改良浓度配比口腔护理液联合冲洗法对机械通气患者口腔护理及呼吸机相关性肺炎预防效果

目的 探讨改良浓度配比口腔护理液联合冲洗法对重症监护病房（ICU）机械通气患者口腔的护理效果及呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）预防的效果。方法 选取2017年7月至2018年9月淮南新华医院ICU收治的机械通气患者86例，采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组，每组43例。观察组采用改良浓度配比口腔护理液联合冲洗法实施口腔护理，对照组采用常规方法实施口腔护理，比较两组患者口腔清洁度、牙菌斑指数、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生情况、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间。结果 实施护理干预7 d后，观察组患者口腔清洁度明显优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者牙菌斑指数评分为（1.62±0.21）分，高于对照组评分，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者VAP发生率（18.60%）低于对照组（88.37%）、机械通气时间[（5.29±1.68）d]低于对照组[（8.21±2.04）d]、ICU住院时间[（8.31±4.72）d]低于对照组[（11.80±6.13）d]，两组差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 ICU机械通气患者采用改良浓度配比口腔护理液，可提高口腔清洁度、降低VAP发生率、缩短ICU住院时间，值得临床推广。     

口腔护理联合气流冲击法对气管插管机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的 探讨口腔护理联合气流冲击法对经口气管插管机械通气患者预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的干预效果。方法 选取2016年6月至2017年7月安徽省立医院ICU收治的96例经口气管插管患者，采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和试验组，每组48例。对照组予0.12%洗必泰溶液配合可冲洗式牙刷刷洗进行口腔护理，试验组先用气流冲击法清除气囊上滞留物，再采用同对照组相同的口腔护理方法进行操作，比较两组患者VAP的发生率、机械通气时间以及ICU住院时长。结果 方案数据分析（PP）显示试验组与对照组VAP的发生率分别为4.35%、18.28%，意向性分析（ITT）显示两组VAP的发生率分别为8.33%、25.00%，不同分析结果得出两组的VAP发生率差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；方案数据分析（PP）显示试验组患者机械通气时间、ICU住院时长分别为（7.41±2.86）d、（11.24±3.18）d，对照组患者机械通气时间、ICU住院时长分别为（9.98±3.45）d、（12.96±4.01）d，两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 经口气管插管患者进行口腔护理前联合气流冲击法能够降低VAP的发生率，间接减少机械通气时间与ICU入住时长。     

长托宁联合预防性气管插管治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效观察

目的 观察长托宁联合预防性气管插管治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效。方法 回顾分析安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院2006年1月至2016年8月收治62例重度有机磷农药中毒患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法分为两组,使用长托宁联合预防性气管插管治疗的32例患者为A组,使用长托宁治疗的30例患者为B组,比较两组患者病死率、药物使用总量、误吸和谵妄发生率和ICU平均住院时间。结果 A组患者无一例死亡、B组患者病死率分别为13.3%,误吸发生率分别为9.4%和33.3%,谵妄发生率分别为21.9%和46.7%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。A组患者ICU平均住院时间为（5.3±2.4）d,B组为（6.2±2.5）d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组患者长托宁用药总量平均为（16.9±3.2） mg、B组为（18.4±3.9）mg,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 长托宁联合预防性气管插管治疗重度有机磷农药中毒可提减少病死率、减少误吸和谵妄发生率及ICU平均住院时间。     

心脏瓣膜术后镇静深度对术后谵妄发生率的影响

目的 探讨不同镇静深度对心脏瓣膜术后谵妄发生率的影响。方法 选取安徽省立医院心脏大血管外科2017年1月至2017年9月择期下行心脏瓣膜手术的患者30例,根据镇静深度分为浅镇静组和深镇静组,每组15例。记录两组患者的年龄、性别、受教育程度、术前血红蛋白含量、体外循环时间、主动脉夹闭时间、手术时间及麻醉过程中镇静药丙泊酚、咪达唑仑和舒芬太尼使用剂量等;对比两组患者在整个机械通气过程中丙泊酚剂量、意外拔除气管插管及谵妄的发生情况。结果 浅镇静组患者丙泊酚剂量和术后谵妄发生率低于深镇静组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组患者其他指标差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 轻度镇静可能有助于减轻心脏瓣膜术后谵妄发生的风险。     

盐酸右美托咪定联合酒石酸布托啡诺对机械通气患者的镇痛镇静效果

目的 评价盐酸右美托咪定联合酒石酸布托啡诺对重症监护室行机械通气患者的镇痛镇静效果。方法 收集2013年1月至2016年12月无锡市第二人民医院急诊重症监护室行机械通气治疗的患者150例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为咪达唑仑组、右美托咪定组和复合组,各50例。其中,咪达唑仑组患者静脉泵入咪达唑仑,右美托咪定组患者静脉泵入右美托咪定,复合组患者采用右美托咪定联合酒石酸布托啡诺的镇痛方案;采用Richmond镇静躁动评分（RASS）评估镇静效果,重症监护室疼痛观察工具法（CPOT）评估镇痛效果,同时比较3组患者治疗过程中的不良反应。结果 咪达唑仑组、右美托咪定组和复合组患者的镇痛起效时间分别为（32.9±8.6）、（31.2±7.3）、（23.6±5.5） s,复合组患者镇痛起效时间低于其余两组（P<0.05）;咪达唑仑组、右美托咪定组和复合组患者的唤醒时间分别为（6.8±2.2）、（3.7±1.4）及（3.5±0.9） min,咪达唑仑组患者唤醒时间长于其余两组（P<0.05）。复合组平均RASS评分小于右美托咪定组,大于咪达唑仑组;复合组CPOT评分小于其他两组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。咪达唑仑组、右美托咪定组和复合组患者治疗过程中的不良反应率为24%、8%和6%,复合组和右美托咪定组患者不良反应发生率低于咪达唑仑组（P<0.05）。结论 盐酸右美托咪定联合酒石酸布托啡诺对机械通气患者有较好的镇痛镇静效果,可降低患者不良反应发生率。     

腔镜和开放三切口食管癌根治术的安全性比较

目的 比较腔镜和开放三切口食管癌根治术的安全性。方法 回顾性分析安徽省肿瘤医院胸外科2017年6月至2018年5月收治的155例食管癌根治术患者的临床资料,根据手术方法不同分为腔镜手术79例(腔镜组)和开放三切口手术76例(开放性手术组)。对比分析两组患者围术期指标及常见手术并发症发生率的差异。结果 与开放性手术组相比,腔镜组术中出血量少[（166.71±17.53）mL比（190.71±11.66）mL]、术后24小时胸腔引流量少[（285.14±13.86）mL比（310.01±18.51）mL]、术后住院时间短[（10.71±1.6）天比（13.14±1.07）天](P均<0.05),腔镜组淋巴结清扫数目多于开放性手术组(P <0.05)。两组消化系统及心血管系统并发症、声带麻痹、乳糜胸发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但腔镜组患者术后呼吸系统并发症发生率低于开放性手术组(19.0%比39.5%)(P<0.05)。结论 相对于开放三切口食管癌根治术,腔镜食管癌根治术创伤小,患者呼吸系统并发症少、术后恢复快。     

牛津急性疾病严重程度评分和生理评分系统对ICU患者病情评估的价值

目的 探讨牛津急性疾病严重程度评分（OASIS）和生理评分系统（PSS）在ICU患者病情评估和预后判断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年8月至2017年8月在黄山市人民医院ICU住院的102例重症患者的临床资料,根据转归情况分为好转组（72例）与死亡组（30例）,比较两组患者的OASIS和PSS评分,计算OASIS和PSS评分的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积。结果 好转组患者OASIS、PSS评分、机械通气时间分别为（24.64±5.95）分、（4.18±2.36）分和（3.36±3.97）d,死亡组患者为（34.60±7.17）分、（6.47±2.66）分和（8.13±9.36）d,两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。OASIS的ROC曲线下面积为0.856（95% CI：0.770~0.942,P<0.05）,评分为30.5分时Youden指数最大,为0.592。PSS评分的ROC曲线下面积为0.747（95% CI：0.637~0.858,P<0.05）,评分为5.5分时Youden指数最大,为0.421。结论 OASIS对ICU患者的病情评估与预后优于PSS评分。     

胃管上提式洗胃法治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效

目的 探讨胃管上提式洗胃法治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效。方法 选择亳州市人民医院2014年9月至2017年9月收治的116例重度有机磷中毒患者为研究对象,根据住院时间先后顺序进行编号后,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组与观察组,每组58例。对照组采用常规洗胃方法,观察组采用胃管上提式洗胃法。比较两组患者药物使用量、胆碱酯酶（CHE）活力恢复50%时间、住ICU时间等。结果 观察组患者阿托品平均用量为（86.52±58.01） mg,对照组为（117.19±97.55） mg,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组患者CHE活力恢复50%时间平均为（6.95±4.44） d,对照组为（10.38±8.69） d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者碘解磷定用量、入住ICU时间、放弃治疗或死亡及并发症发生率的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 胃管上提式洗胃法是救治重度有机磷农药中毒的有效方法。     

早期肠内营养联合肠外营养对食管癌患者术后营养状况及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养联合肠外营养对食管癌患者术后营养状况及生活质量的影响。方法 选取太和县人民医院2015年2月至2017年2月收治的40例食管癌手术患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组20例和对照组20例,对照组患者仅实施肠外营养干预,观察组患者在对照组的基础上同时实施肠内营养进行干预。分别对两组患者手术前后营养状况主观评价（SAG）得分和客观营养状况指标（包括总白蛋白、清蛋白、转铁蛋白、前清蛋白）、肝肾功能以及生活质量进行比较。结果 观察组患者术后总白蛋白、清蛋白、转铁蛋白、前清蛋白分别为（59.8±5.1） g/L、（32.4±4.2） g/L、（1.98±0.40） g/L、（117.2±20） mg/L,术前为（54.1±4.3） g/L、（28.8±4.1） g/L、（1.59±0.41） g/L、（103.8±21.3） mg/L,对照组分别为（55.2±6.2） g/L、（29.5±4.2） g/L、（1.56±0.41） g/L、（101.4±27） mg/L,观察组术后的营养情况优于对照组和术前,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;术前观察组和对照组患者的SAG评价结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后,观察组患者SAG评价结果优于对照组（P<0.05）;手术前后观察组和对照组患者肝肾功能指标差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;随访1年,观察组患者生活质量评分优于对照组患者（P<0.05）。结论 早期肠内营养联合肠外营养在不影响食管癌患者肝肾功能的情况下,可有效改善患者的营养状况、增强免疫功能、提高生活质量。     

SBAR模式在规范重症监护病房护理交接班中的应用效果

目的 探讨SBAR模式在规范重症监护病房护理交接班中的应用价值。方法 选取安徽中医药大学第一附属医院2017年1~12月ICU住院患者604例为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分别为观察组（n=311）和对照组（n=293）,对照组采用常规交班,即口头交接、书面交班和床头交班相结合,观察组采用口头交接加SBAR交班指引单进行交接班。比较两组患者在基础护理和专科护理质量评分、不良事件发生率、病情掌握准确情况、护士临床评判性思维能力等方面的差异。结果 对照组基础护理质量得分为（25.16±2.54）分,观察组为（27.03±2.16）分;对照组专科护理质量得分为（29.32±3.51）分,观察组为（32.05±2.93）分,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组实施SBAR模式前不良事件发生率为22.87%,实施后为12.22%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组病情掌握准确情况得分为（93.50±2.86）分,观察组为（95.14±3.28）分;对照组护士临床评判性思维能力评分为（262.41±22.53）分,观察组为（274.62±25.06）分,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 SBAR模式可以有效规范重症监护病房的交接班流程,提高危重患者护理质量,降低护理不良事件发生率,同时提高护士的评判性思维能力。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.