视网膜脱离复位后的视网膜电流图分析

目的 应用视网膜电流图（ERG）了解孔源性视网膜脱离（RD）复位术后的视功能状态。方法 选择孔源性RD患者73例（73只眼），均进行单次巩膜扣带术，术前及术后不同时期分别检测ERG，随访1－5月。结果 视网膜脱离后，ERG各指标振幅明显下降，潜伏期延迟。手术后1月，ERG的a波、b波振幅较术前明显回升，潜伏期在术后均延迟。随复位时间的延长，振幅无明显变化，潜伏期有缩短趋势。视网膜脱离复位后，最大反应振幅b/a比值呈增加趋势。术后1月，暗视视杆细胞反应振幅可恢复至对照组的58.11%，30Hz闪烁光反应的振幅则恢复至对照组的45．89％。结论 视网膜脱离复位后视功能在1－2月内恢复最快且程度较大，视网膜内核层的恢复较光感受器层迅速，视杆系统较视锥系统恢复迅速且较完全，但随复位时间的延长增进缓慢。ERG的不完全的恢复表明视网膜仍存在不可逆的损害。     

视网膜脱离术后多焦视网膜电图的变化

视网膜脱离（retina detachment，RD）是眼科常见的急性致盲性疾病之一。目前RD的主要治疗方法是手术封闭裂孔使视网膜尽快从解剖上复位，并使其功能得到一定的恢复。以往对脱离的视网膜手术前后的功能评价多采用全视野视网膜电图（eletroretinogram，ERG），而其反映的是整个视网膜的功能，但实际视网膜脱离范围可能只局限于1～3个象限，故ERG不能准确地反映脱离区视网膜手术前后的功能变化。多焦视网膜电图（multifocal electroretinogram，mfERG）弥补了这一空缺，其可客观检测不同区域的实际视网膜功能，较准确地反映视网膜功能变化。本组对16例RD患者的16眼术前和术后1个月行mfERG检查，以评价脱离的视网膜复位后视功能改善情况。     

益气养阴活血利水法对兔视网膜脱离复位视网膜电图的影响

目的:观察益气养阴活血利水之中药复明片对兔视网膜脱离及复位后视网膜电图的影响。方法:采用视网膜下腔注射透明质酸钠造成视网膜脱离模型(10～14d后视网膜自动复位),并于造模后1wk(视网膜脱离未复位)及造模后3wk(视网膜复位早期)对正常组、模型组、西药组、益气养阴活血利水组行视网膜电图(ERG)检查。结果:益气养阴活血利水法能在视网膜脱离时及复位后提高ERGa,b波振幅,缩短其潜时,与模型组及西药组比较有极显著性差异。结论:益气养阴活血利水法(复明片)能保护视网膜脱离视功能,并促进视网膜复位后视功能恢复。     

WHO白内障混浊分级与F—ERG最大反应关系的探讨

目的 观察白内障晶状体混浊对闪光视网膜电流图（F－ERG）最大混合反应（MCR）的影响。方法 对56眼白内障按WHO（1995年）晶状体混浊标准分级;测定其术前和术后3月的MCR;将手术前后F－ERGa,b波振幅差值与晶状体混浊度作对比以评价不同白内障对F－ERG振幅的影响。结果 白内障术后F－ERGa,b波振幅较术前有不同程度增大;核性混浊者手术前后振幅差值较皮质性混浊明显增大（P＜0．01）。结论 混浊晶状体具有光吸收效应并减弱F－ERG反应,核性白内障对MCR振幅的影响较皮质性大,白内障后期可明显影响视功能。     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞对侧眼视网膜电图的观察

本文对31例单眼视网膜中央静脉阻塞（centralretinalveinocclusion，CRVO）患者正常眼底的对侧眼进行了暗视ERGa、b波及OPs各子波峰时值、波幅和OP总合波幅的观察，结果表明，ERG的a、b波及OPs各子波峰时值均延迟，ERGb波波幅异常者占32％，其中b波超高者占29％，b波降低者占3％，OPs主要表现为O2波波幅的降低，异常率42％，异常率随着年龄的增大而增加。在OPs异常的患者中绝大多数存在着血液粘稠度的增高及血脂异常。提示O2波是观察视网膜血液循环障碍的敏感指标。全身因素可以同时影响双眼视网膜功能。     

高危增生性视网膜病变的视网膜脱离不同手术方式效果的比较

目的 比较两种不同手术方式对术后易于发生增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）的孔源性视网膜脱离的治疗效果.方法 回顾性研究.术后易于发生PVR的孔源性视网膜脱离74例（74眼）,包括视网膜脱离超过2个象限,或视网膜裂孔大于一个钟点位,或术前有PVR,或玻璃体积血者.随机分为两组：单纯玻璃体视网膜手术组36例,玻璃体视网膜手术联合巩膜环扎术组38例,两组术前一般条件相似.术后随访3个月以上,比较手术效果,比较的指标为单次手术复位率.结果 联合手术的单次手术复位率为78.95％,明显高于单纯玻璃体视网膜手术的44.44％（x2=0.025,P=0.017）.结论 术后易于发生PVR的孔源性视网膜脱离进行玻璃体视网膜手术联合巩膜环扎术的单次手术解剖复位率高.     

光定位不准的视网膜脱离患者手术疗效分析

目的分析一组光定位不准的视网膜脱离施行玻璃体手术的疗效，评价术前光定位检查对判断视网膜脱离手术预后的价值。方法回顾分析光定位不准的复杂视网膜脱离43例（46只眼）手术随访资料。结果43例（46只眼）中，术前视力光感10只眼，手动24只眼，指数且〈0．02（1m指数）者12只眼。视网膜脱离范围仅限于黄斑部8只眼，1—2个象限12只眼，3—4个象限26只眼。光定位不准的方位数目与视网膜脱离范围相关。术后随访时间6个月以上，视网膜复位40只眼（86．9％）。46只眼中，10．9％最终视力≥0．3；41．3％视力〈0．3但≥0．05；43．5％仅有手动或指数视力；4．3％视力光感。术后视力改善30只眼（65．2％），不变15只眼（32．6％），下降1只眼（2．2％）。术后视力与术前光定位不准方位数目有关。结论光定位不准的复杂视网膜脱离经玻璃体手术仍然可以恢复一定的视力。术前光定位检查对视网膜脱离视力预后有一定参考价值。     

脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离的临床研究

目的分析脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离的临床特点。方法连续选择具有典型临床症状的脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离患者61例61眼，与同期行玻璃体切割手术的非脉络膜脱离型孔源性视网膜脱离患者52例53眼进行对比研究，观察二者眼部体征及手术复位率等情况，并分析脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离的好发因素。结果脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离患者的眼前节反应重，眼压低（平均4mmHg），与一般孔源性视网膜脱离患者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；采用玻璃体切割手术，前者的一次性手术复位率为65．51％，后者为88．68％，二者差异有统计学意义；脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离组中年龄50岁以上及屈光度-6D以上的患者占总例数的50％以上，27．87％的患者合并有黄斑裂孔。结论脉络膜脱离伴视网膜脱离具有严重的葡萄膜炎和低眼压症状，老年人和高度近视者好发，多合并有黄斑裂孔，其手术复位率显著低于一般孔源性视网膜脱离者。     

无晶体眼视网膜脱离分析

对4年间住院的288例视网膜脱离病人中无晶体眼视网膜脱离情况进行分析。共发现此种视网膜脱离7例8眼。视网膜脱离均在2象限以上；锯齿缘截离6眼。白内障囊内、外摘出术后各3眼，人工晶体植入1眼，晶体脱位1眼。6例通过局部电、冷凝或加外垫压治疗，视网膜复位。影响其复位手术效果的因素有视网膜脱离的范围、在白内障手术后的时间、是否发现裂孔及手术方式的选择等。 （中华眼底病杂志，1995，11：104-105）     

视网膜脱离并发脉络膜脱离40例手术疗效分析

目的 提高视网膜脱离并发脉络膜脱离手术成功率。方法 根据视网膜脱离并发脉络膜脱离的不同类型,采用不同的手术方法。结果 40例40眼,出院时复位33眼（83％）;未复位7眼（18％）,2－14胡访结果复位32眼（80％）;未复位8眼（20％）。结论 术前术后早用皮质类固醇,同时尽早手术,提高成功率;花边型脉络膜脱离组手术成功率高,与其它两型差异具有非常显著性意义（P＜0.01）;视功能的恢复与脉络膜、视网膜脱离时间长短有关;严格放液原则,预防术后脉络膜脱离、视网膜脱离复发,减少未复位率。     

视网膜脱离眼的黄斑局部视网膜电图

目的：通过对视网膜脱离（retinal detachment,RD）眼的局部视网膜电图（local electroretinogram,LERG)记录分析,进一步了解RD眼黄斑部光感受器细胞与第二级神经元功能异常的情况,并对LERG与视功能预后的关系进行探讨。方法：120例RD患者128只眼的LERG被记录分析,应用手提眼底镜式局部刺激器通过放大的瞳孔直视眼底监控固视状况,记录a波、b波与OPs各项成分。结果：与对照组相比,LERG的a波、b波与OPs的异常率：在＜1周组分别为15%、15%与10%;在1-2周组为35%、45%与50%;在2-4周组为46.86%、56.25%与62.5%;在4-8周组为76%、84%与88%;在8周以上组则为86.96%、91.30%与95.56%。a波与b波在脱离时间＜1周组与对照组无明显差异;1-2周组a波与b波开始开始有明显降低（P＜0.05),随着发病时间的延迟,b波的下降较a波更为迅速,在2-4周则具有高度显著意义（P＜0.05)。b/a值在早期RP病变表现正常或轻度异常,伴随病程增加有降低趋势,在4-8周组即出现显著性降低（P＜0.05)。在眼底镜下黄斑部脱离的48只眼中,LERG各项成分的降低均有统计学意义;而在眼底镜下观测不到黄斑脱离的80只眼中,b波、OPs与OP2子波振幅也表现异常（P＜0.05)。结论：⑴在视网膜脱离眼,黄斑部光感受器与第二级神经元细胞的功能损害同时存在;⑵b波与a波的比值变化表明了内层与外层的相对损害程度,随着病情的发展,视网膜内层的损害有加重趋势;⑶RD伴黄斑脱离者的视网膜内外层功能受损程度明显增加,而镜下未脱离者也可存在功能的损害;⑷RD眼的OPs振幅可为视网膜内层循环功能的损害提供敏感性指标。研究认为：LERG对RD眼黄斑功能异常的客观定位诊断与视功能预后具有特定的临床意义。     

Changes in focal macular electroretinograms and foveal thickness after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema

PURPOSE. To evaluate the changes in the focal macular electroretinogram (FMERG) and foveal retinal thickness after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS. FMERGs were elicited from 25 eyes of 21 patients (ages 29-75 years) who underwent vitrectomy for DME by a 15 degrees stimulus. A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was created during surgery in 19 eyes (group 1), and 4 eyes had a PVD before surgery (group 2). In the remaining 2 eyes, a PVD could not be created (group 3). FMERGs were recorded before and 3, 6, and 12 months after vitrectomy. The foveal thickness, determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual acuity were measured on the same day as the FMERG recordings. RESULTS. The postoperative visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) improved gradually after the surgery and was significantly better at 12 months in eyes in group 1 (P = 0.0393). The postoperative mean foveal thickness was significantly less at 3 months after surgery in group 1 eyes (P = 0.0006), and there was a further decrease thereafter. In the 2 eyes in group 3, the decreased foveal thickness 3 and 6 months after surgery became thicker at 12 months. The mean b-wave amplitude of the FMERGs increased significantly at 12 months in group 1 eyes (P = 0.0297). The mean implicit time of a- and b-waves was more delayed at 3 months, and the change in a-wave was statistically significant in group 1 eyes (P = 0.0474). There was a wide range of changes in the b-wave amplitude at 12 months, however, the increase in the b-wave was correlated with the decrease in foveal thickness (r =.49, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS. A disparity in the time course and degree of recovery of the foveal thickness and macular retinal function was found in eyes with DME after vitrectomy. Part of the functional recovery could be attributed to decreased retinal thickness and the absorption of the subretinal fluid.     

ERG and VECPs in retinal detachments

In retinal detachments the scotopic ERG is generally more disturbed than the photopic ERG; both are more disturbed than would be expected from the visibly detached retina. The disturbance is characterized by a reduction of both the a-wave and the b-wave. Furthermore, the photopic responses are clearly delayed when the detachment extends over more than half of the retina, giving a typical, even pathognomonic, wave form when the detachment covers more than three quarters of the retina. Even in total detachments, such a response, though very small, can usually be obtained, as well as a VECP after strong light flashes. Most likely they are responses of the detached retina.     

P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat: correlation of retinal function with histopathology

PURPOSE: To correlate retinal functional changes with structural changes in P23H rhodopsin transgenic rats as a model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: P23H heterozygote (lines 1 and 3) and Sprague-Dawley control rats were studied at 4 to 29 weeks by retinal histology, electroretinogram (ERG), and a-wave transduction modeling. RESULTS: Both line 1 (faster degeneration) and line 3 (slower degeneration) showed progressive rod outer segment (ROS) shortening and outer nuclear layer (ONL) cell loss with age. ERG b-wave maximum amplitude (Vb(max)) decreased with age, but b-wave threshold remained constant within each line despite progressive ONL thinning and ROS shortening. The only exception was in line 1 at 29 weeks, which showed a slight threshold change relative to earlier ages. Va(max) and a-wave threshold changed more rapidly and were more sensitive than the b-wave in reflecting histologic degeneration. Va(max) was linearly proportional to the product of (ROS x ONL) across a two log unit range of data combined from both lines. The photopic b-wave was normal for both lines until the ONL thinned beyond 50%. Phototransduction sensitivity was normal for both lines, and dark-adaptation recovery after bleaching rhodopsin was normal. CONCLUSIONS: The P23H transgenic rat has a slow rod degeneration with initially normal cone function, consistent with clinical findings of P23H patients. However, the normal bleach recovery and the normal phototransduction sensitivity in this rat model are different from human P23H disease. a-Wave measures were more sensitive than the b-wave for tracking changes. b-Wave threshold was inexplicably poor for tracking degeneration. Although line 1 degenerated faster than line 3, the functional-structural correlates were the same. The tight linear relationship between saturated a-wave amplitude and the product of (ROS x ONL) indicates that the density of cGMP-gated channels per unit ROS plasma membrane area remains constant over a wide range of degenerations.     

Electroretinogram changes after scleral buckling surgery of retinal detachment

Objective To observe changes in visual function after a single scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) by using ERG (electroretinogram). Methods One eye from 56 patients with rhegmatogenous RD was chosen. Forty-three corresponding normal fellow eyes from these patients were chosen as controls. Single scleral buckling surgery was carried out and a full-field ERG was performed before the surgery, and 1 and 6 months after surgery. Results The mean amplitude of ERG decreased and the latency (except for the a-wave) was delayed in the eye with a retinal detachment, and wavelets of the oscillatory potential decreased or were completely lacking. One month after surgery, the amplitudes of the a and b waves were noticeably improved (except for the 30 Hz flicker responses), but the latency (except for the a-wave) was still delayed. The ratio of b/a (mixed response) increased 1 month after surgery, with no further changes thereafter. The amplitude of the scotopic b wave was 58.1% of the control eyes, while the 30 Hz flicker responses was only 45.8% of controls; the difference between the two responses was significant (P < 0.001). The number of oscillatory potential wavelets increased, but the total amplitude of the oscillatory potentials did not exhibit any obvious changes during the follow-up period (P = 0.20). In the 41 patients whose detachment involved the macula preoperatively, the amplitude of the 30 Hz flicker responses improved significantly after surgery (P = 0.037). Six months after the operation, the wave amplitudes were not significantly different from 1 month after surgery, but there was a tendency toward a decrease in the latency. Conclusions After reattachment of the retina, visual function showed dramatic improvement 1 month after the surgery. The postreceptoral responses recovered more than the a-wave. The rod system recovered more quickly and completely than the cone system during the follow-up period. The incomplete recovery observed by using ERGs indicates that there is irreversible damage that likely occurs following retinal detachment and surgery.     

Analysis of focal macular ERG in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy

Focal macular electroretinogram (MERG), was analyzed in 33 patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) of recent onset. The stimulus spots were 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees in diameter. Nonaffected fellow eyes served as controls. When macular detachment was present, the MERG showed significantly reduced amplitude and delayed peak latency in a-wave, b-wave and oscillatory potentials (OPs) in all stimulus spots. The reduction of amplitude in 5 degree and 10 degree spots was more significant in b-wave and OPs than in a-wave. In the convalescent stage, the a-wave and b-wave recovered to nearly normal levels, however OPs showed selective delay of recovery. These abnormalities shown by MERG strongly suggest that CSC may involve functional disturbances in the inner retinal layer as well as photoreceptors. It has been assumed that the pathogenic properties of CSC are receptor disorientation and a disturbance in the rate of photopigment regeneration. The present study showed that the abnormal pattern of MERG in CSC cannot be explained simply by the assumption of receptor disorientation or a disturbance of photopigment regeneration by analyzing similar conditions in normal eyes.     

Retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

OBJECTIVE: Prior clinical observations led the authors to examine electrophysiologic measures of retinal (electroretinogram [ERG]) and retinal pigment epithelial (electro-oculogram [EOG]) function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who either had or did not have cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in order to determine if the ERG or EOG measures were differentially affected in CMV retinitis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one HIV-infected patients (20 with and 21 without CMV retinopathy) were evaluated. INTERVENTION: ERGs and EOGs were recorded. Patients' fundi were evaluated by indirect ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and EOG light/dark amplitude ratio (L/D ratio) from the eyes of all patients were compared with values 2 standard deviations from the mean of a normal sample. The area of the retinal lesions was estimated from fundus photographs or from careful drawings made during indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS: The majority of the eyes (64.5%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal L/D ratios, and most eyes (95%) of patients without CMV retinitis had normal L/D ratios. Only six eyes (four with and two without CMV retinopathy) had subnormal a-wave amplitudes, and there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude and the L/D ratio for patients with CMV retinitis. Most eyes (80.6%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal b-wave amplitudes, but there was no significant correlation between b-wave amplitude and L/D ratio in the patients with CMV retinitis. In three patients with CMV retinitis selected to exemplify the range of effects on the ERG and EOG, the b-wave amplitude loss was roughly proportional to the area of retina visibly affected in indirect ophthalmoscopy. One patient had a nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Middle retinal function, as reflected in the b-wave amplitude, and retinal pigment epithelial function, as reflected in the L/D ratio, were both compromised in CMV retinitis, but the effect on function in the two layers of the retina appeared independent because there was no significant correlation between the L/D ratio and b-wave amplitude. The decrease in L/D ratio was not secondary to loss of photoreceptor function and probably represents a dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium because there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude, which was normal in most cases, and L/D ratio. The inner retinal pathology of CMV retinitis is visible clinically and was associated with decreases in b-wave amplitude in this and previous studies. The significant independent retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction demonstrated in this study may be an important predisposing factor to retinal detachment in CMV retinitis.     

Local macular electroretinographic responses in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy

Using focal stimuli to human macular regions, we recorded electroretinograms in 24 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy of recent onset (mean visual acuity, 20/20). The stimulus spot was 10 degrees in diameter. Intact fellow eyes served as controls. The local macular electroretinograms of the affected eyes were significantly reduced and the implicit time in each component was significantly prolonged. The mean (+/- S.D.) amplitudes, expressed as percentages of mean amplitudes recorded in fellow eyes, were 64.6% +/- 22.7% (a-wave), 49.6% +/- 21.0% (b-wave), and 15.0% +/- 21.6% (oscillatory potentials). Two to five months after the macular detachment resolved, recordings in 18 patients showed remarkable recovery of a- and b-waves and shortened implicit times. However, the oscillatory potentials showed significantly small recovery in amplitude. Since oscillatory potentials and b-waves were significantly more deteriorated than a-waves in the presence of macular detachment, and oscillatory potentials showed selective delay of recovery in the convalescent stage, central serous chorioretinopathy may involve functional disturbances in the inner retinal layer as well as the photoreceptors.     

综合视觉电生理检测对白内障术后视功能恢复的评估

目的 评价术前综合视觉电生理检测在判断白内障手术视功能预后中的作用。方法 白内障患者３１５例（４０８眼）术前常规检测图形翻转视觉诱发电位（ＰＶＥＰ）、红蓝光视网膜电图（ＦＥＲＧ）和视网膜电图的振荡电位（ＯＰｓ）。正常对照组１６２例（２６６眼）。术后检查眼底,术后３ｍｏ查矫正视力。结果 术后矫正视力≥０．５（Ⅰ组）和〈０．５（Ⅱ组）者与对照组相比,术前ＰＶＥＰ的Ｐ１００波振幅均下降、潜伏期均延长,后