慢性阻塞性肺疾病和支气管哮喘生理评分在疾病急性加重期护理中的应用价值

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病和支气管哮喘生理评分(the COPD and Asthma Physiology Score,CAPS)能否正确评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者病情的严重性和预后,指导治疗和护理计划的制定.方法 对我科2008年9月～2010年5月住院的AECOPD患者进行回顾性分析和CA...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性加重期行氦-氧机械通气的护理体会

目的：探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期( acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease,AECOPD)行氦-氧机械通气的护理要点,并进行临床观察。方法对2013年6月至2015年12月本院重症医学科收治的60例AECOPD行氦-氧机械通气的患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均在传统治疗基础之上接受氦-氧机械通气治疗,并进行针对性护理。治疗结束后,观察患者临床疗效及护理过程中的不良反应,并对护理要点进行总结与分析。结果接受氦-氧机械通气治疗后,患者氧分压( PaO2)升高,二氧化碳分压( PaCO2)降低,气道峰值压力Ppeak降低,SpO2与pH均升高,与治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。治疗显效34例,有效21例,无效5例,治疗总有效率为91.67%。治疗期间,无明显不良反应发生。结论对经氦-氧机械通气治疗的AECOPD患者进行有效治疗的护理措施,能够减轻疾病导致的呼吸不畅,降低气道压力,改善血气指标,减少CO2潴留,提升患者生活质量,值得临床推广。     

Value of refined care in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUNDUnder physiological conditions, sputum produced during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) can move passively with the cilia in the airway; the sputum is gradually excreted from the depth of the airways through the stimulation of the coughing reflex on the sensory nerve on the surface of the airway. However, when the sputum is thick, the cough is weak, or the tracheal cilia are abnormal, sputum accumulation may occur and affect the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung. Furthermore, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in sputum may cause or aggravate the symptoms of pulmonary infection in patients, which is the main factor leading to AECOPD. Therefore, promoting effective drainage of sputum and maintaining airway opening are key points requiring clinical attention.AIMTo explore the effect of refined nursing strategies in patients with AECOPD and dysphagia.METHODSWe selected 126 patients with AECOPD and difficulty of expectoration at our hospital, and divided them into a refined care group and a routine care group, with 63 cases each, using a random number table. The two groups of patients were treated with expectorant, anti-infection, oxygen inhalation, and other basic treatment measures; patients in the refined care group were given refined nursing intervention during hospitalization, and the routine care group received conventional nursing intervention. The differences in sputum expectoration, negative pressure suction rate, blood gas parameters, dyspnea score measured through the tool developed by the Medical Research Council (MRC), and quality of life were compared between the two groups. RESULTSAfter 7 d of intervention, the sputum expectoration effect of the refined care group was 62.30%, the effective rate was 31.15%, and the inefficiency rate was 6.56%. The sputum expectoration effect of the routine care group was 44.07%, the effective rate was 42.37%, and the inefficiency rate was 13.56%. The refined care group had better sputum expectoration than the routine care group (P < 0.05). The negative pressure suction rate in the refined care group was significantly lower than that of the routine care group during the treatment (22.95% vs 44.07%, P < 0.05). Before the intervention, the arterial oxygen saturation (PaO₂) and arterial carbon dioxide saturation (PaCO₂) values were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05); the PaO₂ and PaCO₂ values in the refined care group were comparable to those in the routine care group after 7 d of intervention (P > 0.05). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the MRC score between the two groups (P > 0.05); the MRC score of the refined care group was lower than that of the routine care group after 7 d of intervention, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Before intervention, there was no significant difference in the symptoms, activities, disease impact, or St. George’s Respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) total scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 7 days of intervention, the symptoms, activities, and total score of SGRQ of the refined care group were higher than those of the routine care group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONAECOPD with thick sputum, weak coughing reflex, and abnormal tracheal cilia function will lead to sputum accumulation and affect the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung. Patients with AECOPD who have difficulty expectorating sputum may undergo refined nursing strategies that will promote expectoration, alleviate clinical symptoms, and improve the quality of life.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者的机械通气指南(2007)

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病，患病人数多，病死率高，严重影响患者的劳动能力和生活质量。2002年世界卫生组织（WHO）公布的资料显示，COPD是目前世界上死亡的第五位病因，预计到2020年，COPD将成为第三位死亡病因。COPD急性加重（AECOPD）合并呼吸衰竭（呼衰）是导致COPD患者住院最重要的原因，加强对AECOPD的防治，特别是提高机械通气技术的应用水平，对提高AECOPD合并呼衰的抢救成功率具有重要意义。     

呼吸康复操在慢阻肺急性加重期无创通气患者中的应用

目的：研究呼吸康复操在慢阻肺急性加重期无创通气患者中的应用效果。方法：选择慢阻肺急性加重期无创通气患者78例,采用随机法分为对照组和研究组,每组39例,对照组接受常规治疗和健康指导,研究组在对照组基础上增加呼吸康复操,比较2组患者干预前后的咳痰分值、慢阻肺患者自我评估测试（CAT）问卷评分、改良版英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难（mMRC）问卷评分、C-反应蛋白(CRP）、肺功能指标水平、动脉血气指标水平。结果：干预8周后,2组咳痰分值、CAT问卷和mMRC评分及CRP、二氧化碳分压（PCO2）水平较干预前均明显降低（P＜0.05,0.01）,且研究组低于对照组（P＜0.05,0.01）;2组第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1% pred）、FEV1/用力肺活量（FEV1/FVC）、最大呼气中段流量（MMEF）等肺功能指标和氧分压（PO2）水平较干预前均明显升高（P＜0.05,0.01）,且研究组高于对照组（P＜0.05,0.01）。结论：呼吸康复操在慢阻肺急性加重期无创通气患者中的应用效果显著,不仅能有效改善患者呼吸、肺通气功能以及血气分期指标水平,还能减轻其机体炎症因子水平,从而能全面改善其预后。     

手语表达法训练对无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的成效

目的 探讨手语表达法训练对应用无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的影响.方法 将82例患者分为干预组和对照组各41例.对照组采用常规护理,干预组在常规护理的基础上对患者实施基本手语表达法训练的护理干预.结果 干预组患者人院时动脉血氧分压,动脉血二氧化碳分压与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);上机24h后干预组动脉血二氧化碳分压下降明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);干预组主动配合程度高,人机依从性好,有2例放弃治疗,对照组有9例,耐受率高于对照组.结论 上机前实施护理干预在保障无创正压通气疗效中发挥重要的作用,提高了患者治疗的依从性,使患者有效地配合治疗.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期护理现状及研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种以慢性、气流受限不完全可逆为特征的肺部疾病。按病程可分为急性加重期和稳定期,对COPD急性加重期恰当的治疗及护理可有效改善患者肺部功能、缓解症状及延缓疾病发展。综述了COPD急性加重期患者护理的现状及研究进展,旨在为今后临床开展COPD相关研究提供参考依据。     

序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并肺性脑病的疗效观察

目的探讨序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并肺性脑病的临床疗效。方法将64例AECOPD患者随机分为2组,每组32例。对照组给予有创机械通气,观察组给予有创-无创序贯机械通气,比较2组患者临床疗效。结果观察组显效率显著高于对照组;观察组有创通气时间及住呼吸重症监护室(RICU)时间均明显短于对照组,且住院费用明显少于对照组。结论有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并肺性脑病患者较传统有创通气疗效确切,且能显著缩短通气时间,降低VAP发生率,减少住院费用,改善患者预后及生活质量。     

住院急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者病死率的影响因素研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者在住院期间或出院1天内导致死亡的危险因素,为降低AECOPD病死率提供科学的建议。方法选择我院就诊的AECOPD患者126例,根据住院期间是否发生死亡分为死亡组(36例)和好转组(90例)。比较两组患者人口学特征、血常规、肺功能、血气分析、C反应蛋白(CRP)和并发疾病等相关指标;分析影响AECOPD患者住院病死率的因素。结果 APOPD患者126例中,死亡36例,好转90例。两组患者COPD综合评级高风险比例、CRP水平、血红蛋白、白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、缺血性心脏病和肺源性心脏病比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。高CRP(OR=3.126,95%CI=1.345~7.265)、高碳酸血症(OR=3.012,95%CI=1.234~7.352)、低淋巴细胞计数(OR=2.341,95%CI=1.084~5.056)、慢性肺源性心脏病(OR=2.510,95%CI=1.203~5.237)是住院APOPD患者发生死亡的独立危险因素。结论高CRP、高碳酸血症、低淋巴细胞计数、并发慢性肺源性心脏病是影响住院AECOPD患者发生死亡的独立危险因素。     

双水平气道正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者中应用及效果

目的探讨双水平气道正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期临床疗效和安全性。方法选择2010年8月至2012年8月住院治疗的112例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者为研究对象,随机分为A组和B组,A组仅给予常规机械通气治疗,B组患者则给予不同时相应用双水平气道正压通气治疗,比较两组患者肺功能、血气分析、心率、呼吸频率、血压、机械通气时间、住院时间和住院费用等临床指标。结果 B组患者肺功能、血气分析、心率、呼吸频率、血压、机械通气时间、住院时间和住院费用均显著优于A组患者的,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论不同时相应用双水平气道正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期临床疗效确切,安全可靠,不良反应少。     

呼吸机集束干预策略在慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者中的应用

目的探讨呼吸机集束干预策略在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)机械通气患者中的应用效果。方法按入院时间,分别选择30例AECOPD机械通气患者为干预组和对照组,干预组严格进行抬高床头等集束干预策略,对照组只进行常规护理,比较两组患者治疗效果。结果干预组通气时间、住院时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率、死亡率均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论对AECOPD机械通气患者进行呼吸机集束干预策略可提高患者治疗和护理质量。     

Steroid-induced myopathy in patients intubated due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To determine incidence, risk factors and impact on various outcome parameters of the development of acute quadriplegic myopathy in a selected population of critically ill patients.Setting A prospective cohort study carried out in the intensive care unit of a tertiary-level university hospital.Patients All patients admitted due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who required intubation and mechanical ventilation, and received high doses of intravenous corticosteroids.Interventions A neurophysiological study was performed in all cases at the onset of weaning. Muscular biopsy was taken when the neurophysiological study revealed a myopathic pattern.Measurements and results Twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. Nine patients (34.6%) developed myopathy. Only seven patients were treated with muscle relaxants. Histology confirmed the diagnosis in the three patients who underwent muscle biopsy. APACHE II score at admission, the rate of sepsis and the total doses of corticosteroids were significantly higher in patients with myopathy compared with those patients that did not develop it. Myopathy is associated with an increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation [15.4 (9.2) versus 5.7 (3.9) days; p<0.006], the length of ICU stay [23.6 (10.7) versus 11.4 (7.05) days; p<0.003] and hospital stay [33.3 (19.2) versus 21.2 (16.1) days; p<0.034)]. Myopathy was not associated with increased mortality.Conclusions In the population under study, severity of illness at admission, the development of sepsis and the total dose of corticosteroids are factors associated with the occurrence of myopathy after the administration of corticosteroids. Myopathy was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and in-hospital stay.     

慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期住院时间相关因素分析

目的：通过分析慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期患者入院时各项常规实验室指标等与患者住院时间的相关性,探讨其各项常规实验室指标等与患者住院时间的相关性。方法：回顾性分析55例慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期住院患者,将入院时各项常规实验室指标等与住院时间进行线性相关分析多重线性回归分析。结果：在各项指标中线性相关分析：总蛋白相关系数（-0.288,P〈0.05）、白蛋白相关系数（-0.357,P〈0.05）。多重线性回归分析Stepwise法（enter≤0.05,remove≥0.1）：白蛋白被选进入方程,余项目被剔除,白蛋白浓度与住院时间呈负相关,有统计学意义。结论：慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期患者入院时血清总蛋白、白蛋白浓度与住院时间呈负相关。血清蛋白浓度越高,住院时间越短。对于营养状况差的患者除常规治疗外,还应注意营养治疗,缩短住院时间。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者反刍思维与睡眠质量的临床现状及其相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)急性加重期患者反刍思维及睡眠质量的相关性。 方法 采用一般人口学资料调查表、反刍思维量表(ruminative response scale,RRS)和匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)对116名COPD急性加重期患者进行横断面调查。 结果 COPD急性加重期患者的反刍思维总得分为(3.32±1.04)分,PSQI得分为(13.65±3.67)分,2者的得分及各因子均明显高于国内常模(P<0.05),且2者呈正相关关系(r=0.122~0.405,P<0.05)。 结论 COPD急性加重期患者的反刍思维和睡眠障碍均处于较高水平,且2者呈正相关性,临床医护人员在进行睡眠护理的同时,应积极纠正患者的负性思维方式,以提高患者对疾病的适应水平和睡眠质量。     

吸入糖皮质激素治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究

目的探讨中等剂量二丙酸氯地米松短疗程吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者的疗效。方法按照随机、对照、单盲的设计,将44例稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者分2组,观察组给予二丙酸氯地米松(800μg/d)与对照组给予安慰剂吸入治疗6周,观察治疗前后测定肺功能第1秒用力呼气量、用力肺活量,并记录临床症状评分及生活质量评分。结果观察组21例,临床症状改善,治疗前症状评分为(5.1±0.5)分,治疗后为(4.6±0.4)分(P<0.05);第1秒用力呼气量治疗前为(1.79±0.02)L,治疗后为(2.16±0.03)L(P<0.01);用力肺活量治疗前为(2.20±0.02)L,治疗后为(2.50±0.03)L(P<0.05),呼吸功能提高显著。对照组19例,治疗前后各项指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论短期二丙酸氯地米松吸入治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者可缓解临床症状,提高肺功能和生活质量。     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动时低氧血症的发生及相关因素

目的：探讨运动时低氧血症与静息时常规肺功能和血气分析指标、运动后呼吸生理改变及最大运动能力的关系。方法：３０ 例稳定期中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者,运动前进行肺功能检查和血气分析。应用自行车功率仪进行递增负荷运动试验,运动过程通过呼吸感应性体表描记仪监测胸腹呼吸运动之和与潮气量之比（ＴＣＤ／ＶＴ） 。结果：３０ 例受试者中１４ 例运动时出现低氧血症,其常规肺功能指标和最大运动能力指标均显著低于其余１６例。极量运动时血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２ｍｉｎ） 与静息时ＰａＣＯ２ 和ＲＶ／ＴＬＣ 显著负相关,与ＦＥＶ１ ％ ｐｒｅｄ 、ＦＶＣ％ ｐｒｅｄ、ＭＶＶ％ ｐｒｅｄ 和ＰａＯ２ 等均有一定的相关性;极量运动时ＳａＯ２ 下降幅度与静息时ＰａＣＯ２ 、ＰａＯ２ 和ＲＶ 显著相关;ＳａＯ２ｍｉｎ与ＴＣＤ／ＶＴ 的变化负相关;ΔＳａＯ２ 与ＶＥｍａｘ 相关;ＳａＯ２ｍｉｎ 和ΔＳａＯ２ 与最大运动能力指标无明显的相关性。结论：ＣＯＰＤ患者运动时可出现低氧血症,肺充气过度和通气功能损害是引起运动时低氧血症的主要因素,运动时诱发的胸腹矛盾呼吸和运动时通气不足对低氧血症的发生有一定的影响;运动时低氧血症与最大运动能力无明显的相关性。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺栓塞血液相关风险因素分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重(AECOPD)合并急性肺栓塞血液相关风险因素及其相关性分析,为发病机制研究、治疗提供参考。方法纳入2015年5月至2016年4月入院的AECOPD可疑肺栓塞患者73例,检测其血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、降钙素原(PCT)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、心肌酶、动脉血气、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等指标,并进行胸部肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查,分析AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者与未合并肺栓塞患者血液相关风险因素的关系。结果 73例患者中,有15例为AECOPD合并肺栓塞,58例为AECOPD未合并肺栓塞。AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者的Neu%、PCT、NT-proBNP、D-二聚体、LDH、cTnI、CRP、IL-8、ET-1水平整体高于未合并肺栓塞患者(P0.05)。AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者血CRP与IL-8相关系数为0.457(P=0.087),与ET-1相关系数为0.598(P=0.019),IL-8与ET-1相关系数为0.695(P=0.004)。结论 AECOPD合并肺栓塞与体内炎症严重程度相关,炎性反应越重,对心肌损伤也相应增加,发生肺栓塞的风险增加。     

Early and late failure of noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation

BACKGROUND: Despite recent encouraging results, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the management of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), complicated by acute respiratory failure (ARF), is not always successful. Failure of NIV may require an immediate intubation after a few hours (usually 1-3) of ventilation ('early failure') or may result in clinical deterioration (one or more days later) after an initial improvement of blood gas tension and general conditions ('late failure'). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 122 patients affected by COPD complicated by ARF, and treated with NIV. The schedule of NIV provided sessions of 2-6 h twice daily. RESULTS: Ninety-nine (81%) patients showed a progressive improvement of the clinical parameters and were discharged. Among the remaining 23 patients, 13 had an early failure and 10 had a late failure. In the 'success' group and 'late failure' groups we found after an increase of pH 2 h of NIV (from 7.31 +/- 0.05 to 7.38 +/- 0.04 P < 0.001 and from 7.29 +/- 0.03 to 7.36 +/- 0.02 P < 0.001, respectively) and a decrease of PaCO2 (from 80.93 +/- 9.79 to 66.48 +/- 5.95 P < 0.001 and from 85.96 +/- 10.77 to 76.41 +/- 11.02 P < 0.001, respectively). After 2 h of NIV in the 'late failure' group there were no significant changes in terms of pH (from 7.20 +/- 0.10 to 7.28 +/- 0.06) nor PaCO2 (from 92.86 +/- 35.49 to 93.68 +/- 23.68). The 'early failure' group had different characteristics and, owing to more severe conditions, the value of pH, of Glasgow Coma Score, and Apache II Score were the best predictors of the failure; while, among the complications on admission, metabolic alterations were the only independently significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that NIV may be useful to avoid intubation in approximately 80% of patients with COPD complicated by moderate-severe hypercapnic respiratory failure.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的肺保护性通气研究

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者进行小潮气量机械通气的肺保护效果。方法 35例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为小潮气量组(17例)和常规潮气量通气组(18例)，观察两组患者机械通气后支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF—α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的变化，机械通气期间发生呼吸机相关性肺损伤的情况，机械通气时间、平均住院时间及最终预后情况。结果 两组患者在存活率方面差异无显著性意义；小潮气量组机械通气后BALF中TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8的水平明显低于常规通气组；小潮气量组气压伤发生率、机械通气时间、住院时间也明显少于常规通气组。结论 对于COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者，选用小潮气量进行机械通气，可以减轻机械牵拉诱发的细胞因子释放，减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤，缩短机械通气时间和住院时间。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者血压昼夜节律特点的观察

目的 观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的血压昼夜节律变化特点.方法 入选100例AECOPD、经急性生理和慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)大于10分的入住重症医学科的患者,根据动态血压变化将血压类型分为杓型、非杓型、反杓型及超杓型.结果 所有患者中正常血压节律者25例(25.0％),异常血压节律者75例(75.0％),其中非杓型15例(15.0％),反杓型为55例(55.0％),超杓型节律者5例(5.0％).结论 AECOPD患者异常血压节律者占多数,在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的同时,应加强患者血压节律的监测,及时纠正其异常节律,减少对机体的损伤,减少此类患者心血管事件的发生.