髂静脉介入联合动静脉瘘治疗下肢深静脉血栓后综合征

目的 探讨一种新的下肢深静脉血栓后综合征的介入联合手术的治疗方法.方法 本组35例下肢深静脉血栓后综合征患者,采用球囊扩张左股总及髂静脉狭窄段、置入支架并做临时性股动静脉瘘方法治疗,其中15例2周后行大隐静脉结扎抽剥术,5例小腿溃疡直径>3 cm者再行植皮手术.术后口服华法林6个月并穿弹力袜. 结果所有病例髂静脉介入及动静脉瘘手术取得成功,术中取出血栓较少,多为陈旧性.出院时26例肢体肿胀明显缓解,4例轻度肿胀,5例缓解不明显.随访26例,时间3～24个月,22例患肢肿胀基本消退,4例仍有肿胀.11例原有足靴区溃疡愈合良好,色素沉着而积缩小,1例溃疡植皮术后12个月复发,再行静脉交通支离断及植皮术后愈合.随访时均以彩色多普勒检查患肢深静脉通畅情况,20例髂股静脉通畅情况良好;2例左髂静脉内膜粗糙、管径狭窄;4例左髂静脉内无血流信号. 结论下肢深静脉血栓后综合征患者的髂静脉病变多以狭窄为主,可以通过介入联合动静脉瘘的方法治疗.股胭静脉的再通情况决定治疗效果.     

亚急性、慢性下肢深静脉血栓43例的治疗

目的　探讨超声血栓消融的操作方法、下腔静脉滤器的选择及放置的时间。方法　选择严重的亚急性、慢性期下肢深静脉血栓 4 3例 ,先置入滤器 ,再消融血栓、球囊扩张髂静脉病变、有明显回缩者放置支架、最后做临时性股动静脉瘘。结果　 35例治疗成功 ,8例失败。髂静脉狭窄 33例 ,放置支架 10例。放置的滤器中 ,永久性 11例 ,临时性 2 4例。随访 33例 ,3～ 30个月 ,2 5例患肢肿胀消退 ,8例出现血栓后综合征 ,18例血管造影 ,8例髂股静脉通畅 ,5例髂股静脉狭窄 ,3例髂静脉闭塞 ,2例股静脉闭塞。结论　本方法为亚急性和慢性下肢深静脉血栓患者提供了一个有效的治疗手段。     

血管腔内治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓的介入联合手术的血管腔内治疗方法.方法 76例下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者,在数字减影血管造影术(digtal subtraction angiography,DSA)监视下行下腔静脉滤器置入,采用手术取栓,辅以临时性股动静脉瘘,取栓后即刻造影观察有无血栓残留及髂静脉病变情况.残留血栓在DSA监视下用双腔取栓管取栓或大的鞘管吸栓.对髂静脉狭窄大于60%的患者予以血管成形术,其中62例置入髂静脉支架.结果 支架置入技术成功率100%,1例死于腰升静脉破裂出血.71例患者得到随访,其中髂静脉支架患者60例,随访3～30个月,平均随访21个月.65例下肢肿胀明显缓解,发现血栓复发6例(8.45%,6/71)其中支架内血栓形成4例(6.66%,4/60),支架移位6例(10.0%,6/60),支架断裂1例(1.66%,1/60).结论 在DSA监视下,取栓联合髂静脉支架置入可提高取栓后静脉通畅率,是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的重要方法.     

复合手术治疗Cockett综合征并发急性深静脉血栓的临床疗效

目的总结复合手术治疗Cockett综合征并发急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的治疗经验与临床疗效。方法 2008年10月至2012年3月期间,我院对23例Cockett综合征并发急性下肢DVT患者进行经股静脉切开取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内介入治疗。男8例,女15例;年龄36～76岁,平均59.3岁。血栓累及左侧髂股静脉者21例,累及右侧髂股静脉者2例。患肢表现为明显肿胀、疼痛,术前经血管超声诊断明确髂股静脉血栓形成。DVT发病时间平均为2.53 d。所有手术采用全身麻醉,取栓前均先植入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后经同侧股静脉顺行造影确诊Cokket综合征,对髂静脉重度狭窄段介入治疗,共置入28枚自膨式血管支架。结果 23例病例手术成功率为100%,1例术后伤口出现血肿。术中出血量为150～750 ml,平均300 ml。随访时间为3～26个月,平均11.7个月,所有患者均未出现血栓复发。采用生活质量调查问卷形式对患者进行随访,21例患者治愈,临床症状完全消失;2例患者好转,术后存留轻度下肢肿胀。结论复合手术治疗Cockett综合征合并急性DVT的方法安全、有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低。     

手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗Cockett综合征并发急性深静脉血栓的临床疗效分析

目的总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗Cockett综合征并发急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的治疗经验与临床疗效。方法 2008年10月至2012年3月,我院对23例Cockett综合征并发急性下肢DVT患者进行经股静脉切开取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内介入治疗。男8例,女15例;年龄36~76岁,平均59.3岁。血栓累及左侧髂股静脉者21例,累及右侧髂股静脉者2例。患肢表现为明显肿胀、疼痛,术前经血管超声诊断明确髂股静脉血栓形成。手术取栓前均先置入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后经同侧股动脉顺行造影确诊Cockett综合征,对髂静脉重度狭窄段介入治疗。结果手术成功率为100%,共植入28枚自膨式血管支架。1例术后伤口出现血肿,经保守治疗治愈。随访时间为3~26个月,平均11.7个月,患者均未出现血栓复发。采用生活质量调查问卷形式对患者进行评价,21例患者符合治愈标准;2例患者符合治疗好转标准。结论手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗Cockett综合征合并急性DVT的方法安全、有效,早期临床结果满意,长期效果有待于进一步研究。     

Cockett综合征继发下肢静脉曲张或下肢肿胀25例

目的探讨Cockett综合征继发下肢静脉曲张或下肢肿胀的治疗方法及疗效。方法 2014年3月~2015年3月我科对25例经血管造影明确诊断的Cockett综合征(继发下肢静脉曲张22例,下肢肿胀3例)行髂静脉经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angiography,PTA),19例支架置入,22例静脉曲张二期行大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术。结果 25例均行髂静脉PTA,下肢静脉曲张17例行髂静脉支架置入,下肢肿胀2例行髂静脉支架置入。22例下肢静脉曲张介入术后1个月行下肢大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术。术后无明显下肢肿胀、下肢感染、深静脉血栓形成等并发症。术后1个月随访下肢肿胀治愈20例,好转5例。25例随访3~15个月,平均12.4月,无一例出现下肢明显肿胀、下肢静脉曲张复发及下肢深静脉血栓形成。结论 Cockett综合征行髂静脉PTA,根据髂静脉狭窄情况决定是否行支架置入,术后下肢肿胀能够明显缓解,对于继发下肢静脉曲张的患者1个月后再行大隐静脉高位结扎联合点式剥脱术,手术效果显著。     

左侧髂静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗左侧髂静脉压迫综合征的疗效及安全性。方法本组27例,均经下肢深静脉造影或彩超确定诊断。13例发病在3周以内,表现为急性髂-股静脉血栓;14例发病超过3周,表现为慢性静脉阻塞。13例经健侧股静脉穿刺,14例经患侧腘静脉穿刺。11例溶栓前置入滤器,16例未置入滤器。均先行经导管溶栓治疗,之后7例行单纯球囊扩张术,20例球囊扩张后行内支架植入术。结果13例经健侧股静脉穿刺,导丝成功通过狭窄段8例,不能通过5例,改为造影导引下患侧腘静脉穿刺;14例直接行患侧腘静脉穿刺,在深静脉造影的导引下均穿刺成功。溶栓时间（85±16）h,尿激酶用量（300±32）万U。13例急性发作者血栓完全溶解,14例慢性者彩超报告管腔内见血流信号,提示血管部分再通。27例术后造影显示髂-股静脉血流通畅。随访时间6～26个月,平均11个月。19例静脉造影或超声显示髂-股静脉通畅,临床症状消失,8例深静脉造影或彩超提示髂-股静脉血流基本通畅,患者症状明显减轻,但仍存留肢体轻度肿胀。结论采用介入方法治疗左侧髂静脉压迫综合征,疗效确切,并发症少,可作为临床上治疗此类疾病的首选方法。     

腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓的临床经验

目的探讨腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的临床效果。方法 2008年10月～2011年9月,19例急性DVT接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架置入术。DVT位于左髂-股静脉及下腔静脉3例,双侧髂-股静脉2例,其余14例均在左髂静脉。均有患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴患肢疼痛。DVT发病时间(3.2±1.3)d。取栓前均先置入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后即刻静脉造影发现髂静脉狭窄者先行球囊扩张再置入自膨式支架。结果 18例取栓后造影示髂静脉狭窄,其中髂静脉压迫综合征(iliac vein compression syndrome,IVCS)15例(78.9%),残留狭窄3例;1例未发现髂静脉狭窄。18例有狭窄者共置入22枚自膨式支架,手术均获成功。1例术后伤口血肿。随访16例,随访时间2～26个月(平均10.3月),疼痛症状均消失,2例行走后下肢轻度肿胀,均未出现血栓复发。结论腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性DVT安全、有效,早期临床结果满意。     

以手术为主综合治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨急性深静脉血栓形成手术取栓,并行大隐静脉或胫前静脉插管持续给药的疗效。方法2004年12月～2006年3月,对13例下肢深静脉急性血栓形成患者行手术为主的综合治疗。其中男5例,女8例;年龄24～49岁。发病至手术时间24～120h,平均70h。13例均为左下肢患病,4例为髂股型,其余均为混合型。左下肢明显水肿,肢体皮肤颜色无改变,尚无动脉供血障碍。术前均经彩色超声多普勒或静脉顺行造影确诊,提示患肢深静脉不显影或长段低回声血栓影,上界达髂股静脉水平。患肢增粗,周径比对侧增粗3～6cm。术前均未放置下腔静脉滤器。术后经大隐静脉或胫前静脉持续给予肝素与尿激酶。结果13例手术均顺利,无术中及术后死亡,亦无症状型肺栓塞发生。术后患肢均迅速消肿。术后2周行下肢静脉彩色超声多普勒检查,10例全程基本通畅,3例存在髂股静脉短段闭塞。获随访3～18个月,平均9个月,13例均恢复劳动。除3例外髂骨静脉短段闭塞者外,其余下肢无肿胀及浅静脉曲张。结论对急性深静脉血栓形成取栓是必要的,术后持续给予溶栓抗凝药静脉通畅率较高。     

髂静脉受压综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性腔内治疗

目的：探讨综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：选取2004年10月—2012年10月,315例髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,左侧277例,右侧38例。均行局麻下患侧股静脉穿刺,并在导丝引导下,采用12~14 F鞘管机械性血栓抽吸或配合Fogarty球囊取栓,对髂静脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管成形术或支架植入,术后根据血栓清除情况,行抗凝或置管溶栓治疗。 结果：患肢肿胀、疼痛均于术后1~2 d内开始消退或减轻。血栓清除III级（清除率>95%）80.32%、II级（清除率50%~95%）18.09%、I级（清除率<50%）1.59%。支架植入后,治愈86.03%、显效10.79%、好转2.54%、无效0.64%。出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差均小于入院时（均P<0.05）。随访通畅率分别为3~6个月95.87%,7~12个月95.53%,13~24个月94.25%,25~36个月92.33%。 结论：综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成,疗效显著、恢复时间短,是安全有效的方法。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成外科治疗的并发症分析

目的 总结下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)外科治疗中并发症的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2008年1月外科治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成171例的临床资料.先行下腔静脉滤器置入,对近段髂股静脉血栓采用Fogarty取栓管取栓73例;Amplatz消融器(ATD)消融血栓55例;Acolysis超声消融器消融血栓43例,远段血栓以挤压法驱出,术中造影,对合并存在髂静脉病变则先行介人治疗,并建立临时性股动静脉瘘.结果 本组171例,157例治疗成功,14例失败.其中Fogarty取栓成功70例,失败3例;ATD成功52例,失败3例;超声消融成功35例,失败8例.置人永久性滤器51例,可回收滤器32例,临时性滤器88例.143例存在髂静脉狭窄或闭塞,左侧139例,右侧4例.球囊扩张后置人支架41例.术中造影见血栓残留80例,血管穿孔破裂14例,滤器下方血栓18例.全组无死亡和肺动脉栓塞发生.术后随访142例,随访时间2～84个月,平均38个月.21例髂静脉再狭窄,血栓再发36例,支架移位6例,支架断裂2例.结论 外科治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种有效方法,但同时应注意对其并发症的防治.     

Thrombosis in unusual sites of the lower extremity veins

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis in unusual locations in the lower extremity veins has not been assessed. These veins are not imaged routinely and therefore information about them is lacking. METHODS: This study was designed to evaluate the natural history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in unusual sites. Patients with DVT in all thigh veins but the femoral vein were included. Patients with thrombi in any other vein in the first examination and those with history of DVT were excluded. Duplex ultrasound (DU) examination was performed to exclude thrombosis in the lower extremity in patients with signs and symptoms of venous thromboembolism and also in high-risk, asymptomatic patients. All veins from the distal external iliac vein to the lower calf were imaged. The deep femoral, femoropopliteal, lateral thigh, sciatic, and muscular thigh veins were examined. These patients were followed at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and yearly thereafter, for thrombus propagation, resolution, and reflux. RESULTS: Among the 15,850 DU performed in the vascular laboratory at Loyola University Medical Center, in a 10-year period to rule out DVT, 2568 (16.2%) were positive and 14 cases (7 males, 0.54% among the patients with DVT and 0.088% among the entire population) involved thromboses in unusual locations. Ten cases involved the left lower extremity and four the right. The unusual DVT cases were associated with medical and surgical conditions or were idiopathic in 11 patients, whereas three had Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS). The veins involved in the first group of patients were the deep femoral (8), the femoropopliteal (2), and the deep external pudendal (1). The patients with KTS had involvement of muscular thigh veins (1), and the lateral thigh vein and the sciatic vein (2). Thrombi propagation with extension to the common femoral vein was seen in four of the 14 patients: two from the deep femoral vein, one from the femoropopliteal vein, and one from the deep external pudendal vein. There were two incidences of pulmonary embolism (PE) one of which was fatal. At final follow-up, two patients developed recurrent DVT and nine had signs and symptoms of chronic venous disease. CONCLUSIONS: The involvement of the studied veins in DVT is extremely rare. Thrombosis in these veins can follow the natural course of thrombosis in the more usual locations and is associated with lethal incidences of PE. Therefore, the association of these veins with all the grave sequelae of thromboembolic disease suggests that inclusion of these veins in routine lower extremity duplex scans would be beneficial.     

床旁超声在股骨颈骨折患者围手术期下肢深静脉血栓筛查中的作用

目的探讨床旁超声在老年股骨颈骨折患者血栓筛查的应用价值。 方法回顾性收集2016年1月至2017年3月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院运动医学与成人重建外科收治的股骨颈骨折患者,术前常规用床旁超声行双下肢深静脉检查,观察血管内径、血栓部位、血栓回声以及血流情况。所有术前血栓患者于术后行常规随访观察。 结果共纳入135例患者,男性45例,女性90例;平均年龄（76±8）岁,平均身体质量指数为（22±3）kg/m²。术前共发现血栓45例,其中近端血栓7例,远端血栓38例。根据血栓累及部位,其中累及髂静脉1例,股静脉4例,腘静脉4例,腓静脉5例,胫后静脉3例,肌间静脉血栓40例。13例血栓患者暂停手术并接受治疗,治疗期间彩超隔日观察血栓溶解情况,其中经治疗好转10例,血栓无变化2例,加重1例,2例在术前置入下腔静脉滤器。术后彩超观察中,3例术前血栓患者在术后观察中发现进展至其他静脉,均及时接受抗凝治疗并通过床旁彩超随访,未见有血栓脱落以及肺栓塞形成。 结论床旁超声可用于股骨颈骨折患者血栓的诊断、监测及随访。     

Patterns of venous insufficiency after an acute deep vein thrombosis

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of venous insufficiency during a 12-month period after an acute deep vein thrombosis. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy limbs in 67 patients with an acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) involving 147 anatomic segments were evaluated with duplex scanning at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Venous segments were examined whether they were occluded, partially recanalized, or totally recanalized, and the development of venous reflux was evaluated. RESULTS: The segments investigated were the common femoral vein (38 segments), femoral vein (33 segments), popliteal vein (36 segments), and calf veins (40 segments). There were 35 limbs with isolated DVT and the remaining 35 had multisegment DVT. At 1 year, thrombi had fully resolved in 76% of the segments, 20% remained partially recanalized, and 5% were occluded. The venous occlusion was most predominant in the femoral vein (21%) at 1 year. On the contrary, rapid recanalization was obtained in calf veins than in proximal veins at each examination (p < 0.01). Deep vein insufficiency was detected as early as 1 month after development of DVT, and the reflux was most predominant in popliteal veins (56%), followed by femoral veins (18%). No reflux was found in calf veins. Multisegment DVTs had a significantly higher incidence of deep vein insufficiency than single segment DVTs at 1 year. Development of superficial venous insufficiency was found in 5 limbs (7%) and perforating vein insufficiency in 5 (7%). CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity venous segments showed different proportions of occlusion, partial recanalization, and total recanalization. Calf veins showed more rapid recanalization than proximal veins. Venous reflux was noted as early as 1 month. The limbs involving multisegment DVTs on initial examination had a higher incidence of deep vein insufficiency and could require much longer followup studies.     

The natural history of calf vein thrombosis: Lysis of thrombi and development of reflux

Purpose: Although the fact is well accepted that deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins can lead to the post-thrombotic (postphlebitic) syndrome, the significance of isolated calf DVT on the development of late venous sequelae and physiologic calf dysfunction is unknown. The purpose of this study was to review the outcome of 58 limbs with isolated calf DVT and report the clinical, physiologic, and imaging results up to 6 years after the onset of DVT. Methods: The study consisted of 58 limbs of 54 patients in whom isolated calf vein DVT was diagnosed between 1990 and 1995. Proximal propagation of clot, lysis of thrombi, and development of symptomatic pulmonary emboli were examined. Of the patients, 28 received anticoagulation therapy, and 26 did not, but they had follow-up with serial duplex scans. At late follow-up 1 to 6 years later (median, 3 years), 23 patients were examined for the post-thrombotic syndrome, and all 23 underwent clinical examination, color-flow duplex scanning, and air plethysmography. Results: Proximal propagation of DVT from the calf veins into the popliteal or thigh veins occurred in 2 of 49 cases (4%) within 2 weeks of diagnosis. No patient had clinically overt pulmonary emboli develop regardless of whether anticoagulation therapy was received or not. The most common site for calf DVT was the peroneal vein (71%). Complete lysis of calf thrombi was found in 88% of the cases by 3 months. At 3 years, 95% of the patients were either asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, and 5% had discoloration of the limb. No ulcers occurred. By air plethysmography, physiologic abnormalities were found in 27% of the cases, which was not significantly different from normal controls. Valvular reflux by duplex scanning of the calf vein segment with DVT was found in 2 of 23 cases (9%). However, reflux in at least one venous segment not involved with DVT was found in 7 of 23 cases (30%), which was higher than, but not statistically different from, normal controls, with reflux occurring in 5 of 26 cases (19%). Conclusions: Isolated calf vein DVT leads to few early complications (ie, clot propagation, pulmonary emboli) and few adverse sequelae at 3 years. The peroneal vein is most commonly involved and should be a part of the routine screening for DVT. Lysis of clot usually occurs by 3 months. Although valvular reflux rarely is found in the affected calf vein at 3 years, reflux may be found in adjacent uninvolved veins in approximately 30% of the cases. The question of whether this will lead to future sequelae, such as ulceration, will require longer follow-up. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:67-74.)     

Significance of the soleal vein for the pathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis leading to acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism

Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious matter as the source of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in hospitalized patients. Leg DVT is classified into three groups: iliac, femoral and calf types. Among them, calf type DVT is closely connected with PTE. Especially, soleal vein is the most frequent site of thrombi formation occurring with venous stagnation. Although most cases of soleal vein thrombosis are resolved soon without specific treatments: in around 20% of cases the thrombosis propagates to the proximal drainage vein as float thrombi e.g. from peroneal vein and posterior tibial vein to popliteal vein. Thereafter, the organization of thrombi leads to venous valve insufficiency, so-called postthrombotic syndrome. As a result, it worsens blood stagnation and induces recurrent thrombi formation. The broad prophylaxis of DVT in the soleal veins for inpatients is the most important point in the initial stage of hospitalization.     

Utility of portable continuous-wave Doppler examination in screening for postoperative deep vein thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Early and accurate diagnosis of post-surgical deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can be difficult and time-consuming, even with duplex ultrasonography. Portable continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography may be useful in screening patients for postoperative DVT. Further confirmation of Doppler-positive cases by duplex ultrasound might then be more cost-effective. METHODS: All major post-surgical patients from the departments of general surgery, orthopaedic surgery and colorectal surgery were screened on the third postoperative day for DVT by assessing the quality of the flow signal ("whoosh") obtained by placing the probe over the femoral vein and subsequently over the popliteal vein, both with a distal squeeze, as well as assessment of phasic flow with respiration. An absent or attenuated "whoosh" was judged to be suspicious for DVT and required formal duplex ultrasonography. The first 800 consecutive patients were studied to determine the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of portable Doppler ultrasonography for DVT screening. RESULTS: Twenty-four cases of DVT were diagnosed, comprising seven cases in the proximal veins and 17 cases in the calf veins. The sensitivity of Doppler ultrasonography was 12.5% and the specificity was 96.8%. The positive and negative predictive values were 10.7% and 97.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Portable Doppler ultrasonography does not have adequate accuracy to be used as a quick screening tool for DVT.     

Proximal extent of pelvic vein thrombosis and its association with pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVE: Conventional methods such as duplex ultrasound scanning do not provide accurate information about proximal extension of pelvic vein thrombosis. We evaluated proximal extent of thrombus toward pelvic veins with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) proximal to the inguinal ligament on the basis of duplex ultrasound scans. In addition, frequency of pulmonary embolism (PE) and early (4 weeks) clinical outcome were evaluated. METHODS: Two hundred twelve patients with acute symptomatic DVT proximal to the inguinal ligament, diagnosed at duplex ultrasound scanning, were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal and pelvic veins, as well as lung scintigraphy to detect the presence of pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: In 24 of 212 patients (11%), thrombus was restricted to the femoral vein. The thrombus extended into iliac veins in 142 patients (67%) and into the inferior vena cava in 46 patients (22%). The frequency of PE was not associated with the most proximal extension of thrombus (P =.61). No patients died as a consequence of thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS: Extension of DVT into the inferior vena cava occurs relatively frequently. In our patients this finding was not associated with higher risk for PE compared with DVT of the femoral or iliac veins.     

关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布

目的 探讨初次全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布特点.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2012年5月接受初次全膝关节置换术或全髋关节置换术后经下肢静脉造影诊断为下肢深静脉血栓形成的272例患者的病例资料,全膝关节置换组110例,全髋关节置换组162例.观察静脉造影中两种术式术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的部位及其差异.结果 全膝关节置换组中,中心型血栓10例、周围型血栓94例、混合型血栓6例;全髋关节置换术组中,中心型血栓3例、周围型血栓140例、混合型血栓19例.两组血栓类型的差异有统计学意义(x2=9.996,P=0.007).全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后血栓最易累及部位依次为肌间静脉193例(71.0％,193/272)、胫后静脉98例(36.0％,98/272)、腓静脉85例(31.3％,85/272)、胫前静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、腘静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、髂股静脉20例(7.4％,20/272).周围型血栓中,全膝关节置换组比全髋关节置换组更容易累及多支静脉,两组差异有统计学意义(x2=14.712,P=0.000).在孤立性血栓中,无胫前静脉血栓形成.在多支静脉血栓中,两组均以累及胫后静脉、腓静脉、肌间静脉血栓中的两支或三支常见.结论 全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布不同.