镇痛镇静策略在PICU机械通气患儿中的应用

目的探讨不同镇静、镇痛策略对机械通气患儿的辅助治疗效果及不良反应。方法将80例进行机械通气且需镇静镇痛治疗的危重患儿随机分为咪达唑仑组(40例)和瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组(40例),采用Ramsay及FLACC量表评估镇静、镇痛效果,记录治疗期间生命体征、呼吸机参数动态变化、脏器功能指标、瑞芬太尼及咪达唑仑应用总量、机械通气时间、PICU住院时间及费用、不良反应发生情况等。结果 2组患儿均能达到满意镇痛镇静效果。与咪达唑仑组比较,瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组达到镇静镇痛效果所需时间更短,Ramsay评估3~4级所占百分比增高,咪达唑仑用量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患儿治疗后心率、平均动脉压及自主呼吸频率均降低,但瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组在用药后3~24 h的心率、3~12 h的平均动脉压和自主呼吸频率下降更明显(P0.05)。与咪达唑仑组比较,瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组患儿用药后的6 h和12 h呼吸机潮气量及经皮氧饱和度均明显增高,呼气末二氧化碳水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组停药至苏醒的时间、拔管时间、机械通气以及PICU住院时间均明显低于咪达唑仑组(P0.05)。2组患儿PICU住院费用、不良反应发生率以及用药前后肝肾功能差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但空腹血糖比镇静前明显降低(P0.05)。结论 PICU机械通气患儿采用瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑治疗方案能迅速达到镇痛、镇静目标,改善通气效果,减少镇静剂用量,耐受性良好。     

重症监护室免疫抑制和免疫健全脓毒症患儿28天内死亡因素的病例对照研究

目的评估伴免疫抑制相关基础疾病的儿童重症监护室脓毒症患儿入PICU 28 d内死亡及其危险因素。方法病例对照研究。回顾性收集复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）因脓毒症/脓毒性休克收入PICU的患儿临床资料，分为免疫抑制组和免疫健全组，考察免疫抑制患儿入PICU 28 d内死亡的危险因素。结果2015年12月1日至2018年12月31日我院PICU出院诊断脓毒症连续病例385例，排除入科后24 h内死亡和PICU获得性脓毒症病例，251例PICU脓毒症/脓毒性休克患儿进入本文分析，免疫抑制组110例 (43.8%)，免疫健全组141例。与免疫健全组比较，免疫抑制组以住院转入患儿（70%）为主，PICU维持治疗需求（血管活性药物、有创/无创机械通气）高、24 h PRISM评分高，不明确感染部位比例高，免疫抑制组接受ECMO治疗者全部死亡，持续肾脏代替治疗（CRRT）存活率为17.4%，入PICU第28 d病死率69.1%。免疫健全组和免疫抑制组28 d内存活和死亡患儿比较，除脓毒性休克、有创机械通气、CRRT、PRISM Ⅲ评分、乳酸>2 mmol·L-1比例、PICU住院时间、总住院时间、脱离PICU时间、24 h内放弃治疗、总放弃治疗差异有统计学意义外，应用血管活性药物在免疫抑制组入PICU 28 d内存活和死亡因素比较中差异有统计学意义。多因素COX比例风险模型分析显示，PRISM Ⅲ评分、有创机械通气、乳酸>2 mmol·L-1是免疫抑制组和免疫健全组入PICU 28 d内病死率的共同危险因素，休克是免疫抑制组入PICU 28 d内病死率的危险因素。结论重症监护室脓毒症患儿病死率较高；伴免疫抑制相关基础疾病的脓毒症患儿病死率更高；PRISMⅢ评分、48 h内有创机械通气和入院乳酸值(>2 mmol·L-1)是其预后的重要危险因素。应建立早期预警指标，对免疫抑制患儿进行早期识别，早期干预，可能改善预后。     

重症监护室免疫抑制和免疫健全脓毒症患儿28天内死亡因素的病例对照研究

目的评估伴免疫抑制相关基础疾病的儿童重症监护室脓毒症患儿入PICU 28 d内死亡及其危险因素。方法病例对照研究。回顾性收集复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）因脓毒症/脓毒性休克收入PICU的患儿临床资料,分为免疫抑制组和免疫健全组,考察免疫抑制患儿入PICU 28 d内死亡的危险因素。结果2015年12月1日至2018年12月31日我院PICU出院诊断脓毒症连续病例385例,排除入科后24 h内死亡和PICU获得性脓毒症病例,251例PICU脓毒症/脓毒性休克患儿进入本文分析,免疫抑制组110例 (43.8%),免疫健全组141例。与免疫健全组比较,免疫抑制组以住院转入患儿（70%）为主,PICU维持治疗需求（血管活性药物、有创/无创机械通气）高、24 h PRISM评分高,不明确感染部位比例高,免疫抑制组接受ECMO治疗者全部死亡,持续肾脏代替治疗（CRRT）存活率为17.4%,入PICU第28 d病死率69.1%。免疫健全组和免疫抑制组28 d内存活和死亡患儿比较,除脓毒性休克、有创机械通气、CRRT、PRISM Ⅲ评分、乳酸>2 mmol·L-1比例、PICU住院时间、总住院时间、脱离PICU时间、24 h内放弃治疗、总放弃治疗差异有统计学意义外,应用血管活性药物在免疫抑制组入PICU 28 d内存活和死亡因素比较中差异有统计学意义。多因素COX比例风险模型分析显示,PRISM Ⅲ评分、有创机械通气、乳酸>2 mmol·L-1是免疫抑制组和免疫健全组入PICU 28 d内病死率的共同危险因素,休克是免疫抑制组入PICU 28 d内病死率的危险因素。结论重症监护室脓毒症患儿病死率较高;伴免疫抑制相关基础疾病的脓毒症患儿病死率更高;PRISMⅢ评分、48 h内有创机械通气和入院乳酸值(>2 mmol·L-1)是其预后的重要危险因素。应建立早期预警指标,对免疫抑制患儿进行早期识别,早期干预,可能改善预后。     

肥胖对PICU机械通气患儿住院预后的影响

目的:探讨肥胖对PICU机械通气患儿预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2015年6月1日至2020年6月1日入住重庆医科大学附属儿童医院PICU使用机械通气的患儿301例。根据世界卫生组织公布的生长发育标准,将患儿分为肥胖组(49例)、超重组(96例)和体重正常组(156例)。观察临床结局指标包括PICU病死率、机械通气时间...     

ICU获得性虚弱影响危重症患儿临床预后

目的 ICU 获得性虚弱(intensive care unit acquired weak-ness,ICU-AW)包括危重病性肌病(critical illness myopa-thy,CIM)及危重病性神经病(critical illness neuropathy, CIN),在危重症成人患者比例较高且和高病死率及致残率有关。而对危重症患儿 ICU-AW 则所知甚少。本研究调查虚拟 PICU (virtual PICU system,VPS )数据库内 PICU AW 的发生率,力求确定其相关危险因素,并评估其是否与不良临床预后有关。
　　设计回顾性队列研究
　　场所 PICU
　　测量方法查询 VPS 数据库内2009年1月至2013年11月间的 CIM及 CIN。分析人口统计学资料,入院信息及临床预后变量,包括机械通气天数,PICU 住院时间及出院安置情况。采用儿科病死率指数(pediatric index of mortality, PIM)-2评估并控制疾病严重度及病死率风险。
　　结果共分析203875例 PICU 住院,其中 CIM 55例,CIN 0例,发病率0.02%。合并 ICU-AW 患儿机械通气天数较长[(31.6±28.9)d vs.(20.6±9.3)d,P ﹤0.001]。多因素分析显示,控制 PIM-2后,入院诊断为呼吸系统疾病和感染,需要机械通气,肾替代治疗,体外生命支持及气管切开患儿更易发生 ICU-AW。ICU-AW 与 PICU 住院时间延长,需要机械通气及转入过渡型慢性病康复病房有关。ICU-AW与病死率无独立相关性。
　　结论 VPS 内 PICU 患儿很少诊断 ICU-AW。ICU-AW 和重症监护治疗手段,侵袭性操作及医疗资源利用有关。本回顾性研究局限性为 VPS 内 PICU 对 ICU-AW 认识不足且无统一诊断标准。需行前瞻性研究以更好认识 PICU 患儿 ICU-AW 确切发病率,危险因素及临床病程。     

镇静镇痛在儿童重症监护病房的应用现状及风险防范

小儿对疼痛的反应与成人相似,焦虑、恐惧和疼痛等刺激会导致过度应激反应,直接影响危重患儿的预后。镇静镇痛治疗已成为儿童重症监护病房(PICU)综合治疗中不可缺少的部分。由于小儿不会表达或不能确切表达,致使掌握镇静镇痛程度较为困难。如何使危重患儿在舒适无痛状态下接受治疗,一直是医务人员面临的挑战之一。1危重患儿镇静镇痛的必要性PICU的危重患儿离开父母,被置于完全陌生的环境中,频繁的检查和治疗操作、机械通气、噪音和长明灯扰乱正常睡眠周期等,均为导致患儿焦虑、恐惧和疼痛的常见原因。疾病本身如创伤、手术、缺氧和感染等…     

东北及内蒙古地区儿科重症监护病房护士镇痛镇静护理行为现状调查及影响因素分析

目的通过横断面调查,了解东北及内蒙古地区儿科重症监护病房(pediatric intesive care unit,PICU)护士镇痛镇静护理行为现状并对其影响因素进行分析,为进一步构建规范化培训方案及研发标准化镇痛镇静护理流程提供参考依据。方法采用自行设计的PICU护士镇痛镇静护理知信行现状调查问卷对东北及内蒙古地区18家医院的435名PICU护士进行问卷调查。结果东北及内蒙古地区PICU护士镇痛镇静护理行为问卷平均得分为(70.54±13.63)分。不同年龄、护龄、PICU护龄、学历、职称,以及是否是重症专科护士、是否接受过镇痛镇静培训、有无护理镇痛镇静患儿经历,各组间护士的行为得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。护士是否接受过镇痛镇静相关培训、有无护理镇痛镇静患儿经历及对镇痛镇静的态度是影响PICU护士镇痛镇静行为的主要因素。结论东北及内蒙古地区PICU护士镇痛镇静护理行为尚有很大提升空间,PICU护士参加镇痛镇静相关培训次数越多、护理镇痛镇静患儿经历越丰富、镇痛镇静态度越积极,其临床护理实践能力越强。     

儿童重症监护病房镇痛镇静治疗撤药模式对戒断综合征的影响

目的调查儿童重症监护病房(PICU)机械通气患儿镇痛镇静治疗情况,探讨不同撤药模式对戒断综合征的影响。方法单中心前瞻性队列研究。以2016年4月1日至2017年4月30日入住上海儿童医学中心PICU需机械通气并连续使用苯二氮类药物和(或)阿片类药物≥5 d的112例患儿为研究对象,根据患儿撤药开始后每日镇痛镇静药物剂量是否较前1日增加≥50%,分为不稳定撤药模式20例(17.9%)、稳定撤药模式92例(82.1%)。收集患儿人口统计学特征、临床特征、镇痛镇静药物暴露等指标,以Mann-Whitney U检验等方法比较不同撤药模式组患儿临床特征及发生与未发生戒断综合征患儿的临床特征,并通过Logistic回归探索戒断综合征发生的危险因素。结果纳入112例患儿,戒断综合征发生率41.1%(46/112)。不稳定撤药组患儿的第3代小儿死亡危险评分(PRISM-Ⅲ)[10.0(3.5,12.0)比6.0(2.0,10.0),U=654.50,P=0.043]、撤机后再插管比例[35.0%(7/20)比7.6%(7/92),P=0.003]均明显高于稳定撤药模式组。发生戒断综合征患儿总镇痛镇静时间更长[19.5(16.8,24.3)比10.0(7.0,17.3)d,U=743.50,P<0.01]、不稳定撤药发生率更高[32.6%(15/46)比7.6%(5/66),χ^2=11.58,P=0.001]、PICU住院时间更长[19.0(15.8,25.3)比12.0(8.8,17.0)d,U=755.00,P<0.01]、住院总费用更高[8.9(5.7,10.9)比5.3(3.2,7.9)万元,U=804.00,P<0.01]。多因素Logistic回归分析发现不稳定撤药[比值比(OR)=4.85,95%可信区间(CI)1.39~16.91,P=0.013]、肝移植围手术期(OR=6.97,95%CI 1.25~39.04,P=0.027)和总咪达唑仑剂量≥34.7mg/kg(OR=8.12,95%CI 3.09~21.37,P<0.01)是发生戒断综合征的危险因素。结论不稳定撤药患儿更容易发生戒断综合征,避免不稳定撤药可能使镇痛镇静治疗患儿获益。     

咪唑安定联用吗啡在小儿创伤机械通气时镇静镇痛作用的临床评价

目的评价咪唑安定联用吗啡在小儿创伤机械通气中的镇静镇痛作用。方法1999年3月~2005年5月我院PICU收住创伤患儿共58例,其中咪唑安定镇静组(A组)38例,咪唑安定联用吗啡组(B组)32例。镇静水平的监测采用Ramsay镇静指数评分标准,统计A、B组分别达到理想镇静指数的例数并做显著性检验。比较两组用药期间心率、呼吸、血压、经皮氧饱和度和血气分析值。结果B组达到理想镇静水平的例数多于A组,B组血气pH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、心率、经皮氧饱和度均较A组改善,差别均有显著性意义。结论咪唑安定联用吗啡在小儿创伤机械通气中的镇静镇痛作用显著,值得推广。     

早期机械通气治疗手足口病危重症的临床观察

目的 探讨手足口病危重症患儿机械通气的指征及早期机械通气在手足口病危重症治疗中的价值.方法 对我院2008年7月至2009年9月PICU收治的66例手足口病危重症患儿的临床资料、气管插管上呼吸机指征及预后进行回顾性分析.按入院时间分2组,A组(2008年7月5日至10月31日)根据传统机械通气指征上呼吸机,B组(2009年4月21日至9月30日)予早期机械通气,比较两组治愈率、好转率及病死率.结果A组42例患儿治愈18例,好转4例,死亡20例(其中放弃治疗后死亡8例).B组24例患儿治愈22例,好转2例,无死亡病例.A组治愈率42.6%,B组治愈率91.7%,A组病死率47.6%,B组临床效果显著优于A组,差异有显著性,(Hc值=16.7856,P<0.001).结论 早期机械通气是提高手足口病危重症抢救成功率和降低病死率的有效途径.     

Sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant management in Spanish paediatric intensive care units

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to define the strategies for the use and monitoring of sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant medication in Spanish paediatric intensive care units (PICU).Material and methodsA questionnaire with 102 questions was sent by e-mail to all Spanish PICUs.ResultsReplies were received from 36 of the 45 PICUs (80%). A written protocol for sedation and analgesia was used in 64%; this medication was adjusted according to the diagnosis and clinical status of the patient in 30% of the units. Midazolam was the most widely used drug for sedation, followed by ketamine and propofol. Fentanyl was the most widely used drug for analgesia, followed by paracetamol and metamizole. The combination of midazolam and fentanyl in continuous infusion was used most frequently in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV), followed by propofol. Scales to monitor sedation and analgesia were employed in 45% of PICUs, most used the Ramsay scale. The bispectral index (BIS) was used in 50% of PICUs. Muscle relaxants were administered to 26% of patients on MV; the most common indications for MV were head injury and severe respiratory disease. The principal methods for avoiding withdrawal syndrome were a progressive withdrawal of the drugs and morphine chloride.ConclusionsAlthough there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine the ideal drugs for sedation and analgesia in the critically ill child and the methods for monitoring and control, the production of guidelines and written treatment and monitoring protocols could help to improve the management and control of sedation and analgesia.     

Sedation and analgesia for critically ill children

Effective analgesia and sedation in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) encompasses the provision of physical comfort and caring for the psychological well-being of critically ill children. In the UK the most commonly used sedative and analgesic agents for critically ill children are midazolam and either morphine or fentanyl. Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the provision of sedation and analgesia in critically ill children were published in 2006 by the UK Paediatric Intensive Care Society, and an ESPNIC position statement on clinical recommendations for pain, sedation, withdrawal and delirium assessment in critically ill infants and children was published in 2016: Despite this, considerable variation in practice persists. Pain experienced early in life may result in long-term changes in neurosensory function and there are also concerns that sedative and analgesic agents may themselves be associated with developmental neurotoxicity, particularly amongst neonates, and adverse psychological outcomes in survivors of critical care. Validated tools for assessment of withdrawal syndrome and delirium are available and this article will briefly discuss these and how to use them in clinical practice. The most important single factor in reducing avoidable psychological morbidity in survivors of PICU is to minimize the administered doses of sedative and analgesic agents.     

Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats

Iatrogenic tolerance and physical dependence have been documented in human neonates and infants infused with fentanyl or morphine i.v. to maintain continuous analgesia and sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and mechanical ventilation for the treatment of life-threatening pulmonary diseases. Using postnatal d 17 infant rats, the hypothesis was tested that sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to fentanyl analgesia in the tail-flick test. Postnatal d 14 infant rats remained naive or received osmotic minipumps infusing saline (1 microL/h) or fentanyl citrate (60 microg x kg(-1) h(-1)). Seventy-two hours later, fentanyl's antinociceptive potency was reduced 3.1-fold in fentanyl-infused rats. Conscious sedation and deep sedation were examined with the cliff-avoidance and the righting-reflex procedures, respectively. Fentanyl-infused infants were tolerant to both the conscious and deep sedative effects of fentanyl. Another hypothesis tested was that very high receptor intrinsic activity opioids are less likely to produce tolerance, or to be cross-tolerant to other opioids. Dihydroetorphine is 5,000 to 10,000 times more potent than morphine. However, fentanyl-infused infant rats were cross-tolerant to the analgesic and sedative effects of dihydroetorphine. Interestingly, dihydroetorphine's analgesic efficacy was significantly reduced to a maximum analgesic efficacy (Emax) value of 40% maximum possible effect (MPE). Another concern was whether fentanyl tolerance would generalize to another class of sedatives, the benzodiazepines. This was especially relevant considering the widespread use of benzodiazepines like midazolam in ECMO and mechanical ventilation. Midazolam elicited no analgesia in the tail-flick test. Furthermore, fentanyl-tolerant rats were not cross-tolerant to the conscious or deep sedative effects of midazolam.     

序贯镇痛镇静对预防行机械通气治疗患儿撤机后谵妄及撤药反应的效果研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨行机械通气治疗患儿在撤机后序贯维持镇痛镇静药物对预防谵妄及撤药反应的效果。方法回顾性将2019年12月至2021年9月广东医科大学附属东莞市儿童医院儿童重症监护室收治的机械通气支持≥5 d的61例患儿分为对照组(30例,撤机后无镇痛镇静药物维持)及观察组(31例,撤机后序贯镇痛镇静药物维持48 h),记录两组患儿撤机后24 h及72 h索菲亚撤药反应观察量表(Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale,SOS)评分、儿童谵妄量表(Paediatric Delirium Scale,PD)评分、Richmond躁动镇静量表(Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale,RASS)评分及谵妄发生例数、撤药反应发生例数,并进行比较分析。结果两组患儿撤机后24 h及72 h谵妄发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组撤机后24 h及72 h撤药反应发生率、SOS评分、PD评分、RASS评分均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论撤机后序贯镇痛镇静可降低行机械通气治疗重症患儿撤机后72 h内撤药反应发生率,但不能有效降低患儿撤机后谵妄发生率。     

Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in postsurgical pediatric intensive care unit patients: preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine and monitor any dexmedetomidine-related adverse events in postoperative pediatric patients requiring short-term mechanical ventilation, analgesia, and sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). DESIGN: Prospective, case series. SETTING: Operating room and PICU in a large, urban children's hospital. Enrollment from February 14 to November 25, 2002. PATIENTS: Ten children (4 months to 7.9 yrs of age) who received postoperative infusions of dexmedetomidine. INTERVENTIONS: Toward the end of the operation, patients received dexmedetomidine at 1 microg/kg per hr for 10 mins. The anesthesiologist then titrated the infusion, as clinically indicated, to a rate of 0.2-0.7 microg/kg per hr. In the PICU, the infusion was titrated by the nursing staff based on assessment with a modified Ramsey Sedation Scale, while maintaining heart rate and blood pressure within normal limits for age. Dexmedetomidine was continued until the intensivist felt the patient no longer benefited, but for no longer than 24 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At specified times during the infusion and after discontinuation, dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment model. Vital signs, sedation scores, adjunct sedative or analgesic medications, and adverse events were recorded. Average duration of infusion was 18.8 hrs (range, 8-24 hrs). Means (+/-sd) were calculated for the following: clearance, 0.57 (+/-0.14) L/hr per kg; volume of distribution at steady state, 1.53 (+/-0.37) L/kg; and terminal elimination half-life, 2.65 (+/-0.88 hrs)-all similar to published values in adults. There were no serious adverse events related to dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine, administered as a continuous infusion, produces consistent, predictable concentrations in children and infants. Further evaluations of the safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine are warranted.     

地佐辛用于儿童术后镇痛有效性和安全性的随机对照试验

背景：新型阿片受体激动 拮抗剂地佐辛用于儿童术后镇痛的研究报道甚少,且没有公认的儿童用药参考剂量。 目的：探讨地佐辛应用于儿童术后镇痛的有效性和安全性,为其用于儿童术后镇痛提供合适的参考剂量。 设计单中心RCT。 方法：纳入在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院行先天性心脏病（CHD）手术后直接转入PICU的患儿,手术时年龄>28 d,术前美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级。按随机数字表法生成随机分组方案,装入密闭信封保存;由当班的PICU医生负责入组,由管床护士执行干预。随机分为5组,试验组患儿在术后持续静脉泵入低剂量（D1组）、中剂量（D2组）或高剂量（D3组）地佐辛,对照组泵入舒芬太尼（SF组）或吗啡（M组）,观察术后疼痛评分和镇静评分。未对结局指标观察人员和数据分析人员施盲。共同干预措施：入PICU后使用有创呼吸机辅助通气,予对症处理和咪达唑仑镇静。D1、D2、D3组分别予地佐辛20、30、40 μg·kg-1·h-1,SF组予舒芬太尼0.08 μg·kg-1·h-1,M组予吗啡20 μg·kg-1·h-1,均为静脉泵注。疼痛评分包括脸谱疼痛评分法（FPS）和CRIES评分法,镇静评分包括Ramsay评分法和舒适行为量表（Comfort B评分）,均由PICU专科护士完成。 主要结局指标:术后1 h、4 h、8 h、12 h和24 h的镇痛/镇静满意度百分比。 结果:共152例CHD患儿入组,D1、D2、D3、SF和M组分别为30、30、31、31和30例,均完成设计的干预和观察。5组患儿年龄、体重、性别、体外循环时间、危重症评分（PCIS）和术前ASA分级差异均无统计学意义。①FPS评分：D2组术后24 h,D3组术后4 h、24 h镇痛满意度高于M组;CRIES评分：D1、D2组术后1 h、4 h,D3组术后4 h、24 h镇痛满意度高于M组;Ramsay评分： D2、D3组术后1 h、4 h镇静满意度高于M组;Comfort B评分： D1组术后4 h、12 h,D2组术后1 h、4 h,D3组术后1 h、4 h、12 h镇静满意度高于M组;差异均有统计学意义。4种评分D组和SF组的镇痛/镇静满意度差异均无统计学意义。②5组术后各时间点生命体征及相关指标差异均无统计学意义;D1、D2组追加镇静/镇痛药物的比例低于M组和SF组,差异均有统计学意义。M组观察到2例低血压及1例呼吸抑制。 结论:地佐辛应用于儿童CHD术后的镇痛效果优于吗啡,与舒芬太尼效果相当,且不良反应少。     

Sedation analgesia in pediatric intensive care

Provision of optimum comfort control to a critically ill child, in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) requires a great degree of skill and planning and should be a prime concern for all practising paediatricians. Failure to provide adequate sedation and analgesia to control the stress response has been seen to be associated with increased complications and mortality. Sedation/analgesia in PICU is required both for, short term procedure and as an adjunct to pediatric intensive care. One has to identify the requirement whether sedation, analgesia or both. The ideal approach should be a sedative/hypnotic for sedation, an anxiolytic for anxiety, and an analgesic for pain. Threfore, it is essential, to provide the right drug for the problem at the right time in the right dosage. The drugs commonly used for sedation analgesia in PICU and their side effects have been described here.     

中国25家儿科重症监护病房主要配置及住院状况调查分析

目的 调查中国儿科重症监护病房（PICU）的基本配置及住院患儿状况。方法 应用问卷调查中国25家PICU的基本配置，应用儿童危重病例评分和美国PICU出入院指南，对2004年1月1日至2005年6月30日各PICU 29 d至14周岁住院患儿均进行为期12个月的危重病例筛选。结果 中国25家PICU平均床位数（11.4±8.0）张，呼吸机数（6.1±3.7）台，44.0%（11/25）的PICU能进行中心静脉压监测。收治病例12 018例，危重病例60.5％（7 269/12 018）。危重病例中内科疾病占769%（5 590/7 269），外科疾病占16.8%（1 233/7 269），其他科室疾病占6.3%（456/ 7 269）；平均住院日6.3 d；肺炎41.4%（3 013/7 269），脓毒症95%（688/7 269），外伤5.5%（397/7 269），呼吸衰竭27.6%（2 009/7 269）； 行机械通气26.9 %（1 957/7 269），行机械通气>24 h 17.9%（1 300/7 269），ARDS 1.44%（105/7 269）。研究期间，危重病例中病死率为6.7%（485/7 269，95% CI:6.1%～7.3%），PICU中病死率为40%（485/12 018，95% CI:3.7%～4.4%）。主要疾病病死率为1.3%～61.0%，不同PICU间收治患儿及病死率均存在差异。结论 中国PICU配置仍处于初级水平，收治患儿标准及危重患儿病死率可能存在差异。