非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)后发生急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年2月我院156例择期OPCABG的临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络小组(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)的AKI诊断标准,将患者分成2组:AKI组(n=54)及非AKI组(n=102),对2组患者术前、术中及术后可能与发生AKI有关的变量进行单因素分析,有差异的变量进行logistic回归分析,筛选出OPCABG后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 OPCABG术后AKI发生率为34.6%(54/156),其中2例行透析治疗,后均因急性心功能衰竭死亡。单因素分析显示:年龄70岁、高血压病史、糖尿病史、糖化血清蛋白值、术前BNP、术后BNP、术前血肌酐、术前LVEF(左室射血分数)40%、室间隔厚度、术中输注悬浮红细胞及血浆量、ICU停留时间、机械通气时间、术后住院时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。logistics回归分析显示:年龄70岁(OR=4.988,95%CI:1.098~22.649,P=0.043),高血压病史(OR=3.323,95%CI:2.718~8.582,P=0.026),糖尿病史(OR=2.004,95%CI:1.277~3.145,P=0.019),糖化血清蛋白(OR=1.716,95%CI:0.646~4.710,P=0.016),术前血肌酐(OR=7.149,95%CI:6.969~7.334,P=0.023),术前LVEF40%(OR=12.138,95%CI:7.448~19.846,P=0.008),术中输注悬浮红细胞(OR=1.891,95%CI:1.283~2.787,P=0.007),术中输注血浆量(OR=1.491,95%CI:1.374~1.652,P=0.039),机械通气时间(OR=2.665,95%CI:2.608~2.723,P=0.008)为OPCABG术后发生AKI的危险因素。结论 AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素有关,应充分重视这些危险因素的评估。     

左心功能中重度不全患儿行左冠状动脉异常起源矫治术后发生急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析左冠状动脉异常起源于肺动脉(anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery,ALCAPA)伴左心功能中重度不全的患儿行矫治术后发生急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法选择2010年11月至2017年5月行ALCAPA矫治术伴术前左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)低于50%的患儿43例,男25例,女18例,年龄3个月至14岁。查阅医院电子病例,收集相关围术期临床资料。根据KIDGO标准判断是否发生AKI,将患儿分为两组:非AKI组和AKI组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后AKI的危险因素。结果术后发生AKI 31例,AKI发生率为70.5%。AKI组术前Hb含量、术前LVEF和术前血浆肌酐(SCr)浓度明显低于非AKI组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前Hb含量升高为保护性因素(OR=0.917,95%CI 0.848～0.992,P=0.031);术前LVEF升高为保护性因素(OR=0.902,95%CI 0.819～0.993,P=0.036);术前肾小球滤过率(GFR)升高为独立危险因素(OR=1.063,95%CI 1.014～1.113,P=0.011)。结论 ALCAPA伴左心功能中重度不全的患儿行矫治术,术前Hb含量升高和LVEF升高均是术后发生AKI的保护性因素,而术前GFR升高是术后AKI的独立危险因素。     

成人良性终末期肝病肝移植术后肾损伤部分危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析成人良性终末期肝病患者行原位肝移植术后发生肾损伤的部分危险因素。方法选择2014年5~12月于我院行同种异体原位肝移植的成人良性终末期肝病患者30例,男18例,女12例,年龄23~68岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。根据是否发生急性肾损伤(AKI),将患者分为:未发生AKI组(16例)与AKI组(14例)。收集资料包括术前一般情况、手术因素、麻醉因素、是否使用回收式自体输血、术后因素、患者术前肾功能、术后每日尿量、血肌酐(Scr)及尿素氮(BUN)。所有变量单因素分析P0.10纳入Logistic多元回归分析。结果与未发生AKI组比较,AKI组使用回收式自体输血明显减少,输注血小板明显增多,术后需使用升压药维持血压比例明显升高(P0.05)。使用回收式自体输血为保护性因素,OR值为0.058,95%CI为0.005~0.649;输注血小板为危险因素,OR值为10.706,95%CI为1.212~94.963。结论肝移植术使用回收式自体输血,合理输注血小板,可以减少AKI的发生;一旦患者术后需升压药维持血压,会增加AKI发生的可能性。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG）后发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年2月我院156例择期OPCABG的临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络小组（acute kidney injury network,AKIN）的AKI诊断标准,将患者分成2组：AKI组（n=54）及非AKI组（n=102）,对2组患者术前、术中及术后可能与发生AKI有关的变量进行单因素分析,有差异的变量进行logistic回归分析,筛选出OPCABG后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 OPCABG术后AKI发生率为34.6%（54/156）,其中2例行透析治疗,后均因急性心功能衰竭死亡。单因素分析显示：年龄〉70岁、高血压病史、糖尿病史、糖化血清蛋白值、术前BNP、术后BNP、术前血肌酐、术前LVEF（左室射血分数）〈40%、室间隔厚度、术中输注悬浮红细胞及血浆量、ICU停留时间、机械通气时间、术后住院时间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。logistics回归分析显示：年龄〉70岁（OR=4.988,95%CI：1.098~22.649,P=0.043）,高血压病史（OR=3.323,95%CI：2.718~8.582,P=0.026）,糖尿病史（OR=2.004,95%CI：1.277~3.145,P=0.019）,糖化血清蛋白（OR=1.716,95%CI：0.646~4.710,P=0.016）,术前血肌酐（OR=7.149,95%CI：6.969~7.334,P=0.023）,术前LVEF〈40%（OR=12.138,95%CI：7.448~19.846,P=0.008）,术中输注悬浮红细胞（OR=1.891,95%CI：1.283~2.787,P=0.007）,术中输注血浆量（OR=1.491,95%CI：1.374~1.652,P=0.039）,机械通气时间（OR=2.665,95%CI：2.608~2.723,P=0.008）为OPCABG术后发生AKI的危险因素。结论 AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素有关,应充分重视这些危险因素的评估。     

结直肠癌患者术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析

目的分析影响结直肠癌患者术后发生急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年6月在郑州大学附属肿瘤医院接受结直肠癌手术376例患者的临床资料, 根据改善全球肾脏病预后组织AKI诊断标准将患者分为AKI组(n=29)和非AKI组(n=347), 比较两组患者的人口学信息、围手术期状况、实验室检查结果, 采用多因素Logistic分析结直肠癌患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。结果 376例患者中有29例(7.7%)患者术后发生AKI。多因素分析显示:术前合并高血压(OR=3.487, 95%CI:1.081～11.251, P=0.037)、术前贫血(OR=3.158, 95%CI:1.114～8.953, P=0.031)、术中输注晶体量不足(OR=0.998, 95%CI:0.997～0.999, P=0.007)、术中最低平均动脉压值较低(OR=0.915, 95%CI:0.863～0.970, P=0.003)及术后Hb中～重度下降(OR=4.105, 95%CI:1.487～11.335, P=0.006)是结直肠癌患者术后发生AKI的独立危险因素...     

甲状腺功能减退对内科危重症患者急性肾损伤的发生及临床预后的影响

目的探讨在内科危重症患者中甲状腺功能减退与急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发生之间的关系,同时分析甲状腺功能减退对发生AKI的内科危重症患者临床预后的影响。方法纳入广州中医药大学顺德医院重症医学科住院的危重症患者共496例,其中28例诊断患有甲状腺功能减退症(甲减组),468例未诊断出甲状腺功能减退症(非甲减组)。分析两组患者AKI的发生率,采用Logistic回归分析探讨甲状腺功能减退症与危重症患者并发AKI之间的关系;统计两组患者中发生AKI的患者的资料,分析甲状腺功能减退对AKI患者临床预后包括死亡率、连续性肾脏替代治疗比例和住ICU时间的影响。结果甲状腺功能减退危重患者AKI的发生率高于非甲状腺功能减退危重患者(57.1%vs 29.9%,χ~2=9.085,P=0.003),以AKI 2期和3期为主;合并甲状腺功能减退的AKI患者住院期间住院死亡率(56.3%vs 31.4%,P=0.047)和ICU住院时间[10(7,13)d vs 7(4,9)d,P=0.035]均高于非甲状腺功能减退的AKI患者,差异均具有统计学意义;而两组患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗的比例未见统计学差异(31.3%vs 21.4%,P=0.372)。多因素Logistic回归分析甲状腺功能减退(OR:1.478,95%CI:1.217～1.579,P=0.027)、较高的APACHE II评分(OR:1.898,95%CI:1.765～2.089,P=0.008)、使用肾毒性抗生素(OR:1.428,95%CI:1.312～1.521,P=0.042)和脓毒症(OR:2.283,95%CI:2.197～2.489,P=0.035)是内科危重症患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论甲状腺功能减退可增加内科危重症患者AKI的发生风险,并且可增加AKI危重症患者的死亡率和ICU住院时间,影响危重症AKI患者的临床预后,应该引起临床医生足够的重视。     

成人原位肝移植受者术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的分析成人原位肝移植受者术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年4月于郑州大学第一附属医院进行原位肝移植手术的232例受者的临床资料, 其中男性195例, 女性37例, 年龄(49.1±9.4)岁。依据术后7 d内是否发生AKI分为两组:AKI组(n=112)和非AKI组(n=120)。对比两组患者基本信息、术前血液学指标、手术时间、术后住院时长等临床资料。对原位肝移植术后AKI的相关因素进行单因素分析, 将差异有统计学意义的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析。结果在232例接受原位肝移植的患者中, 有112例在术后发生AKI, 发生率为48.3%(112/232), 其中AKI 1期64例(57.1%, 64/112), AKI 2期30例(26.8%, 30/112), AKI 3期18例(16.1%, 18/112)。logistic回归分析结果显示, 高血压(OR=5.874, 95%CI:1.931～17.863, P=0.002)和高终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分(OR=1.041, 95%CI:1.010～1.074, P=0...     

合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病患者术后发生急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的 探讨合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病患者心脏瓣膜术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2018-01—2020-12在阜外华中心血管病医院行心脏瓣膜手术且合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病患者的临床资料，根据术后是否发生AKI,分为AKI组和非AKI组。比较2组患者的基线、术中和术后资料。将单因素分析中P<0.2的变量放入多因素Logistic回归方程中，分析AKI与各因素的相关性。随后将连续型变量放入构建的回归模型中进行趋势性检验，进一步分析连续型变量对AKI的影响。结果 研究共纳入132例合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病患者，年龄(52.9±12.5)岁；28例于术后发生AKI,非AKI组104例。单因素分析结果显示，合并糖尿病、合并脑血管疾病、围术期输血、主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间等项目的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，基础血肌酐升高(OR=3.311,95%CI 1.086～10.096,P=0.035)、主动脉阻断时间(OR=1.022,95%CI 1.008～1.037,P=0.003)、围术期输血(OR=2.850,...     

成人心脏术后再入ICU的危险因素分析

目的评估心脏术后再次转入ICU的危险因素。方法纳入2014年1月至2016年10月共2 799例心脏手术患者,分为再入ICU组[47例,男27例、女20例,年龄(62.0±14.4)岁]及非再入ICU组[2 752例,男1 478例、女1 274例,年龄(55.0±13.9)岁]。分析再入ICU的原因,并通过logistic回归分析明确再次转入ICU的围术期危险因素。结果再入ICU的发生率为1.68%(47/2 799),呼吸衰竭是再入ICU的最主要的原因(38.3%),再入ICU组的死亡率较非再入ICU组高,且差异有统计学意义(23.4%vs.4.6%,P0.001)。Logistic回归分析得出术前肾功能不全(OR=5.243,95%CI 1.190~23.093,P=0.029)、ICU停留时间(OR=1.002,95%CI1.001~1.004,P=0.049)、术后第1 d B型尿钠肽(BNP)值(OR=1.000,95%CI 1.000~1.001,P=0.038)、入室24 h急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分(OR=1.171,95%CI 1.088~1.259,P0.001)、术后当天引流量(OR=1.001,95%CI1.001~1.002,P0.001)为心脏术后再次转入ICU的独立危险因素。结论早期识别心脏术后再次转入ICU的独立危险因素,有助于更有效地制定高危患者的治疗计划及分配医疗资源。     

甘露醇是脑外伤患者发生急性肾损伤的独立危险因素

目的 探讨脑外伤患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素,并评价甘露醇在其中的作用。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2008年12月间复旦大学华山医院神经外科急救中心收治的脑外伤患者AKI的发生情况,AKI诊断采用RIFLE分期标准。采用Logistic回归分析脑外伤患者发生AKI的危险因素,建立脑外伤患者AKI发生的预测模型,并运用接受者操作特性(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积评价该模型对预测脑外伤患者并发AKI的敏感性和特异性。采用倾向性得分匹配法（PSM）进一步分析甘露醇对脑外伤患者发生AKI的影响。 结果 共入选符合标准的脑外伤患者171例,其中AKI组53例,非AKI组118例。患者平均年龄（45.92±16.50）岁。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、高血压、急诊手术、系统性炎性反应综合征（SIRS）、Glasgow昏迷评分、序贯器官衰竭评估（SOFA）评分、SOFA呼吸评分、SOFA凝血评分、SOFA心血管评分、机械通气天数、红细胞悬液累计输注总量、血浆累计输注总量、呋塞米累计总剂量、托拉塞米累计总剂量、甘露醇累计总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SOFA评分（OR=1.516,95%CI 1.222~1.881,P < 0.01）、托拉塞米累计总剂量（OR=0.016,95%CI 1.002~1.031,P = 0.016）、甘露醇累计总剂量（OR=2.687,95%CI 1.062~6.800,P = 0.037）是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。运用ROC曲线及曲线下面积评价由SOFA评分、托拉塞米累计总剂量和甘露醇累计总剂量3个变量组成的多因素Logistic回归模型对脑外伤患者发生AKI预测的敏感性和特异性,结果显示ROC曲线下面积为0.901（P < 0.01）,提示该模型对预测脑外伤患者AKI的发生具有良好的敏感性和特异性。倾向性得分匹配法分析结果显示甘露醇总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。 结论 AKI是脑外伤患者住院期间常见的并发症。SOFA评分、托拉塞米累计总剂量、甘露醇总剂量是脑外伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.