Endoscopic management of retained bile stones with an indwelling T-tube

Background Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is widely used for the treatment of residual bile duct stones in patients who had common bile duct (CBD) exploration and T-tube insertions. Methods In a 4-year period 45 patients were referred for endoscopic removal of residual bile duct stones. All patients had been operated 7–15 days earlier for choledocholithiasis and had a T-tube in the common bile duct (CBD). Results Four patients were excluded. Three patients had a periampullary carcinoma and the fourth patient had no residual stone seen at cholangiography. All patients had a successful ES, conventional in 34, precut-knife in 3, and with the rendezvous technique in 4 patients. In 24 patients, all having stones distal to the T-tube, complete clearance of the CBD was achieved during one session and the T-tube was removed after 48 h. In the remaining 17 patients (15 having stones proximal to the T-tube), the T-tube had to be removed first and following stone extraction, a plastic stent was inserted in the CBD. Complete bile duct clearance and stent removal was achieved in a second session 3–4 weeks later. There were no serious complications or biliary related symptoms after the procedures and after a mean follow-up period of 18 months. Conclusion The endoscopic technique is safe and efficient for the treatment of residual stones after CBD exploration with a T-tube insertion, offering immediate cure compared to the percutaneous techniques. It is also an ideal method for the diagnosis of periampullary carcinomas. Online publication: 24 August 2004     

Early endoscopic sphincterotomy for retained bile duct stones after gallbladder surgery.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed in 36 patients (age range 33-88 years; median 63 years) with retained bile duct stones after cholecystectomy (32 patients) or cholecystostomy (4 patients). The median time interval between surgery and ES was 28 days (range 10-216 days). At the time of ES, 23 patients had a T-tube in situ. Clearance of the bile duct was achieved by T-tube irrigation in 15 patients, and by basket or balloon extraction in seven patients. Spontaneous clearance of the duct after ES occurred in 12 patients, while two patients required widening of the sphincterotomy to allow successful basket extraction. Complications occurred in four patients (11%). Two patients sustained significant haemorrhage from the ES site and subsequently died. One patient developed mild acute pancreatitis while another had persisting cholangitis before and after ES. Both of these patients recovered with conservative management. While ES performed soon after gallbladder surgery allows for early bile duct clearance, the small but significant risk of potentially lethal haemorrhage suggests that its use should be reserved for patients in whom other non-operative methods have failed or are inappropriate.     

腹腔镜胆道探查术胆管一期缝合与T管引流的疗效比较

目的 比较腹腔镜胆道探查术胆管一期缝合与T 管引流两种方法治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者的疗效.方法 根据腹腔镜胆管探查取石的胆总管内是否放置T管引流,将85例因胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者分为一期缝合组和T管引流组,比较两组的手术和住院时间、输液量、住院费用、术后恢复情况及手术并发症等.结果 一期缝合组较T管引流组的手术时间及术后住院时间更短、恢复正常工作更快、输液量和住院费用更少(P<0.05),两组手术并发症差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均无再次手术.结论 腹腔镜胆管探查取石胆管一期缝合避免了放置T 管引起的一系列弊端,体现出微创技术的优越性,治疗适合的胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者是安全可行的.     

三孔法双镜联合胆总管探查、T管引流术的临床应用

目的探讨三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术的可行性。方法 2010年12月～2012年3月采用三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管探查、取石及T管引流术35例。脐下、剑突下2 cm稍偏右、右肋缘下锁骨中线处分别置入trocar,切除胆囊,胆总管前壁切口长10 mm,从主操作孔置入胆道镜,以取石网蓝、三爪钳逐一取出结石,将T管从主操作孔完全放入腹腔内,置入胆总管,缝合固定,直视下将T管长臂从主操作孔引出固定。结果 35例手术均获得成功,手术时间(150±32)min,其中胆管探查+放置T管时间(40±12)min。肛门排气时间为术后第1～2天。术后24 h拔除腹腔引流管。术后住院5～6 d。无手术并发症发生。术后2周门诊行胆道造影无异常,拔除T管。35例随访2～13个月,平均9个月,B超或MRCP证实无一例出现肝外胆管狭窄、结石复发,无黄疸、胰腺炎等并发症。结论三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管探查、取石及T管引流术创伤小、恢复快、安全可行,有利于一并处理胆源性胰腺炎,保留完整Oddi括约肌结构、功能。     

Intraoperative biliary exploration through the left hepatic duct orifice during left hepatectomy in patients with left-sided hepatolithiasis

Background and aims Left-sided hepatolithiasis often requires left hepatectomy and exploration of the common bile duct and right hepatic duct. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of alternative method of bile duct exploration other than choledochotomy. Materials and methods A prospective study involving 50 cases of left hepatectomy for left or bilateral intrahepatic stone was performed. Left hepatic duct (LHD) orifice was used as primary access route for biliary exploration. Choledochotomy was performed only for large common bile duct stones, variant bile duct anatomy, or intentional T-tube insertion for later removal of residual stones. Results In 44 patients with left-sided hepatolithiasis, biliary exploration through LHD orifice was performed in 40 (90.9%); T-tube choledochotomy was required in three (9.1%). There was neither residual stone nor major surgical complication except infection, and recurrence occurred in one patient during mean follow-up of 32 months. On the other hand, T-tube choledochotomy was performed in three of six patients with bilateral hepatolithiasis (50%). Three patients had residual stones, and two of them were treated by cholangioscopy through the T-tube tract. Recurrence occurred in two patients. Conclusion We think that intraoperative biliary exploration through LHD orifice in left-sided hepatolithiasis patients is an effective approach simplifying the operation procedure by avoiding choledochotomy and subsequent T-tube insertion.     

医源性胆总管远段损伤的早期诊断及处理

目的探讨医源性胆总管远段损伤早期诊断的方法及处理方式.方法对我院于1990至2004年间收治的15例医源性胆总管远段损伤病人的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果15例中术中发现胆管损伤14例,1例术中未及时发现.术前B超检查14例,MRCP检查2例,6例在胆道探查后行胆道镜检查.10例行胆总管穿孔修补加T管引流,2例行Oddi括约肌切开成形术,2例行胆肠吻合术.胆管损伤后术中表现为胆道探异位于胆管壁外,胆道镜见到胆管远段有2个或多个孔隙,经T管注水见腹膜后水肿和积液,注入美蓝出现腹膜后蓝染.治愈13例.术后并发症包括并发十二指肠瘘1例,切口感染1例,死亡2例：1例死于感染性休克,1例死于胃切除术后再出血.结论早期诊断胆总管下段损伤并进行及时治疗可以取得较好效果,应根据损伤的不同程度采用不同的手术方式,术前完善的影像学检查及在做胆道探查前胆道镜检查有可能减少胆总管远段损伤.     

TECHNIQUE AND RESULTS OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLEDOCHOTOMY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BILE DUCT CALCULI

Laparoscopic choledochotomy has been performed in 50 patients to remove common bile duct calculi demonstrated on routine operative cholangiography at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients ranged from 16 to 91 years old. One patient died, giving a mortality of 2%. At postoperative T-tube cholangiography, retained stones were demonstrated in three patients (6%) with all stones being removed using a choledochoscope via the T-tube track. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration via a choledochotomy is a feasible and effective method to manage common bile duct calculi demonstrated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Choledochotomy for biliary lithiasis: T-tube drainage or primary closure: Effects on postoperative bacteremia and T-tube bile infection

To compare the incidence of postoperative bacteremia in patients with biliary lithiasis after choledochotomy supplemented by either T-tube drainage or primary common bile duct closure, 117 patients who underwent surgery are presented in this clinical trial. It has been shown that primary common bile duct closure is associated with a lower incidence of postoperative bacteremia (3.3 percent), a lower mortality rate (0 percent), and a lower early morbidity rate (13.3 percent) than T-tube drainage (31.5, 3.5, and 36.1 percent, respectively). The above evidence supports the view that T-tube drainage might well provoke the exogenous acquisition of environmental microorganisms and thus promote further infection.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的方法探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的手术方法及临床经验.方法:回顾分析32例患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的临床资料.结果:31例患者成功完成腹腔镜胆总管探查术,其中经胆囊管胆道镜取石5例,胆总管切开取石一期缝合16例,胆总管切开取石"T"管引流术10例;1例中转开腹.术后所有患者均治愈,4例并发胆漏,...     

胆总管结石腹腔镜胆总管探查术后一期缝合与T管引流的临床比较

目的:比较胆总管结石腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)后一期缝合与T管引流的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2012年1月—2014年12月接受LCBDE的142例胆总管结石患者临床资料,其中一期缝合75例,放置T管引流67例,比较两种方式的相关临床指标并分析术后并发症的危险因素。结果:两种手术方式患者间,术前指标除性别有所差异外(P=0.028),其余均无统计学差异(均P0.05);手术时间、术后并发症发生率、手术死亡率、结石复发率均无统计学差异(均P0.05),一期缝合患者术后住院时间明显低于放置T管患者(P0.05)。两种手术方式的主要并发症均为胆瘘,其中一期缝合者发生7例(9.3%),T管引流者发生8例(11.9%);比较胆瘘患者与无胆瘘患者间相关因素,未发现术后胆瘘相关风险因素(均P0.05)。结论:LCBDE后一期缝合治疗胆总管结石安全有效,其效果与放置T管引流相似且术后住院时间明显缩短。胆瘘的相关风险因素还有赖于大样本的数据资料及前瞻性随机对照研究确定。     

7 小儿胆石症的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小儿胆石症的病因、诊断及治疗方法。方法分析22例小儿胆石症的临床资料,20例行手术治疗,2例行非手术治疗。14例行胆囊切除术(其中8例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术),3例行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,2例行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、T管引流术,1例行胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果18例经手术治疗后症状消失,术后1例出现胆瘘,经引流后痊愈,1例右肝管内结石残留。18例(81.8%)得到随访,4例失访。随访5个月至7年,患儿生长发育正常,3例偶有腹痛、腹胀,1例行二次胆总管切开取石术,术后恢复顺利。行非手术治疗的2例病人经保守治疗后近期症状缓解,其中1例症状反复发作。结论对有腹痛者首选B超检查,对有胆总管扩张或黄疸的患儿结合CT检查可提高正确诊断率;症状明显的胆石症应早期手术治疗;腹腔镜可作为胆囊切除的首选治疗方法。     

Cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy in the management of severe acute gallstone pancreatitis discovered at diagnostic laparotomy

Seven patients with gallstone pancreatitis discovered at diagnostic laparotomy did not undergo definitive biliary surgery because it was considered hazardous in the presence of severe acute pancreatitis. The procedures carried out at operation in these cases included cholecystectomy and T-tube drainage (2 patients) cholecystostomy drainage (3 patients), and closure of the abdomen without drainage (2 patients). Direct cholangiography was carried out postoperatively in all cases. The biliary drain was used for this purpose in 5 patients, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 2. All patients were found to have calculi in the common bile duct and were successfully managed by endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) without complications or mortality. ES therefore appears to be a safe and effective method of avoiding difficult and hazardous biliary surgery in the presence of severe acute pancreatitis.     

急性胆管炎腹腔镜胆总管探查后一期缝合与T管引流的临床研究

目的 探讨急性胆管炎腹腔镜胆总管探查后一期缝合与T管引流两种手术方式的特点,评估其可行性与安全性.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院普外科2012年1月-2014年12月100例急性胆管炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管探查术患者的临床资料,其中54例(54％)患者行一期缝合,46例(46％)患者行T管引流.结果 100例患者均成功行手术治疗,手术时间缝合组显著短于T管组(96.72 minvs123.00 min,P=0.001),术中出血量缝合组与T管组相比显著减少(27.13 mlvs38.48 ml,P=0.009).缝合组术后胃肠功能恢复时间(1.57 dvs2.33 d,P=0.003)与术后住院时间(6.19 dvs9.20d,P=0.000)均显著短于T管组.两组术后腹腔总引流量(309.22mlvs212.46ml,P=0.070),引流时间(3.96 dvs4.02 d,P=0.875),术后胆漏发病率(9.3％ vs0,P=0.060),出血率(5.1％vs2.2％,P=0.622)差异均无统计学意义.结论 急性胆管炎腹腔镜胆总管探查后一期缝合严格掌握适应证后,与T管引流相比,同样安全有效.     

Biliary peritonitis requiring reoperation after removal of T-tubes from the common bile duct

BACKGROUND: Bile peritonitis can occur when a T-tube is electively removed from the common bile duct, but this is regarded as a rare complication. Plastic T-tubes are known to increase this risk and should not be used. Latex rubber T-tubes are preferred, but the peritonitis can still occur. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on 1375 patients who underwent common bile duct exploration between March 20, 1994 and March 20, 2003. RESULTS: Thirty-four (2.47%) patients experienced generalized bile peritonitis after T-tube removal from the common bile duct. Mean age was 63.65 years. In all cases, a soft silicon-coated latex rubber T-tube was placed into the bile duct. All T-tubes were removed 21 days after surgery. Thirty-four patients developed acute generalized biliary peritonitis immediately after T-tube removal and required urgent active intervention. The mortality rate was 5.9%, and the mean hospital stay was 14.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: The most common causes of lack of formation of T-tube tract and operative procedure were unknown and T-tube reinsertion, respectively. T-tube removal can result in significant morbidity and mortality.     

Cost-effective method for laparoscopic choledochotomy

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have noted that postoperative complications following open or laparoscopic choledochotomy for common bile duct (CBD) exploration are mainly related to the T-tube presence, and that there has been no trend of decrease in the laparoscopic era. Laparoscopic endobiliary stent placement with primary closure of the CBD has been proposed as a safe and effective alternative to T-tube placement. METHODS: Between January 1999 and January 2003, 53 consecutive patients suffering from proven choledocholithiasis underwent laparoscopic common bile exploration (LCBDE) via choledochotomy. In the early period, a T-tube was placed at the end of the procedure (group A, n = 32) while, from June 2001 onwards, laparoscopic biliary stent placement and primary CBD closure were chosen as the drainage method (group B, n = 21). RESULTS: Six patients developed T-tube-related complications postoperatively. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant lower morbidity rate and shorter postoperative hospital stay for the stent group. Although not statistically significant, a median saving of 780 UK pounds per patient was observed in the stent group. CONCLUSION: Biliary endoprosthesis placement following laparoscopic choledochotomy avoids the well-known complications of a T-tube, leading to a shorter postoperative hospital stay. The method is safe and effective and it should also be considered as cost-effective compared to T-tube placement. Further studies are required in order to document cost-effectiveness of the method.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石及胆囊管内置管(C管)在胆道外科中的应用

目的:对比研究腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石术与腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石术,胆囊管置管(C管)在胆道外科中的应用。方法:回顾调查1995年10月至2004年12月术前经影像学证实为胆总管结石的89例患者。结果:腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石T管引流35例,术后残留结石2例,胆漏4例,放置T管(24±5.6)d。经胆囊管取石C管引流39例,术后残留结石2例,无胆漏,C管放置(8±4.5)d,与T管引流组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石是值得推荐的方法。经胆囊管路径,不仅可用胆总管取石后的引流,且可在胆道外科诸方面发挥作用。     

研发胆道取石硬镜经T管瘘道治疗胆道术后残留结石

目的探讨胆道结石术后用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗残余结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析在利多卡因凝胶5~10ml注入瘘道局部麻醉后采用研发的胆道取石镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗42例胆道结石术后病例的资料。结果全组42例患者中前期（2010年3月以前）20例中有10例顺利完成探查或取石术,另10例在探查胆总管下段时,腹痛明显而中止改用纤维胆道镜探查,后期（2010年3月以后）的22例有19例完成胆道探查或取石,有3例在探查胆总管下段时腹痛难忍中转纤维胆道镜探查。1例腹腔镜胆总管切开术后52d拔T管,经瘘道胆道取石镜探查发现瘘道未形成,出现胆汁性腹膜炎,后开腹手术治愈,其余病例无并发症出现。结论胆道结石术后经T管瘘道常规使用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）探查和治疗胆道残余结石,安全有效,操作简便,为临床提供一种治疗胆道术后残留结石的新方法,有临床推广价值。     

����������©��ԭ����������ƣ���28�����棩

目的　探讨胆道手术后发生胆漏的原因及其预防与治疗方法。方法　对浙江省平湖市中医院 1994~2003年间胆道术后发生胆漏的 28例临床资料作回顾性分析。结果　术后发生胆漏的原因为肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤 15例,胆总管癌切开探查后胆漏 1例,胆囊管残端漏 1例,T管早期滑脱或拔T管后胆漏 10例,T管引流术后护理不当 1例。保守治疗 21例(75% ),再手术 7例 (25% ),除 1例胆管癌晚期自动出院外其余均痊愈出院。结论　胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术、胆道手术及拔T管后,主要原因与肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤、局部炎症和操作不当等有关。胆漏发生后应根据腹膜炎的轻重,有无胆道梗阻以及腹腔引流是否通畅等选择保守治疗或再手术治疗。     

T-tube drainage for biliary stenosis after living donor liver transplantation

The optimal strategies for bile duct stenosis after living donor liver transplantation with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction remain unclear. Patients who underwent liver transplantation with duct-to-duct bile duct reconstruction (n=182) and were complicated with biliary stenosis (n=34) were analyzed. Treatment of biliary stenosis was attempted using an endoscopic approach or transhepatic biliary drainage. When this failed, the T-tube drainage technique was indicated. T-tube placement was performed in 14 patients. Intraoperative ultrasonography was performed to identify the bile duct. The common bile duct was cut open, a Kelly clamp was inserted and the stenotic portion was dilated, and a T-tube was inserted. The patients were scheduled to have the tube removed 1 year after insertion. Complications following T-tube placement or T-tube removal were negligible. The present technique can be an effective therapeutic option when endoscopic treatment is unsuccessful.     

胰管结石外科治疗术式探讨

目的探讨胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择。方法对7例胰管结石患者进行手术治疗。采用胆管、胰管空肠(侧侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆囊切除、胆管探查、T管引流术4例,采用胰管切开取石、胰管空肠(侧侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆管探查、T管引流术1例,采用保留十二指肠的胰头切除、尾侧胰腺断端空肠(端侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆囊切除及胆总管探查取石、T管引流术1例,采用胰十二指肠切除术1例。结果7例均痊愈,其中1例术前并发上消化道大出血,误切第一组小肠,遗有短肠综合征;另1例生存至1.5年后发生胰腺癌变死亡。结论外科手术仍是本病主要的治疗方法,主要有引流术和胰腺部分切除术,有主胰管扩张者宜采用引流术,无胰管扩张和胰腺病变局限化者,可用胰腺部分切除术,再联合内引流术;依据胰腺病变的具体情况选择最佳术式,手术疗效满意。