HIV-1 Gag、Tat、Rev和Nef蛋白特异性的免疫应答

目的：探讨中国HIV／AIDS患者HIV—1 Gag、Tat、Rev和Nef蛋白特异性CTL应答的特征。方法：应用覆盖HIV-1 B、C亚型Gag、Tat、Rev和Nef蛋白的220个肽段作为抗原，通过ELISPOT方法俭测HIV／AIDS患者HIV特异性CTL应答。结果：无沦HIV—1 B亚型还是HIV-1C亚型所构建肽库的应答强度和频率，主要集中在Gag和Nef蛋白，Tat和Rev蛋白也有不同程度的应答。HIV—1 B、C亚型间应答比较，整体应答强度大致相同，但免疫优势区间存在着一定的差异，B亚型Gagp24亚蛋白的288～313氨基酸区应答最强，而C亚型Gagp24亚蛋白的155～181氨基酸区应答最强；两个亚型免疫优势区应答频率最高的都是Nef蛋白106～143氨基酸区(48．1％)。结论：中国人群CTL应答多集中在Gag和Nef蛋白，B、C业型间略有差异且存在交叉识别，这对设计针对中国人群的HIV疫苗是有重要的意义。     

HIV-1高暴露持续血清阴性者对Nef、Gag肽段库的特异性CTL应答的研究

目的 研究中国HIV-1高暴露持续血清阴性（highly exposed persistently seronegative,HEPS）者的Nef、Gag特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）应答特点,探讨HIV-1特异性CTL应答在这类特殊人群中抵抗感染的作用机制.方法 选取10例HIV-1高暴露持续血清阴性者,11例经性接触感染且从未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患者及4例未经暴露的健康志愿者.以覆盖HIV-1 gag全长和部分nef的14个肽段库为刺激原,应用IFN-γ ELISPOT法测定3组人群的特异性CTL应答,并对3组的应答强度、宽度以及对肽段库识别比例进行比较.结果 50%（5/10）的HEPS,100%（11/11）的HIV/AIDS患者均存在Nef及Gag特异性CTL应答,而4例健康对照均为阴性.存在应答的HEPS者对14个肽段库的平均应答强度和宽度分别是HIV/AIDS患者的4.3%和37.7%.在HEPS者中主要识别的肽段库均为HIV/AIDS患者中识别比例相对较低的肽段库.结论 与HIV/AIDS患者相比,HEPS者中的HIV-1特异性CTL应答存在着不同的特点和规律,可能在保护机体免于HIV-1感染中发挥着重要作用.     

不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1 B亚型毒株感染者对Gag、Nef肽段库的特异性CTL应答比例的比较和分析

目的 对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic Tlymphocyte，CTL）应答进行研究，比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同，探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起的作用。方法 选取56例未经抗病毒治疗的中国HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者。其中包括长期无进展者（long-term nonprogressors，LTNP）、HIV感染早中期患者和AIDS患者3组不同疾病进展阶段患者。以覆盖HIV-1 Gag全长和部分Nef的14个肽段库为刺激原，应用IFN-γ ELISPOT法测定3组患者的特异性CTL应答，并比较3组患者对不同肽段库的应答比例。结果 3组不同进展阶段患者对14个肽段库总体的特异性CTL应答的平均反应宽度和强度间差异均无统计学意义。3组患者对14个肽段库的识别模式可分为两种类型：（1）对Gag-p24-1、Gag-p24-5、Gag-p 2/7/1/6-1以及Gag-p2／7／1／6-3这4个肽段库的识别比例高低与病情进展情况相平行。3组患者对4个肽段库整体的识别比例间差异有统计学意义（P=0．041）；（2）对其他10个肽段库的识别与病情进展不平行，在HTV感染早中期患者中比例高，而在LTNP中低。结论 针对不同肽段库的CTL应答可能在控制病毒复制过程中发挥不同的作用，对疾病进展的控制可能需要针对多个抗原表位的有效CTL应答。     

HIV-1B／C重组病毒感染者Gag特异性T淋巴细胞免疫应答的研究

目的研究中国主要流行的HIV-1B／C重组毒株感染者Gag特异性T淋巴细胞反应特征。方法本研究以10例感染时间〈1年和25例感染时间〉3年未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV-1B／C重组毒株感染者为研究对象,以10例HIV．1阴性健康人作为对照,用Elispot方法检测其针对HIV-1B／C同义BGag重叠多肽产生1干扰素的特异性T淋巴细胞反应。结果8例（8／10）感染时间〈1年的HIV-1B／C重组毒株感染者产生Gag特异性分泌Y干扰素的T淋巴细胞反应,主要识别散在分布的五条多肽;17例（68％）感染时间〉3年的感染者产生反应,主要识别p17区域内的-条和p24区域内六条多肽。感染时间〉3年组产生IFN-吖的特异性T淋巴细胞反应强度与病毒载量呈明显正相关（P=0．0318,r=0．519）,感染时间〈1年的感染者反应强度明显高于感染时间〉3年的感染者（P=0．021）。健康人对照组无阳性反应。结论HIV-1B／C重组病毒感染者在疾病进程不同阶段识别Gag的不同区域。     

中国人群HIV-1B亚型Nef蛋白特异性细胞毒性T细胞反应的研究

目的探讨中国人群HIV-1B亚型Nef蛋白特异性细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)反应特征及其与病毒载量以及CD4细胞数量间的关系。方法选取33例HIV-1B亚型感染者。用合成的HIV-1B亚型Nef全基因序列肽库作为抗原,ELISPOT方法检测HIV-1B亚型Nef蛋白特异性CTL反应,同时测定病毒载量及CD4细胞数量。结果70％的感染者对Nef产生特异性CTL反应,单一肽段能够被识别的频率不超过40％,应答强度为(1102±2136)SFC(斑点形成细胞数)／106 PBMC。HIV-1B亚型Nef特异性CTL应答的强度和频率之间没有显著的相关性。HIV-1 Neff特异性CTL反应强度与病毒载量间存在显著负相关,与CD4细胞数量间存在显著正相关。结论初步确定了Nef蛋白CTL应答的优势区域。这些区域主要集中在一些高度保守的氨基酸序列。提示HIV-1B亚型Nef特异性CTL应答在疾病进展中对机体具有保护性作用。     

HIV-1B/C重组病毒感染者Gag特异性T淋巴细胞免疫应答的研究

目的 研究中国主要流行的HIV-1 B/C重组毒株感染者Gag特异性T淋巴细胞反应特征.方法 本研究以10例感染时间＜1年和25例感染时间＞3年未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV-1 B/C重组毒株感染者为研究对象,以10例HIV-1阴性健康人作为对照,用Elispot方法检测其针对HIV-1B/C同义B Gag重叠多肽产生γ干扰素的特异性T淋巴细胞反应.结果 8例(8/10)感染时间＜1年的HIV-1 B/C重组毒株感染者产生Gag特异性分泌γ干扰素的T淋巴细胞反应,主要识别散在分布的五条多肽;17例(68％)感染时间＞3年的感染者产生反应,主要识别p17区域内的一条和p24区域内六条多肽.感染时间＞3年组产生IFN-γ的特异性T淋巴细胞反应强度与病毒载量呈明显正相关(P =0.0318,r=0.519),感染时间＜1年的感染者反应强度明显高于感染时间＞3年的感染者(P=0.021).健康人对照组无阳性反应.结论 HIV-1 B/C重组病毒感染者在疾病进程不同阶段识别Gag的不同区域.     

TH细胞在记忆性CTL介导的肿瘤抑制中的作用研究

目的 观察记忆性CTL的抑瘤作用是否需要抗原特异性TH细胞的辅助。方法 表达OVAT细胞表位SIINFEKL特异性TCR的T细胞转输RAG^-l-小鼠，经相应T细胞表位多肽刺激后产生记忆性CTL，将此记忆性CTL转输已产生特异性和非特异性TH细胞的C57BL／6小鼠体内并接种肿瘤细胞EG7。结果 经T细胞表位多肽免疫后，SIINFEKL特异性TCR T细胞成功在RAG^-l-小鼠体内增殖并分化为记忆性CTL；抗原特异性TH细胞可辅助产生较多效应性CTL但并没有完全的肿瘤抑制作用；记忆性CTL的完全抑瘤活性需要抗原特异性TH细胞的辅助。结论机体对肿瘤的长期完全杀伤作用不但需要肿瘤特异性抗原诱导产生的记忆性CTL，而且需要特异性TH细胞的辅助，肿瘤疫苗的设计必须包括特异性的CTL表位多肽和辅助性TH细胞多肽。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染细胞毒性T细胞逃逸突变的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1感染者体内活化的细胞毒性T细胞（CTL）反应不足以清除病毒，这是由于HIV。1在HLA限制的CTL压力下经常发生逃逸突变。但是，部分CTL逃逸突变会造成HIV病毒适应性的下降。近年来，人们对HIV-1感染中CTL逃逸突变的特征以及不同位点的逃逸突变在疾病进程中的作用进行了比较深入的研究，因而探讨CTL压力下HIV逃逸突变的规律有助于了解HIV-1自然感染中的免疫保护机制，并为开发有效的HIV疫苗提供依据。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染细胞毒性T细胞逃逸突变的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)-1感染者体内活化的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)反应不足以清除病毒,这是由于HIV-1在HLA限制的CTL压力下经常发生逃逸突变.但是,部分CTL逃逸突变会造成HIV病毒适应性的下降.近年来,人们对HIV-1感染中CTL逃逸突变的特征以及不同位点的逃逸突变在疾病进程中的作用进行了比较深入的研究,因而探讨CTL压力下HIV逃逸突变的规律有助于了解HIV-1自然感染中的免疫保护机制,并为开发有效的HIV疫苗提供依据.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染细胞毒性T细胞逃逸突变的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)-1感染者体内活化的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)反应不足以清除病毒,这是由于HIV-1在HLA限制的CTL压力下经常发生逃逸突变.但是,部分CTL逃逸突变会造成HIV病毒适应性的下降.近年来,人们对HIV-1感染中CTL逃逸突变的特征以及不同位点的逃逸突变在疾病进程中的作用进行了比较深入的研究,因而探讨CTL压力下HIV逃逸突变的规律有助于了解HIV-1自然感染中的免疫保护机制,并为开发有效的HIV疫苗提供依据.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.