INTRABEAM实施乳腺癌术中放疗系统临床应用观察(附20例报告)

目的:评价INTRABEAM术中放射治疗系统临床应用的安全性和优势.方法:INTRABEAM对20例保乳手术患者实施术中瘤床放疗,均为单次照射每次20Gy,施用器规格为4.5cm(范围1.5-5.0cm),治疗持续时间35.5-51分钟.结果:术中照射治疗后有3例发生治疗区局部积液,经抽吸并加压包扎后愈合,乳房水肿1例.结论:INTRABEAM术中放射治疗系统近期无明显毒副作用,INTRABEAM术中放射治疗系统是一项安全良好耐受性技术,病人乐于接受.     

大分割放疗治疗早期乳腺癌保乳手术后患者的疗效及安全性

目的分析两种放疗方案治疗早期乳腺癌保乳手术后患者的近期应用效果及安全性。方法将110例行保乳手术的早期乳腺癌患者依据保乳术后采用的放疗方法不同分为观察组(采用大分割放疗,n=55)与对照组(采用常规分割放疗,n=55),治疗后随访2年,比较两组生存情况、危及器官所受剂量、急慢性不良反应发生率、美容效果、治疗次数与治疗费用。结果两组患者近期生存率均达100%。观察组患者危及器官肺、心脏、脊髓、肝脏所受放疗剂量均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。两组患者急慢性不良反应以Ⅰ级及Ⅱ级为主,且两组急慢性不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者美容效果比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者治疗次数、治疗费用均少于对照组(P<0.01)。结论与常规分割放疗方案相比,大分割放疗有助于提高早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者疗效,有更好的社会经济学效益,且能减少危及器官受量,安全性可靠,美容效果相当。     

放射治疗在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的价值

目的：进一步证实放射治疗在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的重要性。方法：1994年12月～2001年12月本院共收治237例早期乳腺癌。其中83例做保乳手术。154例做改良根治术。保乳术后全部患者接受放疗。放疗的范围根据肿块的大小、部位、腋淋巴结是否受累而定。胸壁切线剂量予8MV—X线5000cGy。肿瘤瘤床加电子线1500cGy。改良根治术后仅3例作放疗。结果：保乳组和改良组局部复发各1人。保乳组区域淋巴结复发1例。改良组无区域淋巴结复发，有肝转移、肺转移各1人。两组各死亡1人。保乳组五年生存率96．49％，改良组98．61％。保乳组双侧乳房外形基本一致，柔软，有弹性。结论：早期乳腺癌保乳术加放射治疗，效果与改良根治术相似，并伴良好美容效果。     

整形保乳术与常规保乳术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的比较分析

目的:探讨整形保乳术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性分析2011年1 月至2013年12月广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院行整形保乳术组（67例）与常规保乳术组（117 例）的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,比较两组的术后并发症、美容效果满意度、切除组织重量、手术切缘及二次扩切手术率。结果:整形保乳术组发生血清肿10例、血肿3 例、切口愈合不良2 例,常规保乳术组发生血清肿57例、血肿17例、切口愈合不良14例,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。 整形保乳术组美容效果满意度优于常规保乳术组,差异具有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。 整形保乳术组的切除组织重量、最小手术切缘及最大手术切缘均优于常规保乳术组,差异具有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。 两组患者二次扩切手术率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论:整形保乳术不仅能有效保证保乳手术切缘,降低手术并发症发生率,而且能获得更好的美容效果满意度,是一种安全有效的保乳手术方式。      

肿瘤整形外科技术应用于早期乳腺癌保乳手术的临床分析

目的：探讨肿瘤整形技术应用于早期乳腺癌保乳术的近期疗效和美容效果。方法回顾性分析25例应用周围腺体组织瓣转位修复法或背阔肌肌皮瓣转位修复法行保乳术（观察组）和25例行传统保乳手术（对照组）患者的临床资料,比较两组患者的手术切除范围、切缘情况、RTOG美容等级评价、术后并发症及复发转移情况。结果观察组中21例行周围腺体组织瓣转位修复,4例行背阔肌皮瓣转位修复,切除乳腺体积为26～1105 cm3,中位体积343 cm3;对照组切除乳腺体积为15~504 cm3,中位体积262 cm3。术中冰冻病理示切缘阳性者观察组有3例,对照组5例,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.504,P=0.478）。观察组和对照组美容等级评定为优或良的分别为22例（88%）和20例（80%）,两组差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.611,P=0.737）。随访持续时间为2～12个月,中位随访时间为5个月,观察组中1例患者术后2个月出现多发骨转移,所有患者均未出现局部复发,无死亡病例。结论应用整形外科技术行保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌在达到切缘无瘤累及的基础上,可获得更好的美容效果,且短期临床效果满意,值得进一步临床推广。     

近乳晕区早期乳腺癌整形保乳术30例临床研究

目的：评价近乳晕区早期乳腺癌患者行整形保乳术的临床效果。方法：将2011年2 月至2013年11月唐山市人民医院乳腺外科（二）接受保乳手术治疗的60例近乳晕区早期乳腺癌患者随机分成两组,试验组30例行整形保乳术,对照组30例行标准保乳术,比较两组术中切除的乳腺局部标本质量,肿瘤距外科切缘最近的距离,术后患乳美容效果。结果：试验组与对照组患者术中切除的乳腺标本量为（71.03± 12.92）g vs .（41.53± 7.13）g,肿瘤距外科切缘最近的距离为（13.30± 2.97）mmvs .（10.63± 1.65）mm,比较两组差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;试验组与对照组术后患者满意率为93.33% vs . 83.33% ,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：试验组切除的乳腺组织量更大、范围更广,而术后患乳美容效果与对照组无差别。早期乳腺癌患者实施整形保乳术可行、有效。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后的放疗时机

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术加放疗的疗效与根治术相同。对术后放疗时机的问题有一些回顾性和随机性研究,但无明确结论,近期的一些随机研究尚需要长期随访。总的来说,对于无需术后化疗的病人应尽早放疗,建议手术放疗间隔最好不超过8周。术后放疗、化疗顺序对疗效无显著影响,先放疗或先化疗均可以。对于腋窝淋巴结转移数较多的远地转移高危病人,术后可先做辅助化疗,但放疗不应延迟到术后7个月以后。如果手术切缘阳性,放疗应尽早开始。同步放化疗可以在不延迟放化疗的基础上提高局部疗效,但疗效提高有限,同时会增加急性和晚期毒副作用,不宜作为常规治疗。特殊病人需要使用时,应选择有效低毒的化疗方案,以降低治疗带来的急性毒副作用和晚期并发症。缩短放疗总时间对需要化疗的病人可以缩短手术到化疗的时间间隔,目前可行的方式有大分割放疗和乳腺瘤床同步补量技术。缩短放疗总时间是否能对疗效改善有影响,有待于临床资料证实。     

Using MRI to plan breast-conserving surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor the response of patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer with the aim of undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Patients were prospectively recruited to undergo MRI as well as conventional methods of clinical examination, mammography (MM) and ultrasonography (USS) and response was assessed by each of these methods. Thirty-two patients with primary breast cancer were recruited. Magnetic resonance imaging correlation with histopathological size (r=0.71) was superior to USS (r=0.65) and to MM where tumour size was not measurable following chemotherapy in 71% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging had 87.5% sensitivity (95% CI=68-97%) and 50% specificity (95% CI=16-84%) for a PPV (positive predictive value) of 99.8% and NPV (negative predictive value) of 80% for the detection of residual invasive cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging displayed 80% sensitivity (95% CI=28.4-99.5%) and 89% specificity (95% CI=71-98%) to detect pathological pCR in the breast. Eighty-four per cent of recruited patients were identified as potentially suitable candidates for BCS following chemotherapy and of those choosing to accept BCS, breast conservation was achieved in 90.5%, or 65.6% of all patients. Of those who proceeded to BCS, 9.5% required a re-do mastectomy because of positive margins; however, no residual tumour was found on histological examination of mastectomy specimens. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be superior to conventional methods for assessing pathological response and the low rate of re-operation for positive margins indicates a valuable role in aiding the decision to undergo BCS or mastectomy.     

The Salzburg concept of intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer: results and considerations

Aim of this study is to show that ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast conserving surgery can be reduced by proper surgery and modern radiotherapy techniques. Three hundred and seventy eight women with stage I or II breast cancer had breast conserving surgery and received 51-56.1 Gy of postoperative radiation to the whole breast in 1.7 Gy fractions, but patients received different boost strategies. Group 1 (n = 188) received electron boost radiation of 12 Gy subsequent to the irradiation to the whole breast, group 2 (n = 190) received intraoperative electron boost radiation of 9 Gy directly to the tumor bed, followed by whole breast irradiation. After a median follow up period of 81.0 months in group 1 and a median follow up period of 51.1 months in group 2, 12 IBTRs (6.4%) could be observed in group 1 and no IBTR could be observed in group 2 (0.0%). The 5-year actuarial rates of IBTR were 4.3% (95% CI, 1.9-8.3%) and 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-1.9%), respectively (p = 0.0018). The 5-year actuarial rates of distant recurrence were 8.6% (95% CI, 4.9-13.5%) and 4.2% (95% CI, 1.8-8.2%), respectively (p = 0.08). The 5 year disease-free survival rates were 90.9% (95% CI, 85.8-94.7%) in group 1 and 95.8% (95% CI, 91.8-98.2%) in group 2 (p = 0.064). Immediate IORT-boost and whole breast irradiation yields excellent local control at 5 years, and was associated with a statistically significant decreased rate of IBTR compared with a similar cohort of patients treated with whole breast irradiation and conventional electron boost.     

乳腺癌保乳术+化疗后动态调强放疗的临床观察

目的 观察乳腺癌保乳术+化疗后动态调强放疗的疗效和美容效果.方法 117例乳腺癌患者保乳术后先行4～6周期化疗再三维适形(6例)和动态调强放疗(111例).化疗分别采用CAF(环磷酰胺+多柔比星+氟尿嘧啶)、AC(多柔比星+环磷酰胺)、TA(紫杉醇+多柔比星)、NE(长春瑞滨+表阿霉素)、TX(紫杉醇+卡培他滨)方案.放疗采用6 MV-X线全乳腺调强放疗50Gy,瘤床电子线外照射加量10 Gy;其中68例患者锁骨上预防性照射50 Gy,42例肿块位于内侧象限的同时照射内乳淋巴引流区,锁骨上区、内乳区及胸壁均包在一个靶区里.雌、孕激素受体阳性加用内分泌治疗.治疗结束后6～12个月由2位医师评分评价美容效果.结果 随访至2009年9月,随访率为94.0%,随访满3、5年者分别为114、91例.全组3生存率为99.1%,5年生存率为96%,5年无瘤生存率为88%,局部复发率为3.6%,美容效果满意者为100%.放疗中及放疗结束后未出现明显放射性心肺等重要脏器损伤.结论 乳腺保乳术+化疗后胸壁动态调强放疗使靶区得到更均匀照射,有望提高局部控制率和生存率并降低正常组织并发症、肿瘤复发率.     

左乳腺癌保乳术后不同放疗方式的剂量学比较

目的:评价左乳腺癌保乳术后三种放疗方式（3DCRT,IMRT,VMAT）的剂量学特点。方法:选取本院2015年5月至2016年2月期间20例早期左乳腺癌保乳术后放疗患者,所有靶区及危及器官均由同一高级放疗医师勾画,包括临床靶区（CTV）、计划靶区（PTV）及危及器官（OAR）,并由同一高级放疗物理师分别设计3DCRT、IMRT、VMAT 三种治疗计划,处方剂量为50 Gy。比较三种计划的计划靶区（PTV）的靶区均匀性指数（HI）及适形度指数（CI）,最大剂量（Dmax）、平均剂量（Dmean）、最小剂量（Dmin）;肺、心脏的V5,V10,V20,V30,V40,Dmax,Dmean及Dmin等。结果:3DCRT、IMRT、VMAT三种放疗计划适形度指数（CI）分别为 0.75±0.08、0.84±0.04和0.89±0.04(P＜0.05),均匀性指数(HI)分别为 0.11±0.12、0.11±0.08 和0.10±0.09。VMAT与IMRT计划降低了危及器官高剂量区体积,但相应增加了低剂量区体积,尤其VMAT计划的心脏、患侧肺V5、V10明显增加(P＜0.05)。结论:IMRT计划不仅提高了靶区的适形度,而且降低了心脏和肺的低剂量受照体积及平均剂量。因此,IMRT计划更适用于左乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗。     

Comparative effectiveness study of breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy in the general population: A NCDB analysis

Purpose

Recent studies have revealed that breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with radiotherapy (RT) led to better survival than mastectomy in some populations. We compared the efficacy of BCS+RT and mastectomy using the National Cancer Database (NCDB, USA).

Methods

Non-metastatic breast cancers in the NCDB from 2004–2011 were identified. The Kaplan-Meier method, Coxregression and propensity score analysis were used to compare the overall survival (OS) among patients with BCS+RT, mastectomy alone and mastectomy+RT.

Results

A total of 160,880 patients with a median follow-up of 43.4 months were included. The respective 8-year OS values were 86.5%, 72.3% and 70.4% in the BCS+RT, mastectomy alone and mastectomy+RT group, respectively (P < 0.001). After exclusion of patients with comorbidities, mastectomy (alone or with RT) remained associated with a lower OS in N0 and N1 patients. However, the OS of mastectomy+RT was equivalent to BCS+RT in N2–3 patients. Among patients aged 50 or younger, the OS benefit of BCS+RT over mastectomy alone was statistically significant (HR1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), but not clinically significant (<5%) in N0 patients, whereas in N2–3 patients, the OS of BCS+RT was equivalent to mastectomy+RT (85.2% vs. 84.8%). The results of the propensity analysis were similar.

Conclusions

BCS+RT resulted in improved OS compared with mastectomy ± RT in N0 and N1 patients. In N2–3 patients, BCS+RT has an OS similar to mastectomy+RT when patients with comorbidities were excluded. Among patients aged 50 or younger, the OS of BCS+RT is equivalent to mastectomy ± RT.     

Feasibility of concurrent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in early breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The optimal sequence of chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) remains uncertain after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The current study was performed to evaluate whether the concurrent RT with CT increases the toxicities. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with stages I and II breast cancers were prospectively allocated to concurrent CT and RT (n = 133) and sequential CT and RT (n = 105) after BCS. In the sequential group, RT was started after the completion of three cycles of CT and additional three cycles of CT were delivered after RT. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities during CT between the two groups. Radiation related adverse effects were not different between the two groups. During the median follow-up period of 42 months (range: 16-60 months), 18 patients (13.5%) of the concurrent group had systemic recurrence of breast cancer, whereas 20 patients (19.1%) of the sequential group had systemic recurrence. Disease-free survival and local recurrence were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent CT and RT were not associated with increased toxicity and showed reasonable cosmetic results. The current study indicates that concurrent RT and CT after BCS is a feasible treatment modality with an advantage of shortening the treatment time.     

整形保乳手术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的应用分析

目的:探讨整形保乳术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的有效性及美容效果。方法:回顾性分析2015年5月至2016年5月我院行整形保乳术组（22例）与常规保乳术组（30例）的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,比较两组的肿瘤特点、组织切除量、术后并发症、切缘情况及术后RTOG美容效果评价。结果:两组患者肿瘤分布位置的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),应用整形保乳术的原发肿瘤更多见于中央区、内上象限和内下象限。整形保乳术组和常规保乳术组切除组织重量分别为（106.23±17.47） g和（62.47±8.36） g,最近手术切缘分别为（10.32±1.89） mm和（7.70±1.93） mm,最远手术切缘分别为（22.09±4.41） mm和（15.17±2.67） mm,整形保乳术组明显优于常规保乳术组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。整形保乳术组美容效果评价为优和良的为20例（90.9%）,常规保乳术组美容效果评价为优和良的为24例（80.0%）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.269）。结论:整形保乳术可切除更多的组织量以有效保证手术切缘,而术后美容效果较常规保乳术无明显差别,是一种安全有效的保乳手术方式。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后加速部分乳腺照射的研究进展

早期乳腺癌保乳术后行全乳腺照射（whole breast irradiation,WBI）已成为乳腺癌的标准治疗模式之一，具有与根治术相似的效果。对于早期乳腺癌患者，加速部分乳腺照射（accelerated partial breast irradiation,APBI）作为全乳腺照射的替代治疗是临床研究热点，其特点是短时间内单纯对瘤床进行局部照射。本文将APBI的照射技术、剂量分割模式和人群选择作一综述。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割照射同步瘤床加量的临床分析

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割照射同步瘤床加量的短期疗效与不良反应。方法64例早期乳腺癌患者保乳术后行两野切线全乳照射,全乳腺照射40．5 Gy／15 f,单次剂量2．7 Gy／f,同步瘤床推量至48 Gy／15 f,单次剂量3．2 Gy／f,总疗程3周,观察分析患者局部复发情况、美容效果及不良反应。结果中位随访时间17月,随访率为100％,无局部复发情况发生。3例患者表现乳腺中度胀痛;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级急性皮肤反应发生率分别为17．2％、4．7％、1．6％;Ⅰ级血小板下降发生率与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级中性粒细胞减少发生率分别为1．6％、4．7％;放疗完成后4、7月美容优良率分别为90．6％、87．5％。结论早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗同步瘤床加量的短期疗效与以往常规放疗方式相似,缩短放疗时间,不会增加皮肤不良反应及降低美容效果。     

大分割模式下左侧乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗方式的探索

目的:比较左侧乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗时,野中野正向调强(field-in-field intensity modulated radiation therapy,FIF-IMRT)、逆向调强(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)两种模式对改善靶区剂量分布和保护正常组织...     

个体化乳腺癌保乳术165例临床分析

目的 探讨标准保乳术和整形保乳术在乳腺癌保乳术中的合理选择及应用。方法将既往接受保乳术的165例患者分为标准保乳组（n=64）和整形保乳组（n=101）,比较两组的肿瘤特点、手术方式、术后并发症及术后美容效果。结果 标准保乳组和整形保乳术组在术后并发症、美容效果、复发转移事件的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组在肿瘤分布位置、切除组织量、乳房大小、原发肿瘤大小或范围、是否行新辅助化疗的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;整形保乳组切除乳房组织量大于标准保乳组;应用整形保乳术的原发肿瘤更多见于中央区、内上象限、下象限。结论 对保乳患者进行分阶段动态评估、具体情况具体分析的个体化保乳模式保证了良好的术后乳房美观效果;整形保乳术可切除更多的组织量以保证切缘阴性,增加了保乳成功率且减少了不必要的乳房全切及乳房再造手术,值得进一步临床研究和推广。     

Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in small breast carcinoma: Long-term results of a randomized trial

Background:Breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy isa widely accepted form of treatment in patients with breast cancer of limitedextent. Many attempts have been made to identify subgroups of patients whomight avoid radiotherapy. Patients and methods:Between 1987 and 1989, 579 women withcarcinoma of the breast were randomly assigned to quadrantectomy, axillarydissection and radiotherapy (299) and to quadrantectomy with axillarydissection without radiotherapy (280). Eligible patients were women with abreast carcinoma less than 2.5 cm in maximum diameter up to 70 years of age.Primary endpoints were intra-breast tumour reappearance (IBTR) and all-causemortality. Results:The number of IBTRs was significantly higher in patientstreated with surgery alone (59 cases out of 273; 10-year crude cumulativeincidence of 23.5%) than in patients treated with surgery plusradiotherapy (16 cases out of 294; 10-year crude cumulative incidence of5.8%). The difference in IBTR frequency between the two treatmentsappeared to be particularly high in women up to 45 years of age, tending todecrease with increasing age up to no apparent difference in women older than65 years. Overall survival curves for the two groups, did not differsignificantly (P = 0.326). However, a limited survival advantagewas evident after radiotherapy for node-positive women. Conclusions:After breast-conserving surgery radiotherapy appearsindicated in all patients up to 55 years of age, in patients with positiveaxillary nodes, and in patients with extensive intraductal component athistology. The data suggest that radiotherapy may be avoided in patients olderthan 65, and may be optional in women aged 56–65 years with negativenodes.