老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的管理

老年髋部骨折患者进行手术具有较高风险,术后谵妄(POD)发生率高,严重影响术后康复及远期预后,需骨科、麻醉科、老年内科、内科、重症医学科、康复科、营养科、精神心理科等多学科团队分工协作,共同管理.术前应对POD相关危险因素进行综合评估,制定个体化综合预防措施;术中应关注老年患者的麻醉方式、微创术式选择等特殊问题;术后应...     

Meperidine analgesia and delirium in aged hip fracture patients

Delirium is quite frequent in elderly patients who sustain hip fractures. The use of Meperidine by physicians, unaware of the possible emergence of delirium in elderly patients, is very popular. We have retrospectively examined the incidence of delirium in 181 consecutive patients admitted to the orthogeriatric ward with hip fractures. We used the confusion assessment method to establish the presence of delirium in all patients. A database search was conducted to identify which patients were treated by Meperidine, or Morphine, prior to delirium onset. We identified 92 cases, 44 of whom were treated by Meperidine alone, and the other 48 treated by Morphine alone. Delirium was diagnosed in 13 (27.1%) Morphine treated patients as compared with 19 (43.2%) treated by Meperidine (P<0.001). Age, cognitive status and opiate use were associated with perioperative delirium. A subset regression analysis showed that exposure to Meperidine was significantly associated with delirium (odds ratio 2.5, P<0.01), in contrast with Morphine. Our results confirm the association between exposure to Meperidine and delirium, suggesting that this drug should be withdrawn in elderly hip fractured patients undergoing surgery, and substituted by low dose Morphine analgesia. Reducing the incidence of delirium, by adopting such an approach, may result in a significant potential of savings in direct costs, related to treatment of delirium in this population.     

老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍

目的 研究老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍的发生、预防、治疗及其影响因素.方法 采用美国精神障碍诊断标准(DSM-IV)诊断老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍,回顾性分析148例老年人髋部骨折的手术治疗,按临床特点进行分类,并将精神障碍组与无精神障碍组之间的数据进行统计学分析.结果 本组患者围手术期26例(17.6%)出现精神障碍,平均持续时间为3d,其中22例(84.6%)发生于术后.所有围手术期精神障碍中,狂躁型15例(57.7%)、抑制型4例(15.4%)、混合型7例(26.9%),无围手术期精神障碍者平均年龄(75.5±7.O)岁,围于术期精神障碍者平均年龄(79.6±7.7)岁(t=2.668,P=0.008).5例有既往精神障碍史的患者均出现围手术期精神障碍,5例外同定架治疗者均未出现围手术期精神障碍.结论 围手术期精神障碍是在老年人中枢神经系统功能退化的基础上,由多种因素引起,影响老年人髋部骨折患者的预后,应将其作为一个独立的病症对待,采取积极的综合防治措施.     

老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍

Objective To assess the influencing factors of perioperativc delirium in the elderly with hip fracture and to define strategies for prevention and management. Methods DSM-Ⅳ was adopted to diagnosis of perioperative delirium in the elderly with hip fracture, The data of 148 elderly patients with hip fracture were analyzed retrospectively and classified according to the clinical characteristics. The differences were analyzed statistically between the delirious group and the control group. Results There were 26 (17.6%) cases diagnosed with delirium in the perioperative period, including 22 cases with postoperative delirium, and the delirious symptom lasted 3 days in average. For the type of delirium, there were 15 cases with mania type, 4 cases with inhibitory type and 7 cases with mixed type. Compared with patients in control group, patients with perioperative delirium were older [(79.67±7.7) years old vs. (75.5±7.0)years old, t=2.668, P=0.008)]. Five cases who had previous delirium occurred perioperative delirium, and five patients who received external fixator showed no perioperative delirium. Conclusions Perioperative delirium is a heterogeneous symptom on the basis of brain aging and degeneration. It affects the prognosis of the elderly patients with hip fracture and should be viewed as a separate entity, which can be prevented and treated through comprehensive management.     

The risk factors of postoperative delirium in general anesthesia patients with hip fracture: Attention needed

Delirium is a common postoperative complication of patients with hip fracture, yet the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the associated risk factors of postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture, to provide evidence for formulating coping measures of postoperative delirium prevention and treatment in clinical practice.Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture from March 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020 in our hospital were included. The related characteristics and related lab examination results were reviewed and collected. The univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the potential risk factors.A total of 462 patients were included, the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture was 16.02%. Logistic regression analyses indicated that history of delirium (OR = 4.38, 1.15–9.53), diabetes mellitus (OR = 5.31, 1.23–10.75), hypoalbuminemia (OR = 4.97, 1.37–9.86), postoperative hypoxemia (OR = 5.67, 2.24–13.42), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) (OR = 3.03, 1.36–6.18) were the independent risk factors for the delirium in patients with hip fracture surgery (all P < 0.05). The cutoff value of postoperative blood sugar, albumin, and BMI for delirium prediction was 8.05 (mmol/L), 32.26 (g/L), and 19.35 (kg/m²), respectively, and the area under curve of postoperative blood sugar, albumin, and BMI was 0.792, 0.714, and 0.703, respectively.Those patients with a history of delirium, postoperative hypoxemia, blood glucose ≥8.05 mmol/L, albumin ≤32.26 g/L, and BMI ≤19.35 kg/m² particularly need the attention of healthcare providers for the prevention of delirium.     

老年人髋部骨折术后谵妄的诊断和治疗

目的探讨结合量化评估方法对老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的围手术期诊疗。方法前瞻性研究65岁以上的老年髋部手术患者（2005年8月至2007年7月）。入选病例161例。将入选患者随机分为围手术期综合干预组（83例）和对照组（78例）。入院后每天采用精神错乱鉴定方法对所有患者进行评估，并作为诊断谵妄发生及病程结束的依据。对确诊谵妄的患者，再进行谵妄严重程度（DRS）测评，记录首、末次DRS评分和谵妄持续时间。对综合干预组患者进行谵妄危险因素控制和预防性治疗，并根据上述评分对治疗方案进行评价，随时进行调整。对照组患者则应用常规骨科处理方案。结果综合干预组平均住院时间为（12．80±2．15）d，少于对照组的（13．73±2．12）d（P〈0．01）；谵妄发生率为12例（14．46％），低于对照组19例（24．36％，P〈0．01）；谵妄严重程度为首次DRS评分17．33±3．31，低于对照组20．58±4．18（P〈0．05）；谵妄持续平均时间为（2．08±1．08）d，少于对照组的（3．32±1．53）d（P〈0．05）。治疗后DRS评分，综合干预组为8．08±2．84，低于对照组11．05±3．31（P〈0．05）；治疗后与治疗前相比，综合干预组DRS减分为9．25±2．18，对照组为9．25±2．18（P〉0．05）。结论对老年髋部骨折术后患者，通过使用精神错乱鉴定方法诊断，DRS评价严重程度，并指导围手术期的治疗和危险因素控制，可有效降低谵妄的发生率，缩短谵妄的持续时间，减轻谵妄的严重程度，缩短住院时间。     

Quality project to prevent delirium after hip fracture

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that a series of strategies supervised by a geriatrician can reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly hip fracture patients. The aims of this project were to determine if a geriatric registrar could introduce these strategies and alter the incidence of delirium in our orthopaedic unit. Methods: The program used quality improvement methods and included staff education and the use of a checklist to facilitate the use of the strategies. We counted the number of recommendations made, the subsequent adherence to the recommendations and the before and after monthly incidence of delirium. Results: The geriatric registrars made 424 recommendations (average six per patient) during a 3‐month intervention period, of which 89.9% were adhered to. Baseline data indicated an incidence of delirium of 10/28 cases (35.7%). Following introduction of the strategies, subsequent monthly incidences of delirium were 4/28 cases (14.3%), 3/22 cases (13.6%) and 2/21 cases (9.5%) (P < 0.035 compared with baseline). Conclusions: We conclude from this short program that methods proven to prevent delirium can be introduced into routine clinical practice and that this appears to prevent cases of delirium.     

Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial

OBJECTIVES: Delirium (or acute confusional state) affects 35% to 65% of patients after hip-fracture repair, and has been independently associated with poor functional recovery. We performed a randomized trial in an orthopedic surgery service at an academic hospital to determine whether proactive geriatrics consultation can reduce delirium after hip fracture. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded. SETTING: Inpatient academic tertiary medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 126 consenting patients 65 and older (mean age 79 +/- 8 years, 79% women) admitted emergently for surgical repair of hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Detailed assessment through interviews with patients and designated proxies and review of medical records was performed at enrollment to ascertain prefracture status. Subjects were then randomized to proactive geriatrics consultation, which began preoperatively or within 24 hours of surgery, or "usual care." A geriatrician made daily visits for the duration of the hospitalization and made targeted recommendations based on a structured protocol. To ascertain study outcomes, all subjects underwent daily, blinded interviews for the duration of their hospitalization, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Delirium Symptom Interview (DSI), and the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm. RESULTS: The 62 patients randomized to geriatrics consultation were not significantly different (P>.1) from the 64 usual-care patients in terms of age, gender, prefracture dementia, comorbidity, type of hip fracture, or type of surgical repair. Sixty-one percent of geriatrics consultation patients were seen preoperatively and all were seen within 24 hours postoperatively. A mean of 10 recommendations were made throughout the duration of the hospitalization, with 77% adherence by the orthopedics team. Delirium occurred in 20 /62 (32%) intervention patients, versus 32 / 64 (50%) usual-care patients (P =.04), representing a relative risk of 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.98) for the consultation group. One case of delirium was prevented for every 5.6 patients in the geriatrics consultation group. There was an even greater reduction in cases of severe delirium, occurring in 7/ 60 (12%) of intervention patients and 18 / 62 (29%) of usual-care patients, with a relative risk of 0.40 (95% CI = 0.18-0.89). Despite this reduction in delirium, length of stay did not significantly differ between intervention and usual-care groups (median +/- interquartile range = 5 +/- 2 days in both groups), likely because protocols and pathways predetermined length of stay. In subgroup analyses, geriatrics consultation was most effective in reducing delirium in patients without prefracture dementia or activities of daily living (ADL) functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive geriatrics consultation was successfully implemented with good adherence after hip-fracture repair. Geriatrics consultation reduced delirium by over one-third, and reduced severe delirium by over one-half. Our trial provides strong preliminary evidence that proactive geriatrics consultation may play an important role in the acute hospital management of hip-fracture patients.     

The unfavorable nature of preoperative delirium in elderly hip fractured patients

The onset of delirium is frequent in elderly patients who sustain hip fractures. The purpose of this study was to characterize different patterns of preoperative and postoperative delirium, to study factors associated with preoperative delirium and to evaluate the possible different outcome of these patients. This retrospective study comprised 281 elderly patients with hip fractures undergoing surgical fixation. Data collection included age, sex, length of stay, type of fracture, cognitive status by mini mental state examination (MMSE), assessment of possible delirium by the confusion assessment method (CAM) and functional outcome assessed by functional independence measure (FIM). A database search was conducted to identify whether delirium onset occurred prior to or following surgery. About 31% of the total sample developed delirium. Delirious patients tended to be more disabled (P = 0.03) and cognitively impaired (P = 0.018), compared with non-delirious patients. Most delirious cases (53%) had their onset in the preoperative period. Patients with preoperative delirium were older (P = 0.03), had a lower prefracture mobility (P < 0.01), impaired cognition (P = 0.04) and showed an adverse functional outcome in terms of FIM score. Regression analysis showed that prefracture dementia, prefracture mobility and low MMSE scores were strongly associated with higher probability of having preoperative delirium, with no additional effect of other variables. It is concluded that preoperative delirium should be viewed as a separate entity with unfavorable nature and adverse outcome. Careful preventive measures and better treating strategies should be employed to avoid this clinical condition.     

Time-course of cytokines during delirium in elderly patients with hip fractures

OBJECTIVES: To compare the time‐course of cytokine levels in patients with and without delirium and investigate differences in cytokine concentrations in delirium subtypes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 2005 through 2007. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older admitted for surgery after hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Experienced geriatric physicians used the Confusion Assessment Method to assess delirium and the Delirium Symptom Interview to assess delirium subtype. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and IL‐12 were assayed in repeated serum samples using a cytometric bead array immunoassay. RESULTS: Of 221 admitted patients, 98 (mean age 84, 50 patients with delirium) were included, resulting in a total of 324 samples. Ninety‐six percent of these samples had TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐10 levels below the reliable detection level. Differences between patients with and without delirium were observed in IL‐6 (median 51 vs 36 pg/mL, P=.01) and IL‐8 (median 15 vs 9 pg/mL, P=.03) levels. Changes over time in IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels in patients with delirium differed significantly from changes in levels in patients without delirium. The highest levels of IL‐6 were present during delirium, and the highest levels of IL‐8 were present before the development of delirium. Patients with the hyperactive (median 71 pg/mL) or mixed (median 73 pg/mL) subtype of delirium had higher IL‐6 levels than patients with hypoactive delirium (median 16 pg/mL) (P=.02). CONCLUSION: IL‐6 and IL‐8 may contribute to the pathogenesis of postoperative delirium in elderly people. IL‐6 may play a role in the hyperactive behavior of delirium.