躯体化障碍与广泛性焦虑的情绪躯体主诉及服药依从性比较

目的探讨躯体化障碍与广泛性焦虑患者的情绪、躯体主诉及服药依从性差异。方法对3 7例躯体化障碍和 3 1例广泛性焦虑分别采用自编躯体症状主诉频数表和汉密尔顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)、抑郁量表 (HAMD)进行测评。结果两组HAMD总分无差异 ,躯体化障碍的认知障碍及阻滞因子分别低于和高于广泛性焦虑 (t =2 .676,P =0 .0 0 9;t =4.13 7,P =0 .0 0 1)。躯体化障碍的HAMA总分及躯体性焦虑分低于广泛性焦虑 (t =3 .773 ,P =0 .0 0 0 ;t =2 .996,P =0 .0 0 4)。胃肠道功能紊乱主诉躯体化障碍患者较常见 ,与自主神经功能紊乱有关的躯体主诉广泛性焦虑更多。服药依从性两组无差异。结论两组疾病症状互有重叠 ,在疾病现象学上缺乏独特性和特征性的症状结构。     

老年抑郁症的临床特点

目的探讨老年抑郁症的临床特点。方法共观察43例老年抑郁症患者(老年组),并与45例非老年抑郁症患者(非老年组)进行比较。2组患者均符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准。分别评定HAMD、HAMA量表。结果老年组抑郁症状中激越和疑病均显著高于非老年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);老年组躯体症状中心血管系统症状所占比例最大,且显著高于非老年组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);非老年组胃肠道症状所占比例最大;老年组躯体性焦虑、焦虑/躯体化、认知障碍和睡眠障碍的严重程度均显著高于非老年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论老年抑郁症除具备一般抑郁症的典型症状外,疑病性、激越性、隐匿性即躯体症状化、抑郁症性假性痴呆即可逆性的认知功能障碍等为其独特之处。     

综合医院神经内科专病门诊抑郁状态患者的特点

目的 分析综合医院神经内科专病门诊患者抑郁状态的临床特点.方法 对2005年10月至2009年2月在上海交通大学附属仁济医院失眠与神经症专病门诊就诊患者进行连续性前瞻性登记,收集人口学等资料、评估26项躯体症状、应用Hamilton抑郁量表(HDRS17)进行评分并采用病例对照方法分析抑郁状态患者的临床特点.结果 596例患者中,抑郁状态347例(58.1%),汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HDRS-17)平均分数为21.9±3.4,以轻、中度抑郁为主.抑郁患者情感症状诉说率低,情绪低落146例(41.2%)、兴趣减退161例(46.4%),有2项症状者108例(31.3%);体力劳动者、受教育程度低下、婚姻状况差、经济状况差、不规律的生活方式、既往有躯体疾病者易出现抑郁;抑郁组患者常见躯体症状依次为早醒218例(76.0%)、入睡困难254例(73.2%)、记忆力差219例(63.1%)、疲乏无力181例(52.2%)、心悸179例(51.6%)、头晕170例(49.0%)、头痛160例(46.1%)、胸闷140例(40.3%);平均主诉的躯体症状个数为(6.9±2.8)个;具有多个躯体症状主诉者(躯体症状主诉≥4个)为322例(92.8%);相关分析显示躯体症状个数与抑郁相关.结论 综合医院神经内科专病门诊抑郁状态患者躯体症状突出.     

综合医院736例抑郁症患者的躯体化症状分析

对福建医学院附属漳州市医院2004年5月至2009年4月临床心理门诊诊断为抑郁症的736例患者的临床资料进行分析.其中723例（98.2%）合并有躯体症状,症状复杂、多样,累及全身多个系统,最常见依次为神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统等,提示临床医生面对这类患者时,应检查有无抑郁症的核心症状以免误诊、漏诊.     

食管动力障碍与自身免疫疾病

多种自身免疫系统疾病可以出现食管动力障碍,如进行性系统性硬化、混合性结缔组织病、原发性干燥综合征、炎性肌病、强直性脊柱炎、重症肌无力等。通常表现为反流症状或吞咽困难。但部分食管动力障碍的患者无临床症状。各种自身免疫疾病导致食管动力障碍的特点各不相同,治疗方面除采取对症治疗外还应重视治疗原发病。现就近年来自身免疫疾病导致的食管动力障碍相关的研究进展进行综述。     

焦虑障碍躯体症状的临床研究进展

焦虑障碍是一类高患病率的精神障碍,患者通常以躯体症状为主诉在综合医院就诊,临床表现多样,易误诊或误治。本文对焦虑障碍躯体症状相关临床特点进行综述。     

慢性前列腺炎患者心理障碍分析及治疗

目的探讨慢性前列腺炎患者心理障碍的原因、治疗方法和途径。方法通过应用症状自评量表(SCL-90)调查泌尿外科门诊120例慢性前列腺炎患者的心理特征,分析与慢性前列腺炎相关的心理障碍特点,分析其与职业、学历、性格等的相关性,采用相应的心理疏导治疗并观察疗效。结果慢性前列腺炎患者的心理障碍主要有焦虑、抑郁、偏执等,心理障碍症状程度与患者职业层次、文化程度呈正相关,与外向性格程度呈负相关。经过给予专业知识解释、疏导、转移、鼓励等方法,86例(71.1%)患者取得了显著的疗效。结论慢性前列腺炎患者易于出现焦虑抑郁、疑病偏执等心理障碍,给予相应的心理疏导、解释鼓励等方法可显著改善症状。     

简短精神动力性心理治疗在惊恐障碍患者中的应用

目的:探讨简短精神动力性心理治疗对惊恐障碍症状的影响。方法:采用简短精神动力性心理治疗,每周2次,共12周,对17例惊恐障碍进行治疗。治疗效果的评定采用焦虑敏感性调查表(ASI),害怕问卷(FQ),惊恐障碍严重度评定量表(PDSS),汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA);汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)。结果:治疗12周后,患者惊恐发作的严重度及对惊恐发作的预期性焦虑明显下降。恐怖性回避及严重度明显下降;焦虑和抑郁情绪明显改善。治疗的有效率100%。结论:简短精神动力心理治疗对惊恐发作有效。     

Increased prevalence of hereditary metabolic diseases among native Indians in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of hereditary metabolic diseases in the native and non-native populations of Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Children's Hospital, Winnipeg. PATIENTS: Patients were selected by three methods: laboratory tests designed to screen patients suspected of having a metabolic disease, laboratory investigation of newborn infants with abnormalities detected through screening, and investigation of near relatives of probands with disease. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients with organic acid, amino acid and carbohydrate disorders were seen from 1960 to 1990. Of these, 49 (36%) were native Indians (Algonkian linguistic group). This was in sharp contrast to the proportion of native Indians in the total study population (5.8%). Congenital lactic acidosis due to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (13 patients), glutaric aciduria type I (14 patients) and primary hyperoxaluria type II (8 patients) were the most common disorders detected. Other rare disorders included glutaric aciduria type II (one patient), 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (one patient) and sarcosinemia (one patient). Underreporting, especially of glutaric aciduria type I and hyperoxaluria type II, was likely in the native population. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary metabolic diseases are greatly overrepresented in the native population of Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. We recommend that native children who present with illnesses involving disturbances of acid-base balance or with neurologic, renal or liver disease of unknown cause by investigated for a possible metabolic disorder.     

综合医院心理门诊抑郁障碍的躯体症状调查

目的探讨综合医院抑郁症患者的躯体症状和发生的频率。方法对福建医学院附属漳州市医院2004年5月～2009年4月临床心理门诊首诊诊断为抑郁症患者的临床资料进行分析。结果736例抑郁症患者中有723例（98.2%）合并有躯体症状,症状复杂、多样累及全身多个系统,常见躯体症状表现为神经系统症状、消化系统症状、心血管系统症状。结论综合医院抑郁症患者绝大多数合并多种躯体症状,应提高综合医院医生对抑郁的识别能力,减少医疗资源的浪费。     

心肌桥患者躯体化症状及焦虑抑郁的调查分析

目的研究心肌桥患者的躯体化症状、焦虑及抑郁状态。方法连续入选2016年6~12月上海市某三甲医院心内科经冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)确诊为心肌桥患者276例,其中,单纯心肌桥(无冠脉狭窄或狭窄<30%)151例,复杂心肌桥(合并冠脉狭窄且狭窄>30%)125例。并收集同一时间冠状动脉造影无心肌桥患者共1067例。采用躯体化症状自评量表(self-rating somatic symptom scale,SSS)、广泛性焦虑障碍量表(generalized anxiety disorder,GAD-7)及病人健康问卷抑郁自评量表(patient health questionnaire,PHQ-9)对患者进行心理测评,比较心肌桥组及非心肌桥组的躯体化症状及焦虑抑郁状态的发生率。结果心肌桥患者躯体化症状阳性率高于非心肌桥患者(35.86%,28.30%;P<0.05);躯体化症状与抑郁、焦虑存在相关关系,相关系数分别为0.629,0.565。心肌桥患者抑郁、焦虑阳性率均高于非心肌桥患者(抑郁23.91%,22.11%,P=0.47;焦虑17.02%,14.15%,P=0.22),但差异无统计学意义。男性患者及女性患者中,单纯心肌桥患者躯体化症状阳性率、抑郁及焦虑阳性率均高于复杂心肌桥患者,但差异无统计学意义。心肌桥患者中非特异性躯体症状最常见为疲劳乏力(64.5%),其次为睡眠障碍(63.8%),注意力下降(63.0%)。结论心肌桥患者的躯体化症状明显高于非心肌桥组患者,特别是对于伴非特异躯体症状的心肌桥患者,及早识别躯体化症状可能会对临床上进一步的合理治疗提供帮助。     

Myasthenia gravis: the problem of a "psychiatric" misdiagnosis

Patients with myasthenia gravis are commonly misdiagnosed as having a psychiatric disorder; this leads to considerable delay in reaching the correct diagnosis and in instituting appropriate and effective treatment. Patients who are most at risk are those with somatic presentations (limb weakness, fatigue) in contrast to ocular or bulbar presentations. Similarly, those who manifest anger or anxiety traits are more likely to be misdiagnosed.     

单双相抑郁障碍病人躯体化症状的状况

目的调查单双相抑郁障碍病人的躯体化症状的状况及特点。方法采用便利抽样方法,用一般情况问卷、躯体症状问卷（SSI）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）,对94例抑郁障碍病人的一般资料、躯体化症状、抑郁情绪进行调查。所有资料输入SPSS20.0进行描述性和相关性统计分析。结果病人躯体症状的均分为（48.16±15.121）分,26.6%的病人的躯体化症状已达中重度。抑郁障碍病人的躯体症状与饮食情况、重大生活事件、用药不良反应出现的症状有关（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;饮食状况良好者其躯体症状总分和非疼痛躯体症状分数明显低于饮食情况一般和食欲下降者（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;一年内经历2次以上重大生活事件者,其疼痛症状分数明显高于未经历或经历1次生活事件者（P < 0.05）;存在3种及以上用药不良反应的病人,其躯体化症状总分和非疼痛症状分数显著高于无药物不良反应或仅有1种不良反应者（P < 0.01）;躯体症状总分、疼痛维度和非疼痛维度躯体症状和病人的抑郁程度均呈正相关（r=0.337、0.325、0.316,P < 0.01）。结论躯体症状在抑郁障碍病人中较为普遍。护理人员重视病人饮食情况、药物不良反应的管理,及经历重大生活事件病人的情绪管理,从而促进抑郁障碍病人的全面康复。     

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, diagnostic and treatment perspectives

Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common child psychiatric disorder, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is variable in different studies. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders in children aided both by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic criteria and assessment scales entails a comprehensive neuropsychiatric interview plus collection of information from different sources. Although psychosocial and behavioral therapies are of great therapeutic values, the psychopharmacological drugs are often used in the treatment of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. With a combined approach, a substantial proportion of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (90%) show good recovery. The patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder need careful evaluation and appropriate long-term treatment in order to prevent subsequent negative consequences. In rapidly developing countries, the researchers should carry out studies, which explore different aspects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults.     

惊恐障碍的治疗与咨询：基于病例学习的心理健康案例研究——惊恐障碍

惊恐障碍是一种焦虑障碍，以反复出现不可预期的惊恐发作为特点，常伴有强烈的害怕、心悸、出汗、震颤、窒息感和濒死感等，患者持续担心症状发作或回避相关场所，易发展为广泛性焦虑症。全球范围内惊恐障碍发病率约为2.1%，近年来其发病率逐年增高，疾病负担越来越重。目前我国惊恐障碍患者的首诊几乎全部在综合医院，误诊率较高，尚缺乏快速有效的治疗方法。本文从生物-心理-社会医学模式出发，通过对1例35岁女性惊恐障碍患者诊疗过程进行描述和分析，体现了辨证统合心理治疗过程中的重要环节及其应用情况，以期为提高全科医生对整合取向心理治疗的了解和应用能力提供借鉴。     

Antepartum and postpartum depression: healthy mom, healthy baby

This article summarizes the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of antepartum and postpartum major depression. This summary will enable primary care clinicians to recognize and screen for perinatal mood disorders and to initiate the risk-benefit decision-making process used in treatment selection. This review will also help identify patient factors that warrant psychiatric consultation. We selected and reviewed studies of antepartum and postpartum depression of greatest utility to primary care clinicians. We developed a graphical algorithm that summarizes the steps needed for the care of postpartum depressed women. The prevalence of postpartum depression ranges from 10% to 15%, with screening rates of depressive symptoms as high as 35% in African American women. The prevalence of antepartum depression is as high as 26% among women in poor, urban communities. Maternal depression is associated with adverse effects on fetal and infant development. The challenge of diagnosing perinatal major depression can be addressed by assessing for persistent cognitive and affective symptoms and functional impairment. Effective treatments include interpersonal psychotherapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The treatment of perinatal depression requires a unique informed consent process that is guided by a discussion of maternal preferences, the severity of maternal illness and recommended treatment, the risks of psychotropic exposure, and the risks of untreated mental illness. Rapid and effective mental health intervention in depressed expectant or new mothers not only restores maternal function, but can also prevent adverse infant neurobehavioral outcomes.     

山东省某医学院校大学生焦虑现状调查及验证性分析

目的：探讨影响大学生焦虑的原因,针对大学生焦虑现状提出消除大学生焦虑的举措。方法：采用整群抽样方法,对山东省泰山医学院大学生进行焦虑自评量表测评,并进行统计分析。结果：大学生焦虑的总检出率为23．48％。 SAS的平均得分为（42．58±11．286）,焦虑自评量表20个条目可提取4个公共因子,分别为精神-情感障碍、躯体性障碍、精神运动障碍和焦虑的心理障碍;其中以躯体性障碍和焦虑的心理障碍为主。结论：焦虑状况在大学生当中普遍存在且不容忽视,对待焦虑的干预措施应以改变躯体性障碍和焦虑的心理障碍为主。     

Recognition of mental distress and diagnosis of mental disorder in primary care

Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey show that the majority of psychotropic drugs and "psychotherapy/therapeutic listening" provided to adults in office-based primary care are given in visits during which no diagnosis of mental disorder is recorded. This finding is not explained either by a general tendency of surveyed physicians to record drug treatment without an appropriate diagnosis or by management of specific nonmental disorders with mental treatments. Patients who receive treatment without diagnosis tend to be older, established patients with established diagnoses who see the physician for a shorter visit and are more likely to have a follow-up appointment. The data do not provide evidence as to whether mental treatment without mental diagnosis results from inadequacies in the current diagnostic system, inadequacies of physician knowledge and skills, or other factors. Further clarification of this issue will require new research models.     

惊恐障碍患者患病行为研究

目的探讨惊恐障碍患者的患病行为方式。方法用患病行为问卷对47例惊恐障碍患者及38例正常对照者进行自评。结果惊恐障碍患者的心理取向(P/S)分与对照组相比差异无显著性,而一般疑病(GH)、疾病信念(DC)、情感压抑(AI)、情绪紊乱(AD)、否认心因(D)、易激惹性(I)均显著高于正常对照组。不伴广场恐惧的患者在GH(5.71±1.37)、DC(4.16±1.29)因子上显著低于伴广场恐惧的患者(6.57±1.09,4.93±0.73),余差异无显著性(P>0.05)。长病程的惊恐障碍患者在AD、AS因子上显著高于短病程患者(P<0.05),余差异无显著性。高教育年限组情感压抑(AI)因子分显著高于低教育年限组。以性别、婚姻、家族史等因素对惊恐障碍患者进行分组,组间均差异无显著性。结论我们应根据惊恐障碍患者患病行为特点,采取针对性的治疗措施。     

Micturition and the mind: psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of urinary symptoms in women

The mental state of 211 women attending a urodynamic clinic was assessed using questionnaires. Patients with genuine stress incontinence had scores comparable with other patients with longstanding physical complaints. Patients with sensory urgency were more anxious than those with genuine stress incontinence. Patients with detrusor instability were as anxious as patients with sensory urgency and in addition had higher scores on the hysteria scale. A subset of patients (roughly a quarter of the total) was identified, comprising members of all three diagnostic groups, for whom urinary symptoms rendered life intolerable. These patients were as anxious, depressed, and phobic as psychiatric inpatients, emphasising the serious psychological morbidity experienced by patients with urinary symptoms. Fifty patients with detrusor instability or sensory urgency entered a randomised trial comparing psychotherapy, bladder drill, and propantheline. The psychotherapy group significantly improved on measures of urgency, incontinence, and nocturia, though not on frequency. Bladder training was an effective treatment for frequency and patients became less anxious and depressed. There was a modest improvement in frequency of micturition in patients given propantheline. Frequency may be a learnt disorder which responds to the direct symptom oriented approach of bladder training. Patients with urgency and nocturia predominating might derive more benefit from psychotherapy.