Experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in calculous cholecystitis

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) was performed in 330 patients aged from 14 to 77 years; it was completed successfully in 308 (93.3%) patients. Conversion to laparotomy and standard cholecystectomy was carried out in 22 patients (6.7%) due chiefly (86.4%) to inflammatory disorders of infrahepatic area. 188 (61%) LCE were performed for chronic calculous cholecystitis, 120--for acute calculous cholecystitis. In the latter group destructive forms of cholecystitis were revealed in 34.2% patients. Combined with LCE interventions were performed in 13 patients (4.2%). There were no lethal outcomes after LCE. Severe intra- and postoperative complications occurred in 26 (8.4%) patients; laparotomy for removing these complications was necessary in 3 patients (1%).     

Surgical policy in patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis complicated by choledocholithiasis

Results of surgical treatment in 116 patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis complicated by choledocholithiasis were studied. Introduction in clinical practice of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy changed surgical policy for benign combined lesions of gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Complex endoscopic treatment is preferable if contraindications are absent. Complex endoscopic treatment was used in 26.7% cases, combined surgical and endoscopic (trans-papillar surgeries) - in 30.2%, conventional surgical - in 33.6%. Isolated EPST and endo-biliary procedures were performed in 9.5% patients. Complex endoscopic treatment is preferable for chronic calculous cholecystitis complicated with choledocholithiasis. Combined and conventional surgical policy is indicated when appliance of endoscopic technologies is not possible.     

Combined treatment of acute pancreatitis and its complications

Results of combined treatment of 314 patients with acute pancreatitis, including 58 (15.1%) with pancreonecrosis were analyzed. Etiologic factors of acute pancreatitis were alcohol (59% patients), diseases of the bile ducts (31.5%), surgery (2.5%). Up-to-date diagnostic criteria of severe pancreatitis are presented, character of complications is analyzed. Treatment policy in acute edematous pancreatitis was conservative. In calculous cholecystitis cholecystectomy was performed after regress of acute pancreatitis. Fermentative ascitis-peritonitis was the indication for laparoscopy in aseptic phase of pancreonecrosis. US- and CT-guided puncture and drainage were often used. Surgeries were performed only for complications of pancreonecrosis, more often through mini-approaches. General lethality in acute pancreatitis was 1.9%, in pancreonecrosis - 10.7%, postoperative lethality in pancreonecrosis was 16.6%.     

"Acute cholecystitis"--laparoscopic cholecystectomy is often possible. Results of a multicenter study by the East German Study Group for Performance Assessment and Quality Assurance in Surgery

With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) the method became very fast successful in clinical practice. To describe the actual situation we initiated in 1994/95 a clinical multicenter study with the name CESAQ. 29 hospitals participated in the study. 4,675 cholecystectomies were performed, a total number of 2,960 patients were operated upon with the laparoscopic and 1,468 with the conventional technique. Furthermore, conversion to open cholecystectomy was necessary in 247 cases. One part of the study focused on the results achieved for patients with acute cholecystitis. 9.4% of the laparoscopic but 37.3% of the conventional cholecystectomies were performed due to acute cholecystitis. We differentiated a simple (adhesions to gallbladder, hydrops) and complicated form (empyema, gangrenous gallbladder) of acute cholecystitis. Treating acute cases the incidence of intraoperative (simple 8.3%, complicated 12.1%) and specific postoperative complications (simple 9.2%, complicated 6.9%) was higher compared to elective procedures (intraoperative 4.6%, specific postoperative 3.7%). This is well known from the experience of open surgery. Nevertheless there were lower general complication rates (simple 5.5%, complicated 5.2%) and no mortality in acute cholecystitis when LCE was performed. Considering an early conversion to open cholecystectomy in cases of severe acute cholecystitis the indication for LCE can be made generously. Great surgical experience in LCE is a requirement for the laparoscopic management of acute cholecystitis.     

Lessons on laparoscopic cholecystectomy (summary of the experience

The experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy conduction in 6524 patients with nontumoral diseases of gallbladder (chronic calculous cholecystitis, an acute calculous cholecystitis, chronic noncalculous cholecystitis, the gallbladder polyposis) was summarized. While comparing the initial seizing experience in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the clinic the tendency was noted, trusting the skills improvement in management of laparoscopic technique, permitting to reduce the contraindications quantity for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Several principles were elaborated, which is necessary to follow doing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for improvement of results of treatment in patients and for complications reduction.     

Comparative assessment of short-term outcomes of cholecystectomy in minimally-invasive surgical procedures for chronic calculous cholecystitis

A randomized blind trial was carried out for comparative evaluation of short-term results of surgical treatment of chronic calculous cholecystitis in 100 patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in 100 patients after minimally-invasive cholecystectomy. Both groups contained geterogenous patients (morphology in gall bladder zone, concomitant diseases). Statistically significant (p=0.000001) decrease of hospital stay was revealed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is necessary to keep exact selection criteria for each type of elective surgery in cholelithiasis.     

急性结石性胆囊炎的腹腔镜治疗体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的经验.方法:回顾分析为457例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料.结果:432例手术成功,25例中转开腹,患者均痊愈出院.结论:为急性结石性胆囊炎患者施行LC安全可行,成功的关键在于手术技巧和中转开腹指征...     

Cholécystectomie laparoscopique dans les cholécystites aiguës

PurposeTo determine the feasibility, operative risk and patients'benefit of laparoscopy in emergency cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis.Patients and methodsFrom January 1991 to December 1998, 234 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were operated on by emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were 131 women and 103 men (mean age: 57 years), (Asa 2: 48%, Asa 3: 10%). In seven patients, choledocolithiasis was detected by endoscopic ultrasonography and preoperatively treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy. The mean delay between in-hospital admission and cholecystectomy was 20 hours (2–160). Cholecystectomy was performed with primary approach of Calot's triangle. Intraoperative cholangiography, selectively performed (n = 70), detected choledocolithiasis in three patients.ResultsThe mean duration of surgery was 149 minutes (62–313). The conversion rate was 13 % and decreased through the years. The postoperative complication rate was 18%. Eight patients (3.4%) had an abdominal complication. One patient (0.4%) died of bile peritonitis after intraoperative undetected main bile duct injury. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.04 days. It was 3.5 days only, very old patients and those with severe associated disease being excluded.ConclusionLaparoscopy appears to be a good approach for emergency cholecystectomy in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎332例

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的经验。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2011年6月332例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,采用三孔法或四孔法行LC。结果 313例成功施行LC,平均住院4.9d。19例中转开腹。仅1例出现术后淋巴漏,留置腹腔引流,13d后拔除引流管后出院,住院17d。结论急性结石性胆囊炎如有手术指征,应尽早手术,LC可减少患者的住院时间,减少抗菌药物的应用。     

腹腔镜治疗急性结石性胆囊炎50例的临床研究

目的研究探讨腹腔镜技术在急性结石性胆囊炎治疗中的安全可靠性。方法通过我科2013年1月至2016年1月收治的50例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,回顾分析腹腔镜治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的疗效。其中对照组开腹胆囊切除术(OC)40例,试验组腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)50例。对比分析两组的手术时间、术后恢复及并发症情况。结果 LC组的切口愈合时间及手术时间均低于OC组(P0.05)。腹腔镜胆囊切除术除5例中转开腹,余术后无胆漏、胆道狭窄等严重并发症。结论在术者拥有熟练的腹腔镜操作技术的前提下,大多数急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC是安全可行的。与开腹手术相比,有一定的优势。但仍存在一定的手术风险。     

The importance of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in biliary tract surgery

Based upon 129 endoscopic operations in 98 patients with choledocholithiasis and stenosis of the major duodenal papilla the authors came to a conclusion on an increasing significance of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) in the surgery of bile ducts. EPST was shown to be followed by less amount of complications and less lethality as compared with surgical papillosphincterotomy. The intrahospital lethality after EPST was 1%. EPST allowed to elevate efficiency of the treatment in elderly and senile patients. It may be considered as an alternative surgical intervention after preceding cholecystectomy and can be used as an emergency procedure for acute obstructive purulent cholangitis and pancreatitis. In patients with little operative risk and preserved bile duct the indications for EPST must be restricted.     

Surgical approach for destructive cholecystitis in elderly and old patients

The individual surgical policy in the treatment of patients over 60 years of age with destructive cholecystitis was developed. Urgent radical surgical procedures using total intravenous anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and ALV were performed in patients with a low surgical and anesthetic risk and without concomitant acute pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice. Cholecystostomy and delayed cholecystectomy were performed in patients with these concomitant pathologies. Palliative operations were performed in patients with high surgical and anesthetic risk. Patients with disseminated peritonitis underwent cholecystectomy through laparotomy using total intravenous anesthesia with epidural blockade. Choice of method of cholecystectomy and anesthetic management depended on nature of concomitant diseases and complications. Proposed individual surgical policy permitted to decrease postoperative lethality to 0.8%.     

急性结石性胆囊炎行急诊与延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术的疗效分析(附74例报告)

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎急诊行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的利弊。方法:回顾分析2015年3月至2016年3月为74例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料。根据手术时机分为急诊组(12 h,n=37)与延期组(12 h～1周,n=37)。结果:66例成功施行LC,8例中转开腹。急诊组术后发生肺部感染2例、切口感染1例,其中1例肺心病患者术后肺部感染较重,住院时间长,费用较高。延期组术后肺部感染1例、切口感染1例。两组患者术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。急诊组术前住院时间、术前费用、腹腔粘连、中转开腹、术中出血量、手术时间、总住院时间及住院总费用均少于延期组(P0.05)。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎行急诊LC虽然可降低费用,缩短住院时间、手术时间,减少术中出血量,但手术风险较大。可选一般情况较好、不能耐受急性胆囊炎症状、急诊手术愿望强烈的患者酌情行急诊LC。     

急性结石性胆囊炎经腹腔镜胆囊切除术68例临床分析

目的探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007-12—2011-12通过LC治疗68例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 68例患者中,67例顺利完成LC,其中1例中转剖腹,术后病理证实为肝门部胆管癌,合并结石性、化脓性胆囊炎,2例患者发病72 h后出现胆汁渗漏,经治疗痊愈。2例术后第2天腹腔引流管引流出胆汁样液体,量为200～300 mL,经治疗2周后无液体引出拔出引流管,顺利出院。结论急性结石性胆囊炎明确诊断后,患者应尽早施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中操作困难者应及时中转开腹。尽量减少或避免急性结石性胆囊炎LC手术并发症的发生,显著减轻患者痛苦。     

Therapeutic tactics in acute obstruction of the terminal part of the common bile duct

The authors had 158 patients with acute block of the terminal part of the choledochus under observation. According to the clinical course, a biliary, pancreatic, and mixed forms were distinguished. The emergency diagnostic program was made up of ultrasonic examination, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ERCP, and laparoscopy. The cause of the block of the terminal choledochus was choledocholithiasis in 104 patients, papillitis and microcholedocholithiasis in 36, and ++choledocholithiasis and stenosis of the major duodenal papilla in 18 patients. Acute block of the major duodenal papilla was found in 76 and acute block of the intramural part of the choledochus in 76 patients. The mixed form prevailed in the first and the biliary form of hypertension in the second. Operations (cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy with external or internal drainage of the choledochus) were performed on 42 patients, the postoperative fatality rate was 9.7%. Emergency EPST and extraction of concrements was undertaken in 116 patients. Increase in the clinical picture of acute cholecystitis and destructive pancreatitis after EPST called for operative interventions on 21 patients. The lethality rate after EPST performed for acute block of the terminal choledochus was 6.1%.     

急性结石性胆囊炎早期腹腔镜手术的可行性及手术方法探讨

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎患者症状发作72h内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及合理的手术方法。方法:回顾分析136例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,并与同期行LC治疗1 165例非急性发作期胆囊结石患者在手术时间、并发症发生率及中转开腹率等方面比较。结果:136例早期行LC的急性结石性胆囊炎患者平均手术时间、并发症发生率及中转开腹率与同期行LC治疗的1 165例非急性发作期胆囊结石患者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎在症状发作72h内行LC是安全可行的。手术成功的关键是Calot三角的正确处理,减少并合理处理术中出血是降低肝外胆管损伤和中转开腹率的重点。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎56例临床分析

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性、安全性。方法:回顾分析我院为56例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果:52例成功完成腹腔镜手术,成功率92.9%,4例中转开腹,中转率7.1%,无严重并发症发生,患者均痊愈出院,疗效满意。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎在急性炎症期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行。     

老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的诊断与治疗

目的总结老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的诊断与治疗，以减少并发症，降低死亡率。方法对112例老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果112例患者中有高热l9例（17．0％），黄疸8例（7．1％），右上腹包块11例（9．8％），腹膜炎体征26例（23．2％）；并发急性水肿型胰腺炎11例（9．8％），急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎5例（4．5％），感染性休克6例（5．4％）．112例均手术治疗，术中发现95例急性结石性胆囊炎中胆囊坏疽79例，坏疽并穿孔16例，穿孔者占16．8％；17例急性非结石性胆囊炎中胆囊坏疽8例，坏疽并穿孔9例，穿孔者占52．9％。112例中行胆囊切除术86例，胆囊大部切除术l8例，胆囊切除加胆道探查T管引流术5例，胆囊造瘘术3例。治愈104例（92．9％），死亡8例（7．1％），治愈104例中出现术后并发症9例（8．7％）。病理报告均为急性坏疽性胆囊炎。结论老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎应尽早诊断，合理处理并存病，应争取在起病后24h内（或入院后的最短时间内）内急诊手术，并选择适当的手术方式。     

Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in patients with acute cholecystitis and lesions of the common bile duct

The authors analyse treatment of 115 patients who were admitted for acute cholecystitis with involvement of the bile ducts which manifested itself as a rule, as obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) was conducted as the first stage of treatment in 83 patients, as the second stage after cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystotomy in 30, and during the surgical intervention in 2 patients. Experience shows that treatment of this contingent of patients in two stages is advisable. In emergency operations for acute cholecystitis, when the revealed abnormalities in the hepaticocholedochus cannot be corrected adequately due to the patient's severe condition or marked inflammatory changes in the region of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the operation should be completed by drainage of the common bile duct and antegrade or retrograde EPST should be performed in the post-operative period. In the presence of obstructive jaundice and acute suppurative cholangitis, when there is a high operative risk, EPST should be undertaken as an emergency intervention ensuring timely decompression and cleansing of the bile ducts. In 37.3% of patients EPST was conducted by an atypical method due to the high operative risk, as a result the efficacy of the endoscopic operation increased to 93.3%.     

Diagnosis and differential treatment of acute pancreatitis of biliary etiology

The experience in examination and treatment of 208 patients with acute pancreatitis of biliary etiology was analyzed. Complex endoscopic treatment was carried out in 88% patients. If there are indications, it is reasonable to perform retrograde pancreatocholangiography (RPCG) and endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) during surgery in patients with concomitant enzymatic ascites-peritonitis. In the others patients RPCG and EPST must be regarded as the first stage of treatment. Surgical procedure of choice at the second stage of treatment is laparoscopic cholecystectomy.