RACE,PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION,AND EMOTION‐FOCUSED COPING

This study examined the associations among race, perceived discrimination, and emotion‐focused coping. Participants were 3,688 respondents (160 Blacks and 3,533 non‐Hispanic Whites) to the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. We tested our hypotheses with analyses of covariance and multiple regression, and we confirmed mediation with bias‐corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. All analyses controlled for age and gender; educational attainment and household income were included as covariates in additional analyses. Consistent with previous research, Blacks engaged in more emotion‐focused coping than did Whites. However, as predicted, perceived discrimination explained the association between race and emotion‐focused coping. Being Black compared with White predicted more perceived discrimination; in turn, perceived discrimination predicted more emotion‐focused coping. Perceived discrimination fully mediated the association between race and emotion‐focused coping. Findings demonstrate that relying on emotion‐focused coping is a function of facing daily discrimination rather than racial status.     

ALCOHOL ENVIRONMENT,PERCEIVED SAFETY,AND EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL,TOBACCO, AND OTHER DRUGS IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE

This study examined the association between the count of alcohol outlets around children's homes and opportunities to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) during preadolescence. Data were collected in 2007 from 394 Baltimore City children aged 8–13 years (86% African American). Participants’ residential address and alcohol outlet data were geocoded with quarter mile (i.e., walking distance) buffers placed around each participant's home to determine the number of outlets within walking distance. The unadjusted logistic regression models revealed that each unit increase in the number of alcohol outlets was associated with a 14% increase in the likelihood of children seeing people selling drugs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, p = .04) and a 15% increase in the likelihood of seeing people smoking marijuana (OR = 1.15, p < .01). After adjusting for neighborhood physical disorder, the relationship between alcohol outlets and seeing people selling drugs and seeing people smoking marijuana was fully attenuated. These results suggest that alcohol outlets are one aspect of the larger environmental context that is related to ATOD exposure in children. Future studies should examine the complex relationship between neighborhood physical disorder and the presence of alcohol outlets.     

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS,SOCIAL SUPPORT,AND INTERNALIZING SYMPTOMS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN YOUTH

The relations among chronic environmental stressors, social support, and anxiety and depressive symptoms among urban, African American youth are unclear. In this study, we test theoretical models of support and examine the specific relations between community violence exposure and neighborhood disadvantage and three types of anxiety symptoms as well as depressive symptoms. Participants included 188 African American youth in Grades 5 through 8 from 2 low‐income urban schools. Results suggest victimization and neighborhood disadvantage were most significantly associated with symptoms, and in the context of these stressors, parent support was associated with fewer fear and concentration and depressive symptoms. Parent and friend support buffered the effects of stressors on depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to the literature in terms of testing specific stressor‐psychopathology relations and theory‐based social support models with urban, at‐risk youth. Implications for intervention are discussed.     

TISSUE REACTIONS TO ASPERGILLUS IN CASES OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE AND LEUKAEMIA

Five cases of aspergillosis complicating Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia are reported. The organs involved were: lungs (all five cases), stomach (Case 3); brain and meninges (Case 4); heart, kidneys, spleen, thyroid, and liver (Case 2). Cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus were obtained from the post-mortem tissues of three patients.     

THE ROLE OF FAMILY CONFLICT IN THE RELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

The current study examined the role of family conflict as a mediator in the relation between exposure to community violence and depressive symptoms. Two hundred thirty‐two early adolescents (aged 11–16 years) completed a demographics questionnaire, the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence, the 9‐item conflict subscale of the Family Environment Scale, and the Children's Depression Inventory. Family conflict was found to be a significant mediator of the relation between exposure to community violence via victimization and depressive symptoms. Clinical efforts should seek to prevent or reduce conflict in families of youth experiencing community violence victimization. Future research should continue to evaluate microsystem factors as mechanisms through which exposure to community violence affects the psychological well‐being of youth.     

TALKING TO YOUNG PEOPLE ABOUT SEX IN SOUTH AFRICA: NEIGHBORHOOD AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES

Our study seeks to untangle systemic influences on specific family dynamics understudied in a non‐Western context. Specifically, we examine the associations between caregivers’ perceptions of neighborhood cohesion, neighborhood safety, and social support, and one aspect of parenting relevant to the South African community from which data were drawn, caregiver–youth communication about sex. Multivariate regression models demonstrate interactive relationships among our variables of interest (p ≤ .05). For caregiver–youth dyads (N = 99), living in a neighborhood caregivers perceived to be relatively cohesive or safe was associated with differential relationships (i.e., conditional effects; p ≤ .07) between caregiver social support and youth report of communication about sex. Our findings indicate that neighborhood and social‐level influences on parenting are not universal. Moreover, cross‐cultural adaptations of family‐based behavioral interventions to prevent HIV should consider the role of caregiver social support within diverse neighborhood contexts.     

DIFFERENCES IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MHC AND NON-MHC MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTIONS TO SUPPRESSION BY MURINE AMNIONIC FLUID AND ITS COMPONENTS

The ability of mouse amniotic fluid (MAF), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) and MAF depleted of AFP (MAF - AFP) to suppress primary one-way MLR's was investigated. It was found that MAF, AFP and MAF - AFP were all suppressive of MLR's specific for MHC, K, D or I + S determinants. Suppression was observed when either lymph node or spleen cells were used as the responder cells. Nylon wool column passage of these cells did not significantly affect the immunosuppressive action of these substances. In contrast, MLR's specific for non-MHC/M-locus determinants demonstrated either diminished suppression or augmentation of the response, compared with the MHC stimulated MLR's. Our results show a differential effect of whole MAF and its fractions on the proliferative responses induced by various allogeneic stimuli and suggest that suppression is not due to a non-specific effect on proliferation regardless of the stimulus or cell type involved.     

WOMEN'S COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION AND WELL‐BEING: LOCAL RESISTANCE TO GENDERED SOCIAL INEQUITIES IN NICARAGUA AND TANZANIA

Although it is well‐documented that globalization has exacerbated structural factors that contribute to rising levels of gender inequality, social actors from diverse local contexts demonstrate that women are not mere victims, but rather have worked actively to resist oppression and promote women's well‐being worldwide. Self‐mobilized groups of women throughout the world are engaging in complex processes of renegotiating structural and relational injustices that transform women's well‐being. The current article focuses on how two groups of women–one in Nicaragua and one in Tanzania–use land rights to reconfigure gendered power relations that have been exacerbated during realignments of global power. We examine how conscientization, or a critical consciousness surrounding experiences of gender discrimination, motivated resistance, collective mobilization, and social change. The analysis provides evidence for theories of struggle and everyday resistance that represent how community contexts enable and support women's struggle for justice in an increasingly globalized world.     

EXTEROCEPTIVE STIMULATION AS A CONTINGENT FACTOR IN THE INDUCTION AND ELICITATION OF DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO 1 CHLORO-, 2-4, DINITROBENZENE IN GUINEA PIGS

This study attempted to determine whether a prior period of “stress” would elicit the sensitization reaction of the skin to topically applied chemical agents. A subthreshold concentration of 1-chloro-, 2-4, dinitrobenzene (DNCB) was applied to the skin of 40 guinea-pigs, 20 of which had been subjected to repetitive electrical shocks throughout the previous 15 minutes. They were examined 24 hours later, and were retested with DNCB at another site after 9 days for signs of delayed sensitization. The stressed animals exhibited a more severe contact-reaction (p <. 01) after the induction test and also after the delayed test.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR PROBLEM BEHAVIORS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS,ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR,AND ALCOHOL USE IN ADOLESCENCE

Both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology increase throughout adolescence and a similar set of risk and protective factors may underlie depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use. Analyses test how risk and protective factors for externalizing behavior in community, school, family, peer, and individual domains are related to depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use concurrently and longitudinally in a sample of 2,002 students assessed in 8^th and 10^th grades (52% male; 58% Caucasian). Findings indicate that risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior and alcohol use are also associated with depressive symptoms, both concurrently and longitudinally. Prevention approaches that target risk and protective factors for externalizing problems may have crossover effects on depressive symptoms during adolescence.     

THE DIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF URINARY INFECTION IN UROLOGY AND GYNAECOLOGY

In a study of the urine after urological operations, quantitative bacteriological criteria for the diagnosis of infection were determined.     

SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AMONG LESBIAN,GAY, BISEXUAL,AND TRANSGENDER PARENTS LIVING IN METROPOLITAN AND REGIONAL AND RURAL AREAS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

This article explores lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) parents’ sense of connection to their families, friends, and communities. The study compares LGBT parents who live in inner metropolitan areas with those living in outer metropolitan and regional and rural areas. We also look at experiences of discrimination and being out about sexuality in various community settings. Data for this article were drawn from the Work, Love, Play study of 455 Australian or New Zealand LGBT parents. Over half the participants lived in outer metropolitan or regional and rural areas. Parents living in outer metropolitan or regional and rural areas were less likely than those living in the inner city to feel connected to their local community or to be out in community settings, while also having less contact with the LGBT community. Their children were also more likely to experience homophobic bullying or discrimination at school.     

B-COMPLEX GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HSA, (T,G)-A–L,GT AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN CHICKENS

Immune response to poly-(l -tyrosine-l -glutamic acid)-poly-d , l -alanine-poly-l -lysine ((T,G)-A–L), human serum albumin (HSA), and (l -glutamic acid⁵⁰, l -tyrosine⁵⁰)n (GT) was found to be linked to the B complex in an outbred line of Leghorns segregating for the B¹, B², and B¹⁹ alleles. Birds of the blood group genotypes B¹B¹, B²B², and B¹⁹B¹⁹ were low, intermediate, and high responders, respectively to either (T,G)-A–L or HSA. Response to GT, however, differed, with the B²B² genotype being the only responder. No real genotype differences in immune response to DNP-conjugates and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) could be detected.