实时三维超声心动图对比评价正常右心室及左心室功能

目的 观察利用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评估、比较成年人正常心脏左右心室的可行性,并探讨左右心室之间的关系.方法 应用RT-3DE全容积成像采集58名心脏正常成年人的心脏三维数据,在TomTec工作站中分析获得右心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)和射血分数(EF);在Qlab工作站中分析获得左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)和射血分数(EF).结果 右心室EDV[(85.84±20.82)ml]、ESV[(41.87士10.48)ml]分别大于左心室EDV[(69.37士17.83)ml]、ESV[(26.46±8.26) ml](P均＜0.001),而右心室EF[(50.94士5.57)％]小于左心室EF[(61.97±6.48)％,P＜0.001].左心室SV[(42.91±11.72) ml]与右心室SV[(43.96±12.15) ml]差异无统计学意义(P=0.273).左右心室的对应参数均有相关性.结论 RT-3DE是评估左右心室容积和功能的可行方法,且其相应参数在左右心室间是相关的.     

实时三维超声心动图评价正常儿童左、右心室容积及收缩功能

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)比较正常儿童左、右心室容积及收缩功能。方法以RT-3DE采集192名年龄2个月～13岁8个月正常儿童的左、右心室的全容积数据,并按年龄分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ组。应用TomTec LV-A-nalysis及RV-function软件分析左、右心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV),每搏输出量(SV),心室射血分数(EF)及心室容积收缩峰值速率(PSVR),对各年龄组左、右心室上述指标进行比较;同时对EDV与年龄及体格指标进行相关性和曲线估计回归分析。结果各年龄组中,RT-3DE测量左、右心室EDV差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),左、右心室ESV、SV及PSVR在部分年龄组中差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),而左心室EF高于右心室,其在5个年龄组中差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。左、右心室EDV与年龄、身高、体质量、体表面积呈正相关(r均>0.85,P均<0.001),曲线估计回归分析表明其相关性均以幂模式拟合最佳,其中与体表面积拟合的曲线最佳,回归方程分别为左心室EDV=38.58BSA1.41(r2=0.89,P<0.001)、右心室EDV=37.46BSA1.29(r2=0.85,P<0.001)。结论RT-3DE测量正常儿童左、右心室舒张末期容积相近,两侧心室存在泵血功能平衡,心室容积随年龄增长呈指数模式增长。     

实时三维超声心动图评价肺动脉高压患者右心室整体和节段收缩功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(real-time three-dimensional,RT-3DE)探讨肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)患者右心室整体和节段收缩功能的特征。方法 入选PH患者30例和健康对照者27例,采集心尖四腔观以右心室为主的全容积图像,使用TomTec软件定量分析获得右心室整体和流入道部、体部、流出道部3个节段的舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)、每博输出量(SV)和射血分数(EF),分析三维超声参数的组间差异及其与常规超声心动图参数的相关性。结果 PH组右心室整体及各节段局部EDV和ESV较正常对照组升高（均P＜0.05）,右心室整体和节段EF较正常对照组降低(均P ＜0.05)。右心室流入道节段EDV、SV及EF显著高于流出道和体部（均P＜0.05),右心室整体EF低于流入道节段而高于流出道和体部（均P ＜0.05)。PH组右心室整体和流入道节段EF与肺动脉收缩压及三尖瓣反流最大速度与肺动脉口血流时间速度积分比值呈显著负性相关（r= -0.611、-0.576,P＜0.001、P=0.001及r=-0.772、-0.721,P=0.002、P＜0.001）。结论PH患者右心室容积增大,右心室整体和节段收缩功能减退,右心室整体和节段收缩功能受损的程度与右心室后负荷增高程度密切相关。     

实时全容积三维超声心动图初步评价正常胎儿心室容积和心室收缩功能

目的 探讨实时三维超声在研究正常胎儿心室发育和心室收缩功能方面的价值.方法 回顾分析54例正常胎儿全容积三维数据,通过后处理软件获得心室容积参数,包括舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)和搏出量(SV)及心室收缩功能参数射血分数(EF),分析胎儿心室容积发育与孕周的关系,比较左右心室容积和收缩功能的差异.结果 胎儿左右心室容积参数EDV、ESV、SV与孕周间均有线性相关关系,随孕周增长而增加,而收缩功能参数EF与孕周之间无明显线性关系,随孕周增长无明显变化;容积参数EDV、ESV左右心室之间差异无明显统计学意义,而SV、EF左右心室间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 实时三维超声对胎儿心内膜清晰成像时能够获得心室腔容积,进而评价心脏收缩功能,有助于进一步研究胎儿心脏容积发育和收缩功能变化.     

时空关联成像联合超声自动容积测量技术评价正常胎儿右心室功能

目的 探讨联合应用时空关联成像（STIC）及超声自动容积测量（SonoAVC）技术评价正常胎儿右心室功能的可行性及可靠性。方法 应用三维超声STIC技术采集85胎中孕期正常单胎胎儿心脏容积数据,通过SonoAVC技术测量胎儿右心室舒张末期容积（EDV）和右心室收缩末期容积（ESV）,计算右心室每搏量（SV）、射血分数（EF）和右心输出量（CO）;并统计分析右心室功能参数与孕周的关系。结果 SonoAVC技术可对组内所有胎儿右心室容积进行脱机自动测量,测量容积所用时间为（1.31±0.19）min。自动测量右心室容积的可重复性较好,ICC均>0.95。胎儿右心室EDV、ESV、SV、CO均与孕周呈正相关,EF与孕周无相关性。结论 STIC联合SonoAVC技术测量胎儿右心室容积具有良好的可行性和可靠性,可作为一种评价胎儿右心室功能的新型工具。     

右心室功能的心脏MR成像评价

目的:研究右心室功能的心脏MR成像评价。方法:选取30例健康的患者,其中男16例,女14例,年龄19～38岁。使用德国Siemens公司SomatonAera1.5T磁共振机进行右心室短轴电影成像,使用Argus 4D VF心室功能软件分别测量了右心室射血分数(EF)、舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、心搏出量(SV)、心排出量(CO)、舒张末期心肌质量(MMED)、平均心肌质量(MMAVG)。使用SPSS 20.0软件统计测量参数值的均值(■)和标准差(SD),应用独立样本检验男女两组的差异显著性,采用Pearson相关分析检验有关参数的相关系数,以P0.05为差异显著。结果:30例均完成了右心室功能的心脏MR成像。右心室功能的心脏MRI测量正常值如下:EF=38.24±8.46(%),EDV=101.78±31.02(ml),ESV=66.14±21.16(ml),MMED=59.89±18.22(g),MMAVG=63.60±19.37(g),上述测量值在男女两组比较无显著性差异(F=0.028～3.764,P0.05),SV在男性组为41.38±15.05(ml),女性组为29.06±8.38(ml)(F=5.832,P=0.023);CO在男性组为3.03±0.97(l/min),女性组为2.08±0.58(l/min)(F=4.270,P=0.048),SV和CO在男女两组间有显著性差异。通过Penrson相关检验,男性组SV与CO(r=0.918,P=0.000),SV与体重(r=0.420,P=0.105),CO与体重(r=0.353,P=0.179);女性组SV与CO(r=0.933,P=0.001),SV与体重(r=0.153,P=0.602),CO与体重(r=0.061,P=0.836)。结论:右心室功能MR成像的EF、EDV、ESV、MMED和MMAVG测量值在男女两组间无差异,而SV和CO测量中存在显著性差异,故应分别参照有关测量值进行右心室功能测评。     

实时三维超声心动图评价中晚孕期正常胎儿右心室功能

目的应用全容积实时三维超声心动图评价正常胎儿右心室功能。方法对109例孕妇的正常胎儿进行超声心动图检查．应用Shimazaki法、双平面Simpson法以及全容积实时三维超声心动图方法（RT-3DE）来评估胎儿右室舒张末期容积（EDV）、收缩末期容积（ESV）、每搏输出量（SV）、射血分数（EF）及心输出量（CO）,并比较三种方法获得的数值结果。结果三种方法比较,EDV、ESV、SV、CO值的差异均有统计学意义（F=31．22、23．30、31．67、32．61。P均〈0．05）,EF值的差异无统计学意义（F=1．56,P〉0．05）。RT-3DE法、双平面Simpson法与Shimazaki法比较,除EF值外,胎儿EDV、ESV、SV、CO值的差异均有统计学意义（t分别=6．57、5．64、6．66、6．76;7．10、6．25、7．11、7．21,P均〈0．05）;RT-3DE法与Simpson法比较,胎儿EDV、ESV、SV、CO的差异无统计学意义（t分别=0．53、0．61、0．44、0．45．P均〉0．05）。两个观察者一致性检验,RT-3DE法的Kappa值要高ff-Simpson法的Kappa值。结论全容积实时三维超声心动图能够全面、整体地评价胎儿右心室心功能。     

实时三维超声心动图对健康人右心功能的初步探讨

目的探讨单心动周期实时三维超声心动图测量健康人右心室容积及收缩功能的可行性及准确性。方法应用三维矩阵探头采集122名健康成人的右心室、左心室三维图像,使用RV Analysis及LV Analysis软件分别检测左、右心室收缩功能参数,包括收缩末期容积(ESV)、舒张末期容积(EDV)、每搏心输出量(SV)及射血分数(EF),将多种参数(性别、年龄、体表面积)分别与右心室功能参数进行相关分析,同时将左心室及右心室各参数进行比较及相关分析,验证实时三维超声心动图测量右心室功能的可靠性。结果健康人三维右心室EF为(55.66±13.97)%,EDV为(68.24±40.19)ml,ESV为(30.09±19.14)ml,SV为(38.30±26.10)ml;男性受试者右心室SV、EF高于女性,但无统计学差异[(40.15±26.15)ml vs(36.11±25.60)ml,(55.69±14.57)%vs(55.62±13.36)%,P均>0.05];右心室的相关功能参数与受试者年龄无相关性(P>0.05);体表面积(BSA)与右室EDV、ESV及SV呈弱相关性(r=0.236、0.247、0.178,P均<0.05),但与右心室EF无相关性(P>0.05)。左心室SV与右心室SV及左心室EDV与右心室EDV之间存在弱正相关关系(r=0.201、0.215,P均<0.05)。双室的EF之间及ESV之间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论单心动周期实时三维超声心动图技术是一种简单易行的评价右心功能的方法,能较准确地评估右心室的收缩功能。     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振成像评价右心功能的对照研究

目的:以磁共振电影成像法为对照,应用实时三维超声心动图定量评价右心室功能,探讨两项技术心功能评价指标的相关性及实时三维超声心动图在右心功能评价中的应用价值.方法:30例健康成年志愿者(男16例、女14例,年龄(49±3.2)岁),全部志愿者均于24 h内行心脏实时三维超声心动图和MRI检查.行实时三维超声心动图全容积显像方式采集图像数据,并导入TomTec工作站,应用4D RV-function软件行图像后处理,构建右室三维模型并进行心功能测量.最终获取舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)及射血分数(EF)等心功能参数.与MR多次屏气电影法测得右心室功能指标进行Pearson相关分析,并采用Bland-Altman法评价两种检查方法结果的一致性.结果:实时三维超声心动图测得的心功能指标平均EDV (143.5±23.2) mL,平均ESV (68.4±19.2) mL,SV (78.1±11.7) mL,EF (51.2±5.6)％,与MR多次屏气电影法测得的心功能指标EDV (147.5±26.8) mL(r=0.947),ESV (63.2±15.9) mL(r=0.909),SV (78.8±15.0) mL(r=0.788),EF (55.2±7.7)％(r=-0.627)均无显著性差异,显示出较高相关性.结论:本研究显示实时三维超声心动图与1.5T磁共振成像评价右心功能各指标之间相关性高,在右心功能定量评价方面准确、可靠.     

磁共振电影成像与超声心动图评价左心室功能的比较

目的比较心脏磁共振（cMR1）与超声心动图（Echo）对左心室功能的评估价值。方法对20例冠心病患者进行cMRI和Echo检查,采用专业心功能分析软件（MASSV4．2）多层累积法和双平面Simpson法计算左心室收缩末期容积（EDV）、舒张末期容积（ESV）、每搏输出量（SV）以及左心室射血分数（LVEF）。结果cMRI和Echo所测得的EDV,ESV,SV以及LVEF值间差异均无统计学意义（JP〉0．05）。相关分析显示ESV和EF的相关性较高r值分别为0．81,0．76）,EDV和SV相关性中等（r值分别为0．67,0．61）。EDV,SV和EF均值Echo〉cMRI,ESV均值Echo稍小于cMRI。结论对左心室功能评估,Echo双平面法与cMRI有很好的相关性,均具有可靠的临床价值,针对两者特点适当选择可互为补充。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.