Postexpositionsprophylaxe nach beruflicher Exposition mit HBV, HCV und HIV

Zusammenfassung Nach beruflicher Exposition gegenüber HBV, HCV oder HIV sollten sowohl der Patient, von dem das (potenziell) infektiöse Material stammt (Indexpatient), als auch der Exponierte serologisch und ggf. molekularbiologisch nachuntersucht werden.Nach Exposition gegenüber HBV steht eine aktive und passive Immunprophylaxe zur Verfügung. Die Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) sollte nach Kontakt einer nicht geimpften Person mit HB-Viren möglichst innerhalb von 24 h eingeleitet werden. Bei Nachweis einer akuten Hepatitis B wird eine antivirale Therapie bei immunkompetenten Personen nicht empfohlen.Eine PEP der HCV-Infektion ist zzt. nicht möglich. Bei Nachweis einer akuten HCV-Infektion verhindert eine Interferonmonotherapie bei einem großen Anteil der Patienten eine Chronifizierung der Infektion.Nach Exposition mit erhöhtem Infektionsrisiko (perkutane Stichverletzungen, Schnittverletzungen) gegenüber HIV-positivem Material sollte eine PEP empfohlen werden. Bei weiteren Indikationen kann eine PEP angeboten werden. Die medikamentöse Prophylaxe sollte so früh wie möglich begonnen und in der Regel über 28 Tage durchgeführt werden. Die Standardprophylaxe besteht in der Gabe von 2 Inihibitoren der reversen Transkriptase (RTI) und einem Proteaseinhibitor (PI).     

福施乐治疗良性前列腺增生的临床研究

目的:观察福施乐治疗BPH的有效性和安全性。方法:采用多中心、开放性、自身前后对照的临床研究方法,对60例BPH患者采用福施乐治疗12周。以国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、膀胱残余尿(PVR)和前列腺体积为主要疗效指标,以生活质量评分(QOL)和平均尿流率(Qave)为次要疗效指标,来评价福施乐治疗BPH的效果。结果:治疗12周后,患者IPSS评分、Qmax、PVR、QOL评分、Qave均比治疗前明显改善(P<0.01),而前列腺体积治疗前后无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:福施乐可明显改善BPH患者的排尿症状,增加尿流率,减少残余尿,无明显不良反应,治疗BPH安全、有效。     

Risk factors for cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C virus reactivation after bone marrow transplantation

To derive guidelines for a safer bone marrow transplantation (BMT) policy, we have to study pre-BMT risk factors that may be associated with an increased post-BMT death. Among those factors, the importance of pre-BMT viral hepatitis markers in BMT donors and recipients remains unsettled. In the present study, we have determined the effect of prior donor and recipient cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure on the incidence of those viral infections after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The study included 63 patients presented to the BMT unit; 28 of them underwent transplantation and 35 were not transplanted. All serum markers of CMV, HBV, and HCV infections were monitored using ELISA technique, as well as PCR-DNA for CMV, HBV and HCV RT-PCR techniques for HCV. The incidence of active CMV and HCV was 11/28 (39%) and 6/28 (21%) in post-BMT recipients compared to 2/35 (6%) and 2/35 (6%) in the 35 untransplanted patients (P=0.00003 and P=0.05). Whereas active HBV infection was non significantly (P=0.13) higher 3/28 (11%) in the BMT patients in comparison to 1/35 (3%) in untransplanted patients. Ten out of the 19 (53%) of the CMV-seropositive recipients developed CMV reactivation compared to 1/9 (11%) of the CMV-seronegative recipients who developed CMV seroconversion. In addition, 3/8 (38%) of the HBV-seropositive recipients developed HBV reactivation in comparison to 0/20 of the HBV-seronegative recipients. Moreover, 5/13 (39%) of the HCV-seropositive recipients developed HCV reactivation in comparison to 1/16 (6%) of the HCV-seronegative recipients who developed HCV seroconversion. In conclusion, previous exposure to CMV, HBV, and HCV infections in the recipients of BMT patients were found to influence the risk of developing those viral infections.     

维持性血透患者乙、丙型肝炎病毒和人免疫缺陷病毒感染随访研究

目的:调查维持性血透患者在长程血透治疗过程中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,通过总结进一步降低血透患者上述病毒感染率。方法:收集2004年12月～2009年12月底在我院行规则维持性血液透析半年以上者共381例,每半年检查其血清HBV标志物(HBV-M)、HCV抗体(抗HCV)和抗HIV等情况;2008年1月起严格把抗HCV阳性的血液透析患者与HBsAg阳性患者单独分区和分血透机进行血液透析。比较各患者HBV-M、抗HCV和抗HIV变化情况,同时对比分区分机前后HBV和HCV感染情况。结果:(1)HBV-M检查及HBsAg抗原阳转率:2004年底～2009年底,HBsAg阳性患者分别为3,4,4,7,13,16例,增加的阳性患者均为新进入血透患者,维持性血透患者HBsAg阳转率均为0;(2)抗HCV检查及阳转率:2004年底～2009年底,抗HCV阳性患者总数分别为52例(43.3%),50例(32.3%),40例(25.8%),46例(29.9%),37例(18.8%),27例(11.3%);2005年,2006年和2007年阳转数分别为5例,2例,6例;2008年和2009年没有抗HCV阳转患者;分区分机血透后的两年和前面3年比较,抗HCV阳转率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。(3)抗HIV检查及阳转率:所有381例患者在随访期内没有发生抗HIV阳性。结论:在广泛应用促红素减少输血后明显降低了血透患者HBV和HCV感染率,进一步对HBV和HCV感染者采取分区分机的原则和隔离血透的治疗措施,降低了血透患者感染HBV和HCV的风险。     

Sperm ultrastructure and meiotic segregation in a group of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C

Little is known about the effect of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C on sperm quality. In this study, we analysed sperm quality from selected patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Semen samples were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM data were elaborated with a mathematical formula able to indicate a fertility index and the presence of the three main sperm pathologies: apoptosis, immaturity and necrosis. Meiotic chromosome segregation was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation carried out on sperm nuclei, using probes for chromosomes 18, X and Y. Despite normal sperm concentration, we observed reduced motility. TEM analysis highlighted that 35.7% of patients showed generally good semen quality. However, significantly higher values of apoptosis and necrosis, compared with controls, were observed, demonstrating spermatogenetic alterations. Regarding meiotic segregation, we found an incidence of disomies similar to that observed in control samples, whereas diploidy resulted higher in HCV patients, without reaching statistical significance. In conclusion, sperm quality in the studied group was not impaired; however, apoptosis and necrosis resulted out of normal range and the fertility index was significantly lower in HCV- and HBV-infected patients versus controls.     

HIV,violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV

Introduction : Internalized HIV stigma is a key risk factor for negative outcomes amongst adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), including non‐adherence to anti‐retroviral treatment, loss‐to‐follow‐up and morbidity. This study tested a theoretical model of multi‐level risk pathways to internalized HIV stigma among South African ALHIV. Methods : From 2013 to 2015, a survey using t otal population sampling of ALHIV who had ever initiated anti‐retroviral treatment (ART) in 53 public health facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa was conducted. Community‐tracing ensured inclusion of ALHIV who were defaulting from ART or lost to follow‐up. 90.1% of eligible ALHIV were interviewed (n = 1060, 55% female, mean age = 13.8, 21% living in rural locations). HIV stigma mechanisms (internalized, enacted, and anticipated), HIV‐related disability, violence victimization (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, bullying victimization) were assessed using well‐validated self‐report measures. Structural equation modelling was used to test a theoretically informed model of risk pathways from HIV‐related disability to internalized HIV stigma. The model controlled for age, gender and urban/rural address. Results : Prevalence of internalized HIV stigma was 26.5%. As hypothesized, significant associations between internalized stigma and anticipated stigma, as well as depression were obtained. Unexpectedly, HIV‐related disability, victimization, and enacted stigma were not directly associated with internalized stigma. Instead significant pathways were identified via anticipated HIV stigma and depression. The model fitted the data well (RMSEA = .023; CFI = .94; TLI = .95; WRMR = 1.070). Conclusions : These findings highlight the complicated nature of internalized HIV stigma. Whilst it is seemingly a psychological process, indirect pathways suggest multi‐level mechanisms leading to internalized HIV stigma. Findings suggest that protection from violence within homes, communities and schools may interrupt risk pathways from HIV‐related health problems to psychological distress and internalized HIV stigma. This highlights the potential for interventions that do not explicitly target adolescents living with HIV but are sensitive to their needs.     

Excerpt From PHS Guideline for Reducing HIV,HBV and HCV Transmission Through Organ Transplantation

The intent of the PHS guideline is to improve organ transplant recipient outcomes by reducing the risk of unexpected HIV, HBV and HCV transmission, while preserving the availability of high‐quality organs. An evidence‐based approach was used to identify the most relevant studies and reports on which to formulate the recommendations. This excerpt from the guideline comprises (1) the executive summary; (2) 12 criteria for assessment of risk factors for recent HIV, HBV and HCV infection; (3) 34 recommendations on risk assessment (screening) of living and deceased donors; testing of living and deceased donors; informed consent discussion with transplant candidates; testing of recipients pre‐ and posttransplant; collection and/or storage of donor and recipient specimens; and tracking and reporting of HIV, HBV and HCV; and (4) 20 recommendations for further study. For the PHS guideline in its entirety, including the background, methodology and primary evidence underlying the recommendations, refer to the source document in Public Health Reports, accessible at http://www.publichealthreports.org/issuecontents.cfm?Volume=128&Issue=4 . For more in‐depth information on the evidence base, including tables of all study‐level data, refer to Solid Organ Transplantation and the Probability of Transmitting HIV, HBV or HCV: A Systematic Review to Support an Evidence‐Based Guideline, accessible at http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/12164/ .

     

HIV感染者/AIDS患者自我管理量表的编制

目的编制测评HIV感染者/AIDS患者自我管理能力的工具。方法通过文献回顾、患者访谈、专家咨询和预调查形成试测量表,选取360例接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行正式调查,检验量表信度和效度。结果量表共7个维度49个条目。条目水平的内容效度指数(I-CVI)为0.786~1.000;探索性因子分析提取14个特征值大于1的公因子,累积方差贡献率为61.694%,经合并公因子组合成维度后,5个条目所属维度发生迁移,4个条目在2个维度的载荷均大于0.3。总量表Cronbach′sα系数0.853,重测信度0.879。结论 HIV感染者/AIDS患者自我管理量表的信度和效度尚可接受,仍需完善相关鉴别力不够的条目。     

Temporary Pacemaker Wire Insertion: A Simple,Safe, and Effective Technique

A method of placing temporary pacing wires is described. A modification of the wire makes it self-retaining, yet simple to remove. It is demonstrated that during removal of wires placed by this method, there is a very low incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. These results contrast with the findings of others.     

A Vascular Anastomosis Simulation Can Provide a Safe and Effective Environment for Resident Skills Development

Objective

Vascular anastomoses are complex surgical procedures, performed in time-sensitive circumstances, making intraoperative teaching more challenging. We sought to evaluate whether a vascular anastomosis simulation was effective in developing resident skills.