consensus on the optimal management of an isolated PSA failure. Salvage RT given in a select group of patients is effective, with a 70% to 80% biochemical response rate and a long-term biochemical control rate as high as 35% to 40%. These data indicate that RT offers a substantial risk of curative salvage of patients who fail radical prostatectomy. Although there is interest in studying investigational modalities (eg, vaccine therapy) among patients with asymptomatic, PSA-detected recurrences after surgery, caution must be applied, and treatment modalities with known curative potential (ie, RT) should be used before noncurative techniques are attempted. This article outlines the rationale, results, and toxicity of salvage RT for an asymptomatic increase in PSA levels, with emphasis on identifying patients with favorable prognostic factors with higher rates of long-term biochemical control with local treatment.     

Transrectal high intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: factors influencing the outcome

OBJECTIVES: Efficacy evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for localized prostate cancer and identification of the factors affecting the outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 102 patients with prostate cancer stage T1-T2 and noncandidates for radical prostatectomy have been treated with HIFU (Ablatherm, EDAP-Technomed). The disease progression (failure) was strictly defined by any positive sample at control biopsies, whatever the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, or by 3 consecutive increases in PSA levels in case of negative biopsies. RESULTS: At inclusion, patients' baseline characteristics were (mean +/- standard deviation): age 70.8 (+/-6.13) years, PSA 8.38 (+/-4.8) ng/ml, prostate volume 33.3 (+/-16.71) cm3. The population mean follow-up was 19 months (3-76 months). The overall success rate was 66%. Statistically significant variations of the overall success with a more favorable outcome were observed when (1) the initial PSA level was < or =10 ng/ml (73 vs. 50%, p = 0.02), (2) the Gleason score was < or =6 (81 vs. 46%, p<0.001) and (3) the pretreatment sextant biopsy evidenced 1-4 positive samples (68 vs. 40%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Results observed after HIFU treatment in localized prostate cancer are now challenging those obtained after radiation therapy. The success rate is influenced by disease-related prognostic factors.     

要重视放射治疗在前列腺癌治疗中的作用

前列腺癌是老年男性的常见肿瘤之一,我国的发病率较低,但近年来有明显升高趋势,因此探讨其治疗方法具有重要的临床意义。放射治疗作为前列腺癌主要治疗方法之一,广泛应用于各期病变的治疗中。在我国,由于经济水平较低、认知差异较大等因素,使得人们对放疗在前列腺癌治疗中的价值认识不足。本文拟对前列腺癌放疗的意义及常用放疗方法做一介绍,以期临床上更加重视放疗在前列腺癌治疗中的作用。     

Survey of factors underlying treatment choice for patients with localized prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy vs extrabeam radiotherapy)

PURPOSE: Little is known regarding factors for decision-making on treatment by localized prostate cancer patients. We therefore conducted a survey series of cases for influence on treatment decision making, and also satisfaction after therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 51 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) were mailed original questionnaires about their treatment decision-making factors and satisfaction and the results compared between the two groups. RESULT: Some 48 (94.1%) patients responded to the questionnaire, 38 (79.2%) and 10 (20.8%) after RP and EBRT, respectively. The major factor determining the decision as to treatment approach was the physician in both groups (more than 90%). Excluding physicians, family or others were more important in the RP group than the EBRT group (p = 0.023). RP group patients desired removal of their prostate for cancer control, while, EBRT group patients favored the less invasive approach in consideration of side effects. Over 80% patients indicated they would definitely or probably choose the same treatment again, although some of the RP group would switch to watchful-waiting because of sexual dysfunction, urinary incontinence and the invasive nature of the procedure. CONCLUSION: Physicians are in a most important position to help patients understand prostate cancer and treatment, outcomes, and need to help them make their best choice, with appropriate follow up including mental care.