实验性椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学观察

目的　研究椎间盘退变过程中 ,椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学改变。方法　选用 4 0只新西兰大白兔随机分为 2组 ,实验组切除兔腰椎间棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突 ,造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。术后一周、 3个月、 8个月时摄腰椎正、侧位X线片 ,观察腰椎影像学变化。第 3个月、 8个月时取腰椎间盘 ,进行组织检查 ,评定椎间盘退变的病理改变情况。结果　模型建立后 ,3个月、 8个月的X线片显现对照组无明显改变 ,实验组腰椎后突畸形 ,椎间隙狭窄 ,随着时间延长椎体软骨终板钙化更加明显。组织学观察发现 ,实验组随术后时间延长 ,髓核由椎间盘内脱出 ,并伴有椎间盘两侧软骨终板的纤维化即软骨终板发生退变。结论　椎体软骨终板的退变是椎间退变早期的主要表现方式。     

实验性椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学观察

目的 研究椎间盘退变过程中，椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学改变。方法 选用40只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组，实验组切除兔腰椎间棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突，造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。术后一周、3个月、8个月时摄腰椎正、侧位X线片，观察腰椎影像学变化。第3个月、8个月时取腰椎间盘，进行组织检查，评定椎间盘退变的病理改变情况。结果 模型建立后，3个月、8个月的X线片显现对照组无明显改变，实验组腰椎后突畸形，椎间隙狭窄，随着时间延长椎体软骨终板钙化更加明显。组织学观察发现，实验组随术后时间延长，髓核由椎间盘内脱出，并伴有椎间盘两侧软骨终板的纤维化即软骨终板发生退变。结论 椎体软骨终板的退变是椎间退变早期的主要表现方式。     

双侧关节突关节切除致椎间盘退变的影像学观察

[目的]探讨新西兰大白兔腰椎关节突关节破坏能否诱发出椎间盘退变的影像学改变。[方法]45只新西兰大白兔，体重2．25～2．95kg，雄性。随机分为骨性手术组和软组织手术组。软组织手术组骨膜下剥离L3至b的椎旁肌肉：骨性手术组完整切除L4、5，双侧下关节突、L5棘突，保留L5、6上关节突。骨性手术组L4、5、L5、6椎间盘为实验组椎间盘，上下相邻的L3、4、L6、7，为自身对照组椎间盘。软组织手术组L4、5、L5、6。椎间盘为实验对照组椎间盘。术后1、2、4及8个月行X线检查。计数不同组别椎间盘退变的异常X线征象发生频数并进行统计分析。[结果]术后1个月，实验组椎间盘开始出现软骨终板钙化。随着时间推移，椎间隙狭窄、椎体边缘骨赘、软骨终板钙化发生频数逐渐增多，与实验对照组、自身对照组比较具有统计学差异。术后8个月，骨性手术组中大部分动物出现以L4、5、或L5、6为中心的角状后凸畸形。[结论]L4、5、L5、6。关节突关节破坏导致椎间失稳，椎间失稳后可以诱发出椎间盘退变的影像学改变。     

腰椎侧凸软骨终板退变的X线表现及临床意义

目的探讨腰椎侧凸软骨终板退变的X线表现及其临床意义。方法收治的退变性腰椎侧凸43例,均行X线平片检查,观察其影像学特点。分别测定凹侧和凸侧每个椎体头、尾侧关节软骨的钙化层厚度,均数行t检验。结果 X线片显示椎间隙楔形样变、椎间隙狭窄、终板钙化和骨赘形成。退变的软骨终板潮标明显前移,钙化和骨化层增厚,形成突向外侧的椎体边缘的骨赘。凹侧和凸侧椎间盘关节软骨钙化层厚度分别为(35±8)μm和(72±12)μm,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论软骨终板退变较其他椎间盘退变的X线征象出现早,详细研究其X线特点,对于诊断退变性腰椎侧凸和设计合理的手术方式具有重要的指导作用。     

软骨终板钙化与椎间盘退变关系的实验研究

目的　研究椎体软骨终板钙化与椎间盘退变的关系。　方法　通过切除２０ 只兔颈椎棘上、棘间韧带及分离颈椎后旁两侧肌肉造成颈椎力学上的失稳而诱导了颈椎间盘退变动物模型。在形态学上评定颈椎间盘退变程度,测定不同退变程度椎间盘软骨终板钙化层与非钙化层厚度。　结果　软骨终板钙化层厚度与椎间盘退变程度呈高度正相关性（ｒ＝ ０－９２） 。　结论　软骨终板的钙化可能是椎间盘退变的启动和促进因素     

椎间失稳致兔椎间盘退变磁共振影像计量分析

目的 :探讨由于椎间失稳诱发的椎间盘退变在磁共振成像 (magneticresonanceimaging ,MRI)中的表现。方法 :选用新西兰兔 15只 ,随机分为手术组 9只、对照组 6只 ,手术组沿L3～ 6棘突作后正中切口 ,剥离骶棘肌和关节突附丽肌肉 ,切除棘上、棘间韧带和关节突关节外后 1/ 2 ;对照组作相同皮肤切口即缝合。所有动物在标准条件下饲养 ,分别于术后 2、 4、 8个月行腰椎MRI检查及髓核信号值测量。结果 :术后 2～ 8个月 ,对照组腰椎未见异常 ,而手术组L3～ 6椎间盘则相继出现T2 加权像低信号、腰椎后凸畸形、T1加权像低信号、椎间盘后突和硬膜囊受压等改变。对手术组手术节段及其邻近节段椎间盘髓核信号值的定量分析显示 ,T2 加权像信号值减低在术后 2、 4、8个月均具有统计学意义 ,而T1加权像信号值减低在术后 8个月具有统计学意义 ;T2 信号值减低主要发生于术后 2个月 ,T1信号值减低发生于术后 8个月。结论 :脊柱失稳可诱发椎间盘退变。髓核T2 加权像低信号是椎间盘退变的早期和先发征象 ,T1加权像显示形态改变较好 ,但T1信号值在退变早期变化不明显。     

软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用机理

目的：研究椎体软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用。人新西兰兔随机分为造模与对照组２组,每组发３个月和８个月２个观察亚组。切作造模组动物颈棘上、棘间韧带及分离颈椎后旁两侧肌肉,造成颈椎力学上的失衡而诱导兔颈椎间盘退行性改变。在术后３个月和８个地分别处死,取颈椎间盘组织,行病理学检查在形态学上评定颈椎间盘退变程度,测定不同退变程度椎间盘软骨终板钙化层厚度。结果：退变程度较轻或基本正常的颈椎间盘,软骨     

兔椎间失稳软骨终板退变的实验研究

[目的]通过电镜研究软骨终板在椎间失稳环境下的退变过程,为椎间盘退变的治疗提供新的思路和方法.[方法]取48只6个月龄日本大耳白兔,雌雄不限,体重为(2.5±0.2)kg,随机进行分组,分为对照组和实验组,对照组为21只;实验组为27只;先将实验组兔腰背部皮毛剪除,用安定注射液1.25 mg/kg、氯胺酮0.02 g/kg、阿托品0.125 mg/kg顺次耳缘静脉注射麻醉后,俯卧固定于手术台上,用1%碘伏消毒手术区域,以髂嵴平对椎间隙(即L6.7)为中心,从正中取一长约4 cm纵行切口,切开皮肤及皮下组织,锐性分离,暴露棘突、椎板及上下关节突,将附着于棘突、椎板及小关节的肌肉全部分离开,然后依次切除L6.7棘上及棘间韧带,咬除第6腰椎两侧下关节突,造成椎间失稳,用无菌生理盐水冲洗切口,依次缝合各层组织;术后动物在笼中自由活动.实验组分别在术后2个月、4个月、6个月取材,对照组在相同条件下饲养后2个月、4个月、6个月取材;对椎间盘软骨终板用透射电镜观察软骨终板的结构,以综合判断软骨终板的退变过程.[结果]椎间失稳可导致椎问软骨终板胶原纤维结构由整齐有序、排列紧密向杂乱无章、排列松散退变.[结论]椎间失稳能明显导致椎间软骨终板的退变.     

椎间盘退变与终板内微血管形态改变的相关性研究

目的：通过观测大白兔椎间盘退变过程中椎间盘终板内的血管形态以及血流量的改变，探讨终板内微血管的改变与椎间盘退变之间的相关性。方法：选用40只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组，通过切除造模组20只兔腰椎棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突，造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。分别在术后4、8个月通过扫描电镜、血流激光多普勒仪测定椎体终板内的血管形态以及血流量。结果：在椎间盘退变过程中，椎间盘终板内的血管芽形态逐渐被破坏，微血管数量相应减少，终板内的血流量也明显减少，同时终板内血流量中心部位(靠近髓核区域)血流量多于终板内周围区域的血流量。结论：椎体终板内微血管的改变可能是椎间盘退变的促进因素。     

一种大鼠腰椎间盘退变模型的建立

目的创建一种用于腰椎间盘退变的相关研究的动物模型。方法随机选取32只SD大鼠，分为实验组和对照组，每组16只SD大鼠。采用手术方法以L3为中心切除棘突、关节突、棘上棘间韧带，切断双侧竖棘肌。对照组仅切开皮肤后即缝合。结果术后分别于1、2、3个月行X线及MRI检查，对照组无明显改变，而实验组在X线上表现为脊柱椎体不稳、椎间隙变窄，软骨终板钙化。MRI检查显示，实验组于术后2、3个月时配信号明显降低。结论本方法经济、有效，是研究腰椎间盘退变的较理想的动物模型。     

小切口加脊柱花刀治疗髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症

为保留腰椎后部结构的完整性，防止术后腰椎不稳，采用小切口单侧小开窗加脊柱花刀治疗旁侧型髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症22例，单侧扩大开窗加脊柱花刀治疗中央型髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症10例。手术尽可能地保留了腰椎全部结构的完整性，可防止术后腰椎不稳和减少对硬膜和神经根的疤痕粘连。并就32例髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症患者CT图像中髓核骨化的形式和形态进行了讨论。     

Variables affecting disc size in the lumbar spine of rabbits: anesthesia, paralysis, and disc injury

Methods have been developed that permit repetitive radiographic measurement of the lumbar intervertebral disc space in a rostral-caudal direction (width) in the anesthetized laboratory rabbit. Using isolated control discs and injured discs in which narrowing has been induced for chronic and acute periods, the widths of the lumbar intervertebral disc spaces determined ratio-graphically correlate with widths determined histologically (p less than 0.000, r = 0.75). Both an increase (widening) and a decrease (narrowing) in disc width were observed using radiography after different experimental treatments. Anesthesia and lower-body paralysis (an experimentally induced inability to bear weight on and to perceive a pinch stimulus in hind limbs) caused widening of the discs: anesthesia causing a general widening throughout the lumbar spine and lower-body paralysis causing a specific widening low in the lumbar spine. Both disc injection and piercing the disc with needles to recover nucleus pulposus material caused narrowing of the discs. Acridine-orange injection induced a narrowing accompanied by osteophytosis. Experimentally induced narrowing at L4-5 (the result of injury to the disc) resulted in narrowing also at L2-3. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo disc-width size in the young rabbit depends on both the quantity of nucleus pulposus material and the force-generating activities of the adjacent spinal muscles, and that disc injury at one level stimulates narrowing at other levels.     

The importance of spinopelvic parameters in patients with lumbar disc lesions

Using a special software program we measured spinopelvic parameters on digitised radiographs of the entire spine and the pelvis of 50 patients with lumbar disc herniation and compared these with the same measurements on 30 healthy subjects. In the disc hernia group the patients had a relatively straight spine in the sagittal plane. The sacrum was more vertical, and the value of the lumbar lordosis was lower, as was the amplitude of the spinal curvatures, when compared with those of the healthy group. This results in a higher gravitational compressive force which may, in turn, lead to progressive degeneration of the discs. The anterior shift of the line of gravity may cause spinopelvic instability, and contraction of the posterior spinal muscles in trying to balance this disturbed spatial relationship may produce back pain.     

大鼠退变腰椎间盘组织的超微结构观察

[目的]观察大鼠腰椎间盘退变动物模型中椎间盘组织的超微结构改变。[方法]32只SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组，每组各16只。实验组采用手术方法以L3为中心切除棘突、关节突、棘上、棘间韧带，切断双侧竖棘肌。对照组仅切开皮肤后即缝合。术后8周，应用电镜技术对SD大鼠椎间盘组织进行详细的超微结构观察。[结果]对照组的椎间盘组织超微结构的病理改变不显著，而实验组表现为软骨样细胞减少，出现不同程度地退变、坏死，细胞器数目减少，细胞外周致密颗粒增多；基质中胶原纤维发生不同程度的变性、融合、扭结或钙化，胶原纤维束间裂隙增大；[结论]应用电镜观察腰椎间盘退变动物模型的超微病理改变，可为研究腰椎间盘疾患提供相关的实验依据。     

Spontaneous Age-related Cervical Disc Degeneration in the Sand Rat

Background

Disc space narrowing, osteophytes, and disc degeneration are common and increase with aging. Few animal models are appropriate for the study of spontaneous age-related cervical disc degeneration.

Questions/purposes

We used the sand rat, a member of the gerbil family with well-recognized age-related lumbar disc degeneration, to determine whether spontaneous cervical disc degeneration differed from lumbar degeneration when evaluated by (1) radiologic and (2) histologic measures. Animals 2 to 25 months of age were used in these analyses.

Methods

Cervical and lumbar discs of 99 sand rats were analyzed with radiology, and cervical discs of 67 sand rats were studied with histology. Lateral digital radiographs of cervical and lumbar spines were scored for presence or absence of wedging, disc space narrowing, osteophytes, end plate calcification, and irregular disc margins at C2-C3 through C6-C7 and T12-L1 through L7-S1. Percentages for presence were calculated and statistically analyzed for younger (range, 2-11.9 months old) versus older (range, 12.0-25 months old) animals.

Results

Cervical discs in younger animals exhibited a greater proportion of irregular margins compared with lumbar sites (94% versus 83%; p = 0.02; 95% CI for difference, 2.7, 19.0%). In older animals, cervical discs showed a greater proportion of osteophytes than did lumbar discs (7% versus 0%; p < 0.0001). The incidence of disc space narrowing was greater in cervical versus lumbar sites (99% versus 90%; p = 0.0008). Cervical spine sites which contained osteophytes morphologically showed irregular disc margins and revealed an extrusion of herniated disc material in the osteophytes.

Conclusions

Radiologic and morphologic studies confirmed age-related disc degeneration in the cervical spine of the sand rat.

Clinical Relevance

Clinical cervical aging studies have shown that 14% of asymptomatic subjects younger than 40 years have abnormal MRI scans with an increase to 50% by 50 years old. We studied an economic rodent model for cervical age-related spontaneous disc.     

椎间盘退变与终板内微血管形态改变的相关性研究

目的:通过观测大白兔椎间盘退变过程中椎间盘终板内的血管形态以及血流量的改变,探讨终板内微血管的改变与椎间盘退变之间的相关性。方法:选用40只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组,通过切除造模组20只免腰椎棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突,造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。分别在术后4、8个月通过扫描电镜、血流激光多普勒仪测定椎体终板内的血管形态以及血流量。结果:在椎间盘退变过程中,椎间盘终板内的血管芽形态逐渐被破坏,微血管数量相应减少,终板内的血流量也明显减少,同时终板内血流量中心部位(靠近髓核区域)血流量多于终板内周围区域的血流量。结论:椎体终板内微血管的改变可能是椎间盘退变的促进因素。     

腰椎间盘退变性疾患下腰椎终板形态的MRI观察

【摘要】　目的：在MRI片上观察腰椎间盘退变患者下腰椎终板形态的分布规律,分析终板形态和椎间盘退变的关系。方法：回顾分析两组腰椎间盘退变性疾病患者的术前腰椎MRI,A组110例为单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者,B组35例为椎间盘源性腰痛患者。根据正中矢状面MRI T1像,将终板形态分为凹面、平坦、不规则三型;根据Pfirrmann法评定椎间盘退变程度并将Ⅰ～Ⅴ级分别计为1～5分;按Modic改变分级标准判定各节段终板有无Modic改变。分析下腰椎终板的形态特点及三种分型与椎间盘退变程度、Modic改变等的关系。结果：①435个下腰椎节段中,凹面型终板最多（215/435）,A组中占50.6％（167/330）,B组中占45.7％（48/105）,且主要分布于L3/4（108/215）、L4/5（83/215）节段;平坦型终板占29.0％（126/435）,并主要位于L5/S1节段（76/126）;不规则型终板最少（94/435）,A组中占23.0％（76/330）,B组中占17.1％（18/105）,也主要位于L5/S1节段（45/94）。②A组患者中,凹面型终板退变程度平均为3.31±0.81分,平坦型为3.66±0.64分,不规则型为4.16±0.67分,两两比较有显著差异（P＜0.05）;椎间盘突出节段以平坦型（37/110）和不规则型（43/110）终板占多数,无突出节段则以凹面型（137/220）终板占多数,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;不规则型终板比凹面型和平坦型更容易伴发Modic改变,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,凹面型和平坦型间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。③B组患者中,凹面型终板的椎间盘退变程度平均为3.23±0.86分,平坦型为3.54±0.85分,不规则型为3.94±0.54分,仅凹面型和不规则型间差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。④相同终板形态时A组和B组椎间盘退变程度相比均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论：终板形态与椎间盘退变、Modic改变之间有相关性。终板形态由凹面型到平坦型再到不规则型,腰椎间盘退变程度逐渐加重。影像学上终板形态改变在一定程度上反映了椎间盘退变的程度。     

腰椎椎体后缘离断症的影像学诊断与探讨

目的 :总结腰椎椎体后缘离断症的影像学诊断特点并探讨其价值。方法 :对 3 2例经手术证实的腰椎椎体后缘离断症患者的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果 :3 2例中X线平片显示腰椎椎体后缘离断症 2 1例 (65 6% )、CT平扫显示 3 2例 (10 0 % ) ,行MRI检查 2 1例 ,显示 2 0例 (95 2 % )。结论 :CT平扫是腰椎椎体后缘离断症最可靠的诊断方法 ,MRI可显示髓核退变后突和硬膜囊受压的程度 ,X线平片则是检查的基本方法     

Effects of aging and spinal degeneration on mechanical properties of lumbar supraspinous and interspinous ligaments.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The effects of aging and spinal degeneration on the mechanical properties of spinal ligaments are still unknown, although there have been several studies demonstrating those of normal spinal ligaments. PURPOSE: To investigate the mechanical properties of the human posterior spinal ligaments in human lumbar spine, and their relation to age and spinal degeneration parameters. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Destructive uniaxial tensile tests were performed on the human supraspinous and interspinous ligaments at L4-5 level. Their mechanical properties were compared with age and spinal degeneration using several imaging modalities. PATIENT SAMPLE: Twenty-four patients with lumbar degenerative diseases on whom posterior surgeries were performed, with the age ranging from 18 to 85 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: The ultimate load and elastic stiffness as structural properties, the degree of disc degeneration, range of segmental motion, the disc height, disc space narrowing ratio and degree of facet degeneration as the parameters of spinal degeneration. METHODS: Twenty-four supraspinous and interspinous ligaments at the L4-5 level were obtained from posterior surgeries of patients with lumbar degenerative disease. The mechanical tests of bone-ligament-bone complexes were performed in a uniaxial tensile fashion with a specially designed clamp device. The ultimate load and elastic stiffness were calculated as structural properties. The degree of disc degeneration, range of segmental motion, the disc height, disc space narrowing ratio and degree of facet degeneration were examined by using radiographs, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The average and SD value of ultimate load, elastic stiffness, tensile strength and elastic modulus were 203+/-102.9 N, 60.6+/-36.7 N/mm, 1.2+/-0.6 Mpa and 3.3+/-2.1 Mpa, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between age and tensile strength (p= 0.02). The specimens with facet degeneration showed lower values in tensile strength and elastic modulus than those without facet degeneration (p<0.04). However, no correlation was found between disc-related parameters and tensile strength. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical strength of human lumbar posterior spinal ligaments decreases with age and facet degeneration, particularly in the ligament substance.