联合抗病毒对于拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎的临床意义

目的通过对应用拉米夫定（LAM）耐药的慢性乙型肝炎患者单药和联合抗病毒治疗效果的比较来了解其临床意义。方法将39例应用拉米夫定并经HBVP基因测序和生化、聚合酶链反应（PCR）证实存在耐药的慢性乙型肝炎患者分为两组,一组加用、另一组换用阿德福韦酯（ADV）,通过对两组患者的生化学、病毒学和血清学应答,耐药变异发生情况的观测来比较两组治疗方案的疗效。结果经72周的连续监测,加用ADV在病毒学应答率上优于换用ADV组（P=0.02）,但在HBVDNA下降程度,生化学、血清学应答方面差异无统计学意义,而出现明确耐药变异数量上加用ADV组明显少于换用ADV组,组间比较差异存在统计学意义（P=0.03）。结论对于LAM耐药的慢性乙型肝炎患者联合治疗在提高抗病毒应答率和降低耐药率方面优于换用ADV。     

拉米夫定联合胸腺肽加乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床观察

目的观察拉米夫定联合胸腺肽加乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床效果。方法100例未曾接受过抗病毒治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组50例,给予拉米夫定100mg,每日一次口服,同时乙肝疫苗10μg皮下注射,每两周一次,胸腺肽20mg肌肉注射,隔日一次,共计26周,随后继续使用拉米夫定和乙肝疫苗26周,总疗程52周;对照组给予拉米夫定100mg·d-1,疗程52周。结果治疗结束时治疗组ALT下降、HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率明显高于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0·01),但HBVDNA下降差异无显著性(P<0·01),停药后随访6月、12月,治疗组ALT及HBVDNA下降、HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率明显高于对照组比,差异有显著性(P<0·01)。治疗组的完全应答率与对照组比,差异有高度显著性(P<0·01)。结论拉米夫定联合胸腺肽加乙肝疫苗能明显提高临床疗效及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率及HBVDNA阴转率,且无明显毒性反应。     

Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a randomised trial

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND METHODS: Alpha interferon is the generally approved therapy for HBe antigen positive patients with chronic hepatitis B, but its efficacy is limited. Lamivudine is a new oral nucleoside analogue which potently inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication. To investigate the possibility of an additive effect of interferon-lamivudine combination therapy compared with interferon or lamivudine monotherapy, we conducted a randomised controlled trial in 230 predominantly Caucasian patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA positive chronic hepatitis B. Previously untreated patients were randomised to receive: combination therapy of lamivudine 100 mg daily with alpha interferon 10 million units three times weekly for 16 weeks after pretreatment with lamivudine for eight weeks (n=75); alpha interferon 10 million units three times weekly for 16 weeks (n=69); or lamivudine 100 mg daily for 52 weeks (n=82). The primary efficacy end point was the HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 52 (loss of HBeAg, development of antibodies to HBeAg and undetectable HBV DNA). RESULTS: The HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 52 was 29% for the combination therapy, 19% for interferon monotherapy, and 18% for lamivudine monotherapy (p=0.12 and p=0.10, respectively, for comparison of the combination therapy with interferon or lamivudine monotherapy). The HBeAg seroconversion rates at week 52 for the combination therapy and lamivudine monotherapy were significantly different in the per protocol analysis (36% (20/56) v 19% (13/70), respectively; p=0.02). The effect of combining lamivudine and interferon appeared to be most useful in patients with moderately elevated alanine aminotransferase levels at baseline. Adverse events with the combination therapy were similar to interferon monotherapy; patients receiving lamivudine monotherapy had significantly fewer adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: HBeAg seroconversion rates at one year were similar for lamivudine monotherapy (52 weeks) and standard alpha interferon therapy (16 weeks). The combination of lamivudine and interferon appeared to increase the HBeAg seroconversion rate, particularly in patients with moderately elevated baseline aminotransferase levels. The potential benefit of combining lamivudine and interferon should be investigated further in studies with different regimens of combination therapy.     

Hepatitis B virus precore mutants in HBeAg carriers with chronic hepatitis treated with interferon

Summary. Precore mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were looked for in 18 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) carriers who were treated with recombinant interferon-a (rIFN) and the results were compared with those obtained in 12 untreated carriers who underwent spontaneous HBeAb seroconversion. Molecular analysis of the HBV precore region was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequencing. Precore mutants with a stop codon at codon 28 were detectable at baseline in 19/30 carriers. However, wild-type strains predominated in the baseline sera of both treated ( n = 16) and untreated ( n = 10) patients. Sera from the remaining four patients contained predominantly or exclusively mutant virions. Following IFN treatment, there was a shift from the wild-type pattern to the mutant pattern in all patients, with the precore pattern prevailing in long-term responders (six out of nine) compared with the non-responders (none of nine). The wild-type pattern predominated among the non-responders (eight vs three), suggesting that the long-term response to IFN was associated with take-over of precore mutants. There were no relationships between any pre-treatment precore molecular pattern and disease severity or outcome of treatment. Precore mutants also took over in 10 of the 12 untreated patients (83%), who underwent spontaneous HBeAb seroconversion. Thus, a shift from wild-type to precore mutant pattern occurs in most Italian patients undergoing IFN-induced or spontaneous HBeAb seroconversion.     

Treatment strategies using adefovir dipivoxil for individuals with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To investigate retrospectively the long-term efficacy of various treatment strategies using adefovir dipivoxil (adefovir) in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.METHODS: We included 154 consecutive patients in two treatment groups: the “add-on” group (n = 79), in which adefovir was added to ongoing lamivudine treatment due to lamivudine resistance, and the “switch/combination” group (n = 75), in which lamivudine was first switched to adefovir and then re-added later as needed. The “switch/combination” group was then divided into two subgroups depending on whether participants followed (group A, n = 30) or violated (group B, n = 45) a proposed treatment strategy that determined whether to add lamivudine based on the serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels (< 60 IU/mL or not) after 6 mo of treatment (roadmap concept).RESULTS: The cumulative probability of virologic response (HBV DNA < 60 IU/mL) was higher in group A than in the “add-on” group and in group B (P < 0.001). In contrast, the cumulative probability of virologic breakthrough was lower in the “add-on” group than in group B (P = 0.002). Furthermore, the risk of virologic breakthrough in the multivariate analysis was significantly lower in the “add-on” group than in group A (hazard ratio = 0.096; 95%CI, 0.015-0.629; P = 0.015).CONCLUSION: The selective combination of adefovir with lamivudine based upon early treatment responses increased the odds of virologic breakthrough relative to the use of uniform combination therapy from the beginning of treatment.     

Lamivudine resistance inimmunocompetent chronic hepatitis B

Background: Lamivudine is a non-toxic, potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus replication. Recently, hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine has been described in patients using immunosuppressive drugs after liver transplantation.Methods: From our cohort of 81 consecutive patients treated with lamivudine, we selected all immunocompetent patients who received lamivudine monotherapy for a period over 26 weeks (n=14).Results: Lamivudine resistance with the characteristic mutation in the YMDD motif was observed in four patients (actuarial cumulative incidence: 39%). Two patterns of viral resistance were observed; incomplete response (n=2) and viral breakthrough (n=2).Conclusions: The observed high frequency of lamivudine resistance may have implications for the concept of long-term virus-suppressive therapy of chronic hepatitis B by lamivudine monotherapy.     

对慢性乙型肝炎联合抗病毒治疗的再认识

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗应用于临床十余年,进展迅速.有关联合治疗一直是本领域的热点问题.随着临床证据的积累,进一步深入探讨联合治疗目的及策略有着十分重要的临床现实价值.     

Interferon/long-term lamivudine combination therapy in anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B patients

BACKGROUND: Monotherapy with a single antiviral agent is insufficient in controlling hepatitis B virus infection in the majority of patients with anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B. Interferon/long-term lamivudine combination therapy was evaluated to determine if this strategy would improve treatment efficacy and reduce the emergence of lamivudine resistance. METHODS: In total, 36 consecutive anti-HBe positive patients were treated with interferon (3 MU subcutaneously three times weekly) and lamivudine (100 mg orally once a day) for 12 months. After completion of the combined treatment, all patients continued to receive lamivudine monotherapy indefinitely. RESULTS: Overall, 35 patients (97%) showed virological response at 12 months. Four patients (11%) cleared HBsAg and developed anti-HBs. During the follow-up time, after the discontinuation of interferon, of 30 +/- 12 months (range: 7-57 months), 13 patients (36%) exhibited breakthrough infection. The cumulative rates of breakthrough infection at the end of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years of treatment were 0%, 14%, 32%, and 59%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy appears to be effective and may also delay the selection of lamivudine-resistant variants. However, controlled trials are definitely warranted to clarify the potential benefits of combination antiviral treatment over monotherapy.     

拉米夫定优化治疗慢性HBV感染患者的临床观察

目的研究拉米夫定优化治疗慢性HBV感染人群的可行性。方法选2002年9月～2006年8月期间216例慢性HBV感染患者,其中慢性肝炎112例,肝炎肝硬化104例。按HBeAg情况分为HBeAg（＋）组和HBeAg（-）组。两组均给予拉米夫定100 mg/d,口服。末次观察时间为2009年8月。观察两组患者的HBVDNA应答时间与未来发生耐药的关系。结果 216例患者治疗36～84月,平均（61±9.8）月。治疗2周HBVDNA即检测不出的患者,5年发生病毒学突破率和临床耐药率均为0%,其中HBeAg（＋）组患者的HBeAg 5年血清转换累积率为62.5%;治疗3～4周HBVDNA检测不出的HBeAg阳性患者,5年发生病毒学突破率为9.1%,临床耐药率为4.5%,HBeAg血清转换率为45.5%;而治疗3～4周HBVDNA检测不出的HBeAg阴性患者,5年发生病毒学突破率和临床耐药率均为0;在治疗5～8周、9～12周、13～24周等不同时间HBVDNA检测不出的两组患者,以后发生病毒学突破率分别为52.4%vs 41.2%、71.4%vs 66.7%和100%vs 100%（P〈0.05）。结论 4周内的病毒学应答能更准确、更好地预测拉米夫定治疗慢性HBV感染患者5年以上的远期疗效及低耐药发生,对临床合理筛选拉米夫定适合患者有重要意义。     

Lamivudine vs lamivudine and interferon combination treatment of HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis B

To determine whether combination treatment of HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis B is beneficial we studied 78 patients with HBeAg(-), HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B who were randomized to lamivudine, 100 mg, qd, for 12 months or lamivudine-interferon (9 MU, t.i.w.) in combination. In the combination arm, 2 months of lamivudine treatment preceded 10 months of combination treatment. Biochemical, virologic and histologic responses were assessed at the end of treatment, after six and a median 27 months of drug-free follow-up (short- and long-term follow-up, respectively). Virologic response was defined as undetectable HBV DNA with a hybridization assay and biochemical response as normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Change in HBV DNA was also assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Presence of YMDD mutants at the end of treatment was investigated with a line probe assay. Both treatment regimes led to a median 2 log decline in HBV DNA levels. Virologic end of treatment responses were 90 and 92% with mono- and combination treatment, respectively. Corresponding virologic responses at short- and long-term follow-up were 59 and 54%, and 27 and 25%, respectively. Patients having a baseline HBV DNA value > or =200 pg/mL were more likely to relapse within 6 months off therapy than those patients with a baseline HBV DNA level <200 pg/mL (P = 0.041). YMDD mutants were observed in 53% of patients receiving lamivudine compared with 24% of patients receiving the combination regime (P = 0.017). In conclusion, efficacy of combination treatment is similar to lamivudine monotherapy. However, combination treatment decreases the development of YMDD mutant strains compared with lamivudine monotherapy.     

拉米夫定治疗儿童和青少年慢性乙型肝炎的长期临床观察

目的观察拉米夫定治疗儿童和青少年慢性乙型肝炎的疗效及安全性。方法27例5—18岁的慢性乙型肝炎患者给予拉米夫定片剂每天3mg／kg,最大剂量100mg／d,疗程不少于12个月。观察治疗前后肝功能、HBVDNA、HBeAg／抗一HBe变化;有HBVDNA复升者检测YMDD变异;记录不良事件;停药后定期随访。结果治疗12、24、36和48个月的生化应答率分别为92．6％、84．6％、100％和100％;HBVDNA阴转率为92,6％;HBeAg阴转率为60％;HBeAg血清学转换率为55％。YMDD变异见于治疗12个月后,累积变异发生率为14．8％。达到停药标准终止治疗者,复发率为21．4％。无严重不良反应事件。结论拉米夫定治疗儿童和青少年慢性乙肝安全有效,YMDD发生率低。可以扩大样本进一步观察。     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗新进展

慢性乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒感染引起的、以肝脏炎症和坏死病变为主的一种全身性感染病。目前,治疗乙型肝炎的抗病毒药物主要包括干扰素和核苷酸类似物两类。现在正在探索开发新药及优化联合、免疫疗法或凋亡疗法（促进感染细胞凋亡）来彻底根除慢性HBV 感染。     

Hepatitis B virus precore mutations and HBeAg negative reactivation of chronic hepatitis B after interferon therapy

The objective of this study was to look for HBV precore mutations in three patients with chronic active hepatitis B who developed HBV-DNA-positive/HBeAg-negative reactivation after HBe seroconversion induced by interferon therapy. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products was performed on serum collected before and after HBe seroconversion. In two patients precore sequence showed only wild-type HBV before and after interferon therapy. In one patient, precore sequence showed only wild-type HBV before interferon therapy and a mixed infection by wild-type HBV and precore mutant viruses (1858 and 1896 nucleotide mutations) after treatment. The presence of HBeAg/anti-HBe immune complexes was found after HBe seroconversion in all cases. Our results suggest that: 1) precore mutations are not always found in patients with chronic hepatitis B who develop HBV DNA-positive/HBeAg-negative reactivation; and 2) HBeAg negativity, despite the presence of wild-type HBV, might be due to HBeAg/anti-HBe immune complexes. We speculate that the production of these immune complexes may be favored by interferon therapy.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的困境和进展

慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染引起,易反复发作引起肝脏损伤,严重威胁人类健康。CHB治疗最根本、最关键的是抗HBV治疗,抗HBV治疗在近年来取得了很大的进展,基因治疗、免疫治疗等新技术为抗HBV治疗提供了新的发展方向,但抗HBV治疗仍面临难以突破的困境。本文就抗HBV治疗的困境和进展进行综述。     

Potent antiviral therapy improves survival in acute on chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B virus reactivation

Acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF)is a disease entity with a high mortality rate.The acute event arises from drugs and toxins,viral infections,bacterial sepsis,interventions(both surgical and non-surgical)and vascular events on top of a known or occult chronic liver disease.ACLF secondary to reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus is a distinct condition;the high mortality of which can be managed in the wake of new potent antiviral therapy.For example,lamivudine and entecavir use has shown definite short-term survival benefits,even though drug resistance is a concern in the former.The renoprotective effects of telbivudine have been shown in a few studies to be useful in the presence of renal dysfunction.Monotherapy with newer agents such as tenofovir and a combination of nucleos(t)ides is promising for improving survival in this special group of liver disease patients.This review describes the current status of potent antiviral therapy in patient with acute on chronic liver failure due to reactivation of chronic hepatitis B,thereby providing an algorithm in management of such patients.     

难治性慢性乙型肝炎

"难治性慢性乙型肝炎"的定义:符合慢性乙型肝炎的诊断标准,因各种原因/因素导致在现有指南或建议治疗方案指导下,使用了包括核苷(酸)类似物和(或)干扰素在内的抗HBV药物治疗失败或疗效不佳、或不规范抗病毒治疗所致、或已有循证医学依据证实疗效不佳的慢性乙型肝炎.难治性慢性乙型肝炎概念的提出,有利于乙型肝炎患者接受临床规范化...     

Telbivudine： A new treatment for chronic hepatitis B

Three hundred and fifty million people worldwide are estimated to be chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. 15%-40% of these subjects will develop cirrhosis, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma during their life. The treatment of chronic hepatitis B has improved dramatically over the last decade merits to the advent of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues and the use of pegylated interferons. Approved drugs for chronic hepatitis B treatment include： standard interferon- alpha 2b, pegylated interferon-alpha 2a, lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir. Unfortunately, these agents are not effective in all patients and are associated with distinct side effects. Interferons have numerous side effects and nucleoside or nucleotide analogues, which are well tolerated, need to be used for prolonged periods, even indefinitely. However, prolonged treatment with nucleoside or nucleotide analogues is associated with a high rate of resistance. Telbivudine is a novel, orally administered nucleoside analogue for use in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. In contrast to other nucleoside analogues, Telbivudine has not been associated with inhibition of mammalian DNA polymerase with mitochondrial toxicity. Telbivudine has demonstrated potent activity against hepatitis B with a significantly higher rate of response and superior viral suppression compared with lamivudine, the standard treatment. Telbivudine has been generally well tolerated, with a low adverse effect profile, and at its effective dose, no dose- limiting toxicity has been observed. Telbivudine is one of the most potent antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B virus and was approved by the FDA in late 2006.     

Emerging antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis B

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus(HBV)constitutes a major global public health threat,causing substantial disease burdens such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma,thus representing high unmet medical needs.Currently available therapies are safe,well tolerated,and highly effective in decreasing viremia and improving measured clinical outcomes with low rates of antiviral resistance.However,long-term management remains a clinical challenge,mainly due to the slow kinetics of HBV surface antigen clearance.In this article,we review emerging antivirals directed at novel targets derived from mechanisms of viral cellular entry,viral replication,viral assembly,and the host immune response,leading to preclinical and clinical trials for possible future therapeutic intervention.The recent therapeutic advances in the development of all categories of HBV inhibitors may pave the way for regimens of finite duration that result in long-lasting control of chronic hepatitis B infection.     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎发生YMDD变异的研究

目的探讨拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）发生YMDD变异的临床意义。方法分别用荧光定量PCR、ELISA检测72例用拉米夫定治疗的CHB患者治疗前（0个月）、治疗中（9、12、18个月）YMDD变异的情况、HBVDNA定量水平、两对半等指标。结果72例CHB患者中,拉米夫定治疗前未检查出YMDD变异,治疗9、12、18个月分别检出YMDD变异8例（11.1%）,17例（23.6%）,28例（38.9%）,随治疗时间的延长,YMDD变异率升高（P〈0.05）。另外用药前HBVDNA定量〉108copies/ml与HBVDNA定量〈108copies/ml相比YMDD变异率显著升高（P〈0.005）。HBeAg阳性组与HBeAg阴性组的患者在不同治疗时间YMDD变异率,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论YMDD变异的发生随治疗时间的延长而增加。血清病毒载量可作为应用拉米夫定治疗YMDD变异产生的早期预测指标。