间质性肺疾病患者的生活质量和焦虑、抑郁症状

目的:评价间质性肺疾病(ILD)患者的生活质量和焦虑、抑郁症状。方法:选取在北京协和医院就医的间质性肺疾病患者192例。采用健康调查简表(SF-36)测量患者的生活质量,并与已有研究中的一般人群的得分进行比较;用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HAD)测量患者的焦虑、抑郁症状。结果:除躯体疼痛、活力、精神健康维度之外,ILD患者SF-36其他维度评分均低于一般人群[如,总体健康分(44.3±21.9)vs.(66.0±20.9),均P0.001];HAD焦虑平均分为(5.0±4.3),抑郁平均分为(4.4±4.3)。焦虑、抑郁症状阳性者分别为43例(22.4%)、42例(21.9%),焦虑和抑郁共存者33例(17.2%)。SF-36各维度评分与HAD焦虑、抑郁评分均呈负相关(r=-0.34～-0.73,均P0.001)。进入焦虑回归方程的变量有呼吸困难、年龄(β=0.44、-0.23),进入抑郁回归方程的变量是呼吸困难(β=0.37)。结论:间质性肺疾病患者的生活质量低于一般人群,且部分患者存在焦虑、抑郁症状。ILD患者的呼吸困难程度越重、年龄越小,焦虑症状越重;呼吸困难程度越重,抑郁症状越重。     

Anxiety reduces baroreflex cardiac control in older adults with major depression.

OBJECTIVE: Although depression and anxiety predict risk of cardiac mortality, the contributions of depression and anxiety to vagal cardiac control have not been systematically evaluated. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between state anxiety and vagal control of heart rate in older adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). Older adults (50-70 years old) were selected for this study because of the greater cardiac risk associated with low vagal cardiac control across this age range. METHODS: Fifty-six men and women with MDD were evaluated. MDD was diagnosed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and severity of depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. State anxiety was measured using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. Power spectral analysis was used to measure two indices of vagal control: baroreflex control of heart rate (BRC(SPEC)) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). RESULTS: State anxiety was negatively correlated with levels of BRC(SPEC) (r = -0.32, p < .05), whereas depression severity was not related to either RSA or BRC(SPEC). Furthermore, BRC(SPEC) was reduced by approximately 33% in MDD patients with state anxiety scores (ST-ANX) in the highest quartile (ST-ANX > 41, N = 13), compared with patients with ST-ANX scores in the lowest quartile (ST-ANX < 25, N = 14; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety, but not depression severity, is associated with reduced BRC(SPEC) in older men and women. Future studies are needed to determine whether comorbid anxiety contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with MDD.     

Prospective randomised clinical trial of providing patients with audiotape recordings of their oesophagogastric cancer consultations

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate audiotape-recorded consultations at which a new diagnosis of oesophageal or gastric cancer was given to patients with reference to information retention, psychological outcome and socio-economic deprivation. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients were randomised to receive audiotaped consultations or not. Thirty-one patients received tapes (12 oesophageal and 19 gastric cancers) and were compared with 27 control patients (12 oesophageal and 15 gastric cancers). All patients were re-interviewed and completed a hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) questionnaire. Socio-economic deprivation scores were calculated using National Indices of Multiple Deprivation. RESULTS: Patients randomised to receive tapes were more likely to retain information (31 patients) than control patients (18 patients, p=0.001). Median (range) HAD scores were similar in both groups of patients [HAD A tape 6 (0-21) vs. no tape 5 (2-14), HAD D tape 3 (0-23) vs. 4 (0-10), respectively]. Deprivation correlated significantly with higher HAD A scores in control patients (p=0.039) but was not associated with information retention (p=0.667). CONCLUSION: Taped consultations were associated with significantly better information retention without adverse psychological outcomes. Providing an audiotape may reduce the effect of socio-economic deprivation on patient anxiety. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Audiotaping, or its equivalent, would be a valuable tool in the multidisciplinary approach to cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract.     

Predictors of anxiety and depression among people attending diabetes screening: A prospective cohort study embedded in the ADDITION (Cambridge) randomized control trial

Objective. This study aimed to identify factors predicting anxiety and depression among people who attend primary care‐based diabetes screening. Design. A prospective cohort study embedded in the ADDITION (Cambridge) randomized control trial. Methods. Participants (N= 3,240) at risk of diabetes were identified from 10 primary care practices and invited to a stepwise screening programme as part of the ADDITION (Cambridge) trial. Main outcome measures were anxiety and depression at 12 months post‐screening assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results. Hierarchical linear regressions showed that demographic, clinical, and psychological variables collectively accounted for 52% of the variance in HADS anxiety scores and 53% of the variance in HADS depression scores 12 months after diabetes screening. Screening outcome (positive or negative for diabetes) was not related to differences in anxiety or depression at 12 months. Higher number of self‐reported (diabetes) symptoms after first attendance was associated with higher anxiety and depression at 12‐month follow‐up, after controlling for anxiety and depression after first attendance. Conclusion. Participants in a diabetes screening programme showed low scores on anxiety and depression scales after first appointment and 1 year later. Diagnosis of diabetes was shown to have a limited psychological impact and may be less important than symptom perception in determining emotional outcomes after participation in diabetes screening.     

The effect of anxiety and depression scores of couples who underwent assisted reproductive techniques on the pregnancy outcomes

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of anxiety and depression scores of couples who underwent Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) on pregnancy outcomes.MethodThis study was conducted as a prospective and comparative study with 217 couples. The study data was collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire and the Turkish version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The questionnaire, STAI and BDI were applied to couples who initiated ART treatment. Couples'' state anxiety scores were re-evaluated after embryo transfer (ET).ResultsA significant relationship was found between the depression score of women and pregnancy outcome (p < 0.05). It was determined that anxiety scores for both men and women were higher before the ART procedure, but their anxiety scores decreased after ET (p < 0.05). Spouses of women with a negative pregnancy outcome had higher trait and state anxiety mean scores (p > 0.05) and lower depression scores (p <0.05) than spouses of women with a positive pregnancy outcome.ConclusionStudy results indicated that the anxiety and depression scores of couples who had achieved a positive pregnancy result were lower than for couples with a negative result. The results of this study will contribute to the health professionals especially to the nurses who spend the most time with couples in providing consulting services and supporting psychological status of couples during ART process in Turkey.     

Anxiety and performance in elite non-professional athletes

Anxiety is one of the main motivators with regards to performance of individuals in any given task, including sporting endeavours. Our study sought to assess state anxiety levels in elite non-professional sportsmen, and to investigate if anxiety correlated with sporting performance, the IDA-Q (irritability, depression & anxiety questionnaire) was used to assess 3 mental state variables in an inter-county hurling team as well as a matched non-sporting control group, and performance was judged by completion of a standard task in 2 different settings: a non-pressurised one and a highly pressurised setting. Subjects had significantly higher anxiety scores on the IDA-Q than the controls (p = 0.019). There were no significant differences and controls in the depression and irritability scales. There was a significantly negative correlation between anxiety scores and performance on the IDA-Q; spearman r = -0.57. High anxiety levels impair sporting performance.     

Personality traits as risk factors of depression and anxiety among Japanese students

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of personality (temperament and character) on specific depression and specific anxiety. A total of 541 Japanese undergraduates were investigated by using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that specific depression was predicted by lower Reward-Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence; specific anxiety was predicted by higher Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance, Persistence, and Self-Transcendence, and lower Self-Directedness. Immaturity of Self-Directedness is a risk factor for negative affectivity. Immaturity of all character dimensions is a risk factor for specific depression. The relationship between Harm-Avoidance and depression in previous studies may be linked partly to somatic symptoms that were deliberately eliminated in the HAD scale.     

Treatment of depression and anxiety in infertile women: cognitive behavioral therapy versus fluoxetine

BACKGROUND: Infertility is a stressful event that can give rise to psychological difficulties. Both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are well-established treatments for depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy with fluoxetine in the resolution or decreasing of depression and anxiety in infertile women. METHOD: In a randomized controlled clinical trial, 89 mild to moderate depressed infertile women (Beck scores 10-47) were recruited into three groups; cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), antidepressant therapy, and a control group. Twenty-nine participants in the CBT method received relaxation training, restructuring, and eliminating of negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes to depression for 10 sessions. Thirty participants in the pharmacotherapy group took 20 mg fluoxetine daily for 90 days. Thirty control subjects did not receive any intervention. All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Cattell Anxiety Inventory at the beginning and end of the study. Chi2 test, paired t-test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The resolution of depression in the three groups was: fluoxetine group 50%, CBT 79.3%, and control 10%. The mean of the Beck scores at the beginning and end of the study was respectively: fluoxetine 23.2+/-8.6 versus 14.3+/-8.5(p<0.001), CBT 20.1+/-7.9 versus 7.7+/-4.8 (p<0.001), and control 19.8+/-8.5 versus 19.7+/-8.4 (p=0.9). Although both fluoxetine and CBT decreased significantly the mean of BDI scores more than that of the control group, the decrease in the CBT group was significantly more than fluoxetine group. The CBT method decreased significantly the mean of the Cattell scores more than the fluoxetine and control groups, but the decrease in the anxiety mean scores of that fluoxetine group was no more than that of control group. CONCLUSION: CBT was not only a reliable alternative to pharmacotherapy but also was superior to fluoxetine in the resolution or reducing of depression and anxiety of infertile women. Fluoxetine was superior to no therapy in the treatment of depression but not anxiety.     

Awakening cortisol response in relation to psychosocial profiles and eating behaviors

Awakening cortisol response was measured in 78 men and women, on 3 mornings within a 2-month period. Psychosocial and eating behavior variables were assessed using self-administered questionnaires on anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), body esteem (Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults), and eating behaviors (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Eating Disorder Inventory-2). Data on food intake and appetite sensations were also collected using a buffet-type meal test, a 3-day food record and visual analog scales measured before and after a standardized breakfast meal test. In women, high anxiety, disinhibition and hunger scores, as well as poor body esteem and a high weight preoccupation, were negatively correlated to ACR. The factor that appeared to account the most for this inverse relation was emotional susceptibility to disinhibition (r=-0.61, p=0.003). The latter was also negatively associated with the satiety quotient for fullness in response to the standardized breakfast (r=-0.48, p=0.010). In men, ACR was negatively associated with flexible (r=-0.33, p=0.020) and strategic (r=-0.28, p=0.049) restraint behaviors. This study highlights a gender-dependent relationship between ACR, hence the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and eating behaviors and psychological profiles.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抑郁、焦虑情绪调查

目的：发现慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）病人伴抑郁、焦虑情绪的患病率，并分析其相关的影响因素。方法：对62例COPD患者进行了一般情况及医院焦虑抑郁量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale，HAD）问卷调查。结果：有抑郁情绪的患者42人（67．7％）。有焦虑情绪的患者的43人（69．3％）。14例Ⅲ级COPD患者中达到抑郁、焦虑症状肯定存在标准的均有13人，高达92．8％。Logistic多因素回归分析，男性比女性病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．05，95％CI1．01-2．11，1．12，95％CI1．03-2．23），肺功能差的患者更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为2．34，95％CI1．98-3．21，2．53，95％CI2．11-4．01）；对病情越了解的病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．22，95％CI0．98-1．54，1．25，95％CI1．01-2．31）。结论：COPD患者中存在较高的抑郁及焦虑情绪障碍，肺功能受损程度是其主要影响因素。     

Mood and thyroid immunity assessed by ultrasonographic imaging in a primary health care

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric morbidity is highly prevalent in the primary health care settings and it may be related to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of thyroid immunity, evident by hypo-echoic thyroid ultrasound pattern, on prevalence of depression and anxiety in a primary care setting. METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, 504 consecutive primary care patients were invited to the study and 474 patients completed the study. They were screened for depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), were interviewed for affective disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and were evaluated by ultrasonographic imagining of the thyroid gland. RESULTS: Among patients with hypo-echoic thyroid (n=122) prevailed women and those patients were older than patients with normo-echoic thyroid (n=352). Women, but not men, with hypo-echoic thyroid compared to those with normo-echoic thyroid had higher scores on the anxiety subscale of the HADS (p=0.03). Among women with hypo-echoic thyroid, only those pre-menopause, but not those post-menopause, had greater prevalence of high scores on the depression subscale of the HADS (p=0.02) and a greater likelihood of using psychiatric medications (p=0.001). LIMITATIONS: Lack of cytological evaluation of the thyroid gland; lack of serum thyroid antibodies concentrations; and lack of thyroid hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid immunity is related to mood symptoms in primary care patients. These effects are gender specific and in women, they are most evident before menopause.     

中学生生活事件、自我效能与焦虑抑郁情绪的关系

目的：探讨中学生自我效能的特点及其与生活事件、焦虑抑郁情绪之间的关系.方法：对274名初、高中学生进行青少年生活事件量表、一般自我效能量表、焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表的测试.结果：①中学生自我效能存在显著的性别差异（t=3.20,P=0.002）,女生的自我效能较低.②相关分析显示中学生生活事件与焦虑、抑郁呈显著正相关,而自我效能与生活事件、焦虑及抑郁呈显著负相关.③多元回归分析显示自我效能、生活事件总分、生活事件中人际关系因子分进入焦虑、抑郁的回归方程,β系数分别为-0.402,0.178,0.166.④路径分析表明自我效能在生活事件和情绪之间起着部分中介作用,路径系数为0.07-0.08.结论：中学生生活事件与自我效能、情绪的关系密切;生活事件对情绪的影响,不仅仅通过生活事件本身,还要通过自我效能起作用.     

Panic disorder and bipolar disorder: anxiety sensitivity as a potential mediator of panic during manic states

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder (PD) occurs at high rates in bipolar disorder and more commonly than in unipolar depression. Reports of PD onset during hypomania and depressive mania (i.e., mixed states) raise questions about whether the affective disturbances of bipolar disorder play a specific role in the exacerbation or onset of PD. Anxiety sensitivity (AS), a risk factor for PD appears greater in bipolar disorder compared to unipolar depression, although the association of specific mood states with AS remains unknown. METHODS: We examined the association of current mood state (i.e., mixed state, mania or hypomania, bipolar depression, unipolar depression, and euthymia) with Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) scores in 202 individuals with bipolar disorder (n=110) or major depressive disorder (n=92). RESULTS: Current mood state was significantly associated with ASI score (Chi-square=21.2, df=4, p=0.0003). In multiple regression analyses, including covariates for comorbid anxiety disorders, current mania or hypomania was a significant predictor of ASI scores (p<0.04). Current mixed state tended toward a similar association (p<0.10). LIMITATIONS: Conclusions are limited by the study's cross-sectional nature and relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: These findings of elevated AS during manic states, independent of comorbid anxiety disorders, provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that manic states contribute to risk for the development or exacerbation of PD, and that AS may contribute to the high prevalence and severity of PD comorbid with bipolar disorder.     

Distress in individuals facing predictive DNA testing for autosomal dominant late-onset disorders: Comparing questionnaire results with in-depth interviews

In 50% risk carriers for Huntington disease (n = 41), hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch-type (n = 9) familial adenomatous polyposis coli (n = 45) and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (n = 24), pretest intrusion and avoidance (Impact of Event Scale), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), feelings of hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale), and psychological complaints (Symptom Checklist) were assessed to determine their psychological well-being. The manner of discussing the genetic disorder, the test, and its implications during a semistructured interview (reflecting on one's emotions without getting carried away or dismissing or minimizing the subject) was judged in terms of coherence. Participants at risk for neurodegenerative disorders had higher anxiety and depression scores and more psychological complaints than did those at risk for cancer syndromes. Those reporting high intrusion/high avoidance had higher anxiety and depression scores and more psychological complaints than did those reporting low intrusion/low avoidance. However, the scoring of the interview showed that participants reporting high intrusion/high avoidance were more reflective about their emotions without getting carried away or dismissing the subject (e.g., more coherent) than those reporting low intrusion/low avoidance. This result suggests that participants with higher stress scores may be actively dealing with the emotional implications of the test, whereas those with low stress scores may (as yet) be unable to face these implications. It is important to identify the strategy of coping with threat to provide suitable counseling and necessary guidance. However, long-term follow-up is needed to learn the consequences of a denial coping strategy for those participating in a genetic testing program. Am. J. Med. Genet. 75:62–74, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

综合医院住院患者整体抑郁焦虑状况

目的:运用"阳光心灵-中国抑郁焦虑健康教育项目"模式调查综合医院住院患者的抑郁、焦虑发生率,不同科室、病种之间的差异,以及年龄、性别、婚姻状况与抑郁、焦虑发生率的关系。方法:选取大庆龙南医院19个病区的1339名住院患者,指导患者完成PHQ-9、GAD-7和基本调查问卷的填写。结果:1住院患者抑郁焦虑发生率47.4%,单纯抑郁43.6%,单纯焦虑33%,合并抑郁焦虑30%;2焦虑发生率前3位的科室依次是胸外科、肾内科、血液肿瘤(χ2=121.81,P0.001);抑郁发生率前3位的是胸外科、呼吸内科、血液肿瘤科,(χ2=136.88,P0.001);合并抑郁焦虑前3位的是胸外科、消化内科和肿瘤科(χ2=128.10,P0.001);3疾病中以"待查"患者抑郁发生率最高(χ2=120.41,P0.001);4女性住院患者的焦虑得分显著高于男性患者(P0.01);年龄与抑郁、焦虑均相关,随着年龄的增大,抑郁和焦虑得分都显著升高(P0.001);5离异、丧偶患者在抑郁上的得分高于已婚和未婚患者(F=19.01,P0.001)。离异、丧偶患者在焦虑上的得分高于已婚患者(F=10.83,P0.001)。结论:1焦虑抑郁问题广泛存在于各科室、病种的住院患者中,只是在发生率上存在明显差异;2"疾病待查"患者与已明确诊断的患者相比更容易出现抑郁;婚姻不幸对人情绪影响较大,如离异、丧偶者更容易出现抑郁焦虑问题;女性患者与男性相比更容易焦虑;3"阳光心灵-中国抑郁焦虑健康教育项目"模式用于综合医院抑郁焦虑的筛查和治疗评估,简便实用,对于临床非精神科医生而言便于复制,并为精神疾病的联络会诊、治疗干预提供可靠依据。     

General practitioners miss disability and anxiety as well as depression in their patients with osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: General practitioners (GPs) integrate physical, psychological, and social factors when assessing patients, particularly those with chronic diseases. Recently, the emphasis has been on assessment of depression but not of other factors. AIM: To determine functional disability, psychological morbidity, social situation, and use of health and social services in patients with osteoarthritis and examine GP knowledge of these factors. METHOD: Two hundred patients completed a validated postal questionnaire about functional disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ]), mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HAD]), employment status, who they lived with, welfare benefits received, and use of health and social services. A similar questionnaire was completed by the patient's GP, including a HAQ. However, a three-point scale was used to assess depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Forty-seven per cent of patients were moderately or severely disabled (HAQ > 1). GPs underestimated functional disability: mean patient HAQ = 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92-1.16), mean GP HAQ = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.65-0.83), and there was low correlation between patient and GP scores (kappa = 0.24). There was moderate prevalence of depression and high prevalence of anxiety, which the GP often did not recognise: patient depression = 8.3% (95% CI = 4.1%-12.8%), GP depression = 6.0% (95% CI = 2.4%-9.6%), kappa = 0.11; patient anxiety = 24.4% (95% CI = 17.8%-31.0%), GP anxiety = 11.9% (95% CI = 6.9%-16.9%), kappa = 0.19. Only 46% of severely disabled patients (HAQ > 2) were receiving disability welfare benefits. GPs were often unaware of welfare benefits received or the involvement of other professionals. CONCLUSION: GPs frequently lack knowledge about functional disability, social factors, and anxiety as well as depression in their patients with osteoarthritis.     

北京农村地区2060例中学生焦虑、抑郁状况的调查研究

目的了解北京农村地区中学生焦虑障碍、抑郁障碍的流行状况、流行特征及相关因素,为进行预防干预提供依据。方法随机抽取北京农村地区2060例初、高中学生,针对焦虑、抑郁症状及其相关因素进行问卷调查,采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)进行症状评定。结果①中学生焦虑障碍的阳性率为33.1%,抑郁障碍的阳性率为19.3%;②女生焦虑障碍阳性率高于男生(χ2=14.940,P=0.000),而男生抑郁障碍的阳性率高于女生(χ2=14.046,P=0.000);③初二年级的抑郁障碍阳性率高于初一、初三年级(χ2=6.637,P=0.041)。高中阶段焦虑障碍阳率性随年级升高而降低,变化显著(χ2=8.253,P=0.016);高中生的焦虑障碍阳性率显著高于初中生(χ2=10.843,P=0.001);④多元log istic回归表明,焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍的发生率与性别、民族、年级、健康状况、学习成绩有关。结论女生易感焦虑障碍,男生易感抑郁障碍,初二和高一是抑郁和焦虑障碍易感的年级,身体健康状况较差或学习成绩较差的学生易感焦虑、抑郁障碍,这些人群需要得到学校、家庭的关注和恰当的干预。     

焦点解决取向团体辅导对血液透析患者负面情绪及医学应对方式的干预效果

目的:探究焦点解决取向团体辅导对血液透析患者焦虑、抑郁情绪和医学应对方式的影响。方法:将60名血液透析患者分为对照组(n=30)和干预组(n=30),对照组接受常规护理,干预组在此基础上接受为期五周的焦点解决取向团体辅导。干预开始前和结束后,分别采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、医学应对方式问卷评定被试情绪及医学应对方式。结果:干预后,干预组的抑郁和焦虑水平较同期对照组显著降低。在医学应对方面,干预后,干预组的面对水平较同期对照组显著提升;屈服水平较同期对照组显著下降。结论:焦点解决取向团体辅导能降低血液透析患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪,改善其医学应对方式。     

Neonatal outcomes in offspring of women with anxiety and depression during pregnancy

Summary Background: The presence of mental disorder during pregnancy could affect the offspring.Aims: To examine the effects of anxiety disorder and depression in pregnant women on neonatal outcomes, and to compare neonatal outcomes between offspring of attendees and non-attendees in a general population-based health survey.Method: Pregnant women (n = 680) were identified from the population-based health study of Nord-TrØndelag County (HUNT-2) by linkage with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The women rated themselves on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HADS). Outcome variables were gestational length, birth weight, and Apgar scores.Results: HADS-defined anxiety disorder during pregnancy was associated with lower Apgar score at one minute (score < 8; odds ratio = 2.27; p = .03) and five minutes (score < 8; odds ratio = 4.49; p = .016). No confounders were identified. Anxiety disorder and depression during pregnancy was not associated with low birth weight or preterm delivery. Offspring of non-attendees had a lower birth weight (77 g; t = 3.27; p = 0.001) and a shorter gestational length (1.8 days; t = 2.76; p = 0.006) than that of offspring of attendees, a difference that may be explained by a higher load of psychosocial risk factors among the non-attendees.Conclusion: In our study that may be biased towards the healthier among pregnant women, anxiety disorder or depression during pregnancy were not strong risk factors for adverse neonatal outcomes although low Apgar score in offspring of women with anxiety disorder may indicate poor neonatal adaptation.     

The effect of depression and anxiety on the TOMM in community-dwelling older adults.

Tests of possible malingering are in increasing demand among neuropsychologists. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is resistant to many neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury, dementia, and aphasia. Less clear is the impact of psychological conditions on TOMM performance. This study examined a sample of community-based older adults (55-75) to determine whether scores on the TOMM are influenced by the presence of symptoms of depression or anxiety, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. The results indicate that, regardless of BDI or STAI scores, all subjects scored above 45 correct out of 50 on TOMM Trial 2. These findings demonstrate that depression and anxiety levels in an older community-dwelling sample do not negatively affect performance on the TOMM.