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1.
目的 研究枸杞多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法 将小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和枸杞多糖低、中、高剂量(75、150、300 mg/kg)组,第1~9天于每日13:00时分别ig给药,模型组和对照组给予等量双蒸水。第10~16天给药4 h后,枸杞多糖和模型组小鼠均ig 50%酒精20 mL/kg进行造模,对照组小鼠给予等量双蒸水。观察小鼠一般状态,末次ig酒精16 h后处死小鼠,检测肝脏指数;全自动生化分析仪检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)水平;试剂盒法测定肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)的含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各剂量组小鼠醒酒时间短,毛色有所改善,较活跃;各剂量组肝脏指数呈下降趋势,但不具有统计学意义;各剂量组血清ALT、AST、TC、TG均呈下降趋势,其中高、中剂量组ALT显著降低(P<0.05),3个剂量组TG浓度均差异显著(P<0.01);各剂量组小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05、0.01),GSH、SOD水平显著升高(P<0.05、0.01),GSH-Px水平升高但未表现出显著性差异;高、中剂量组小鼠肝脏TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著降低(P<0.05、0.01)。HE染色显示,与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各组肝组织破坏程度较轻。结论 枸杞多糖对于乙醇诱导的酒精性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,作用机制可能与通过清除体内多余自由基、增强体内抗氧化能力以及减轻炎症反应相关。  相似文献   

2.
目的 探讨罗布麻叶水提取物(WEAVL)对链脲佐菌素(STZ)致糖尿病模型小鼠的治疗作用。方法 随机将ICR小鼠分为对照组和WEAVL(2.34 g/kg)组,每天ig给药1次,连续30 d,检测空腹血糖和体质量。ICR小鼠按200 mg/kg ip 2% STZ溶液制备糖尿病模型,造模成功的小鼠按血糖值随机分为模型组、盐酸二甲双胍(阳性药,130 mg/kg)组和WEAVL低、中、高剂量(0.58、1.17、2.34 g/kg)组,另设对照组,连续给药30 d,测定体质量、空腹血糖、糖耐量及血糖曲线下面积(AUC);称取肝、肾质量,计算脏器系数;取胰腺组织进行HE染色、组织病理学检查;Western blotting检测肠道组织胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果 与对照组比较,单纯给予WEAVL对正常动物空腹血糖无明显影响,可显著降低小鼠体质量(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血糖显著升高(P<0.01),各组小鼠体质量均显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,WEAVL高剂量组给药第2~4周体质量显著降低(P<0.05、0.01),3个剂量组2 h血糖、血糖AUC均显著降低(P<0.01),高剂量组肝脏系数显著降低(P<0.05)、肾脏系数显著升高(P<0.05),中、高剂量组动物胰岛细胞空泡变性例数减少,中、高剂量组肠道组织GLP-1蛋白的表达显著上调(P<0.05)。结论 WEAVL对STZ致糖尿病小鼠有一定治疗作用,其作用机制可能与上调肠道组织中GLP-1的表达有关。  相似文献   

3.
目的 酶水解法制备白头翁皂苷B5的C-28位脱糖衍生物,探究白头翁皂苷B5及其衍生物对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肾损伤小鼠的药效学作用。方法 通过α-L鼠李糖苷酶水解白头翁皂苷B5,分离纯化后得到其衍生物,采用ip LPS致雄性BALB/c小鼠急性肾损伤模型。将70只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、地塞米松(DEX,阳性药,5 mg·kg-1)和白头翁皂苷 B5低、高剂量(20、40 mg·kg-1)组及白头翁皂苷 B5衍生物低、高剂量(20、40 mg·kg-1)组,每组 10只,造模前 2 h和造模后6 h给药。末次给药后6 h摘眼球取血,全自动生化仪计数血液中的白细胞(WBC)和中性粒细胞(Neu);试剂盒法测定血清中肌酐(CRE)和尿素氮(BUN)水平;ELISA法检测血清和肾组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平;苏木素-伊红(HE)检测肾组织病理变化。结果 与模型组相比,白头翁皂苷 B5组及其衍生物组小鼠的血清 WBC、Neu、CRE、BUN水平及血清和肾组织中 TNF- α、 IL-6、 IL-1β水平均显著降低(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),肾组织损伤明显减轻。与白头翁皂苷B5组相比,相同剂量下,白头翁皂苷B5衍生物组可显著降低WBC、Neu和BUN的数量(P<0.05、0.01、0.001);在低剂量下可明显抑制小鼠血清中CRE的水平(P<0.001)和肾组织中IL-6、IL-1β的释放(P<0.001);在高剂量下显著改善肾脏病理损伤程度。结论 白头翁皂苷B5及其衍生物可以减轻由LPS诱导的急性肾损伤小鼠的肾脏组织损伤程度,相同剂量下,白头翁皂苷B5的C-28位脱糖衍生物药效优于白头翁皂苷B5。  相似文献   

4.
目的 研究藏药柳茶挥发油对垂体后叶素所致小鼠急性心肌缺血损伤的干预作用。方法 采用垂体后叶素腹腔注射建立小鼠急性心肌缺血损伤模型,给予柳茶挥发油治疗低、中、高剂量组干预后,监测小鼠造模前后心电图Ⅱ导联J点变化,检测血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及乳酸(LD)的水平;显微镜下观察心肌缺血损伤的病理学变化及测定心肌梗死面积,并采用RT-PCR法测定组织caspase-3 mRNA的表达差异。结果 与模型组比较,柳茶挥发油中、高剂量组及阳性对照组缺血所致心电图J点的上移均显著降低(P<0.05);血清CAT、GSH-Px、SOD活力明显增加(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),LD含量明显降低(P<0.01),病理学研究发现心肌损害程度减轻,缺血损伤面积明显减少,且高剂量干预组小鼠心肌组织的caspase-3 mRNA表达明显下调(P<0.05)。结论 藏药柳茶挥发油对小鼠急性心肌缺血损伤具有一定的保护作用,且与抑制caspase-3 mRNA的表达有关。  相似文献   

5.
目的 通过ip角叉菜胶(Ca)溶液建立小鼠慢性尾部血栓模型,尾iv给予注射用丹参多酚酸(SAFI),探究其抗炎症血栓作用。方法 将168只KM雄性小鼠随机分为6组:对照组,模型组,SAFI低、中、高剂量(8.365、16.730、33.460 mg·kg-1)组,造模同时给药组(即造模的同时予以SAFI给药,其余组于造模后给药,16.730 mg·kg-1)。连续4 d ip 0.06% Ca(10 mL·kg-1)制备血栓模型,4 d后,对照组和模型组尾iv 0.9%氯化钠注射液,其余各组分别尾iv相应剂量的SAFI,每天1次,给药7 d。给药开始后每天记录各组小鼠的出栓情况;给药结束后各组小鼠摘眼球取血,试剂盒法检测血清中6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)、血栓素B2(TXB2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平,取尾部组织进行病理切片,HE染色观察组织损伤。结果 模型组小鼠出栓率随时间延长增加,在给药第5天出栓率达到100%;SAFI各剂量组小鼠出栓率均低于同一天的模型组,且低、中、高剂量组小鼠出栓率结果存在一定的剂量相关性;造模同时给药组出栓率均低于同一天的模型组,且相比于同一剂量(中剂量组)出栓率更低。与模型组比较,SAFI中、高剂量组和造模同时给药组血清中TXB2水平显著降低(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),6-keto-PGF1α水平显著升高(P<0.01、0.001); SAFI低剂量组小鼠血清IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05),中、高剂量组和造模同时给药组小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05、0.01、0.001); SAFI高剂量组、造模同时给药组血栓情况均明显改善。结论 ip 0.06% Ca制备的炎症血栓小鼠模型稳定、可靠,SAFI能改善炎症血栓小鼠血清中6-keto-PGF1α、TXB2、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平,有效缓解炎性因子导致的血栓症状。  相似文献   

6.
目的 观察毛菊苣提取物抗慢性肝纤维化的作用。方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为毛菊苣提取物低、中、高剂量(50、100、150 mg/kg)组,秋水仙碱(colchicine,0.5 mg/kg)组,模型组和正常组,ig给药。给药同时各组sc四氯化碳(CCl4)造模,每周2次。于60 d后,检测大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)及肝组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,毛菊苣提取物低、中、高剂量组均能明显降低肝纤维化大鼠血清中ALT、AST的含量及肝组织中MDA和Hyp的含量(P<0.01),明显提高血清TP、ALB水平(P<0.05、0.01)及肝组织GSH-Px活性(P<0.01);肝脏组织学检查表明,毛菊苣提取物可明显改善肝组织病理损伤程度,其作用呈一定的量效关系。结论 毛菊苣提取物对实验性慢性肝损伤具有保护肝细胞,减少肝损伤,抗肝纤维化作用。  相似文献   

7.
目的 研究蝉花子实体的抗疲劳、增强运动耐力作用。方法 ICR雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、人参乙醇提取物(阳性药,2.5 g/kg)组以及蝉花子实体低、中、高剂量(0.075、0.150、0.300 g/kg)组,连续ig给药15 d后,测定小鼠负重游泳力竭时间,试剂盒法检测小鼠经游泳运动后肝糖原、肌糖原、全血乳酸(LD)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等与疲劳相关联的生化指标变化。结果 与对照组比较,蝉花子实体低、中剂量对小鼠力竭游泳时间有显著延长作用(P<0.05),低剂量组LD水平显著下降(P<0.05),高剂量LDH含量显著升高(P<0.05),低剂量组SOD含量显著升高(P<0.05);中、高剂量组BUN含量显著降低(P<0.05),低剂量组肝糖原水平显著升高(P<0.05);中剂量组肌糖原水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 蝉花子实体对运动后的小鼠有抗疲劳作用。  相似文献   

8.
目的 研究白头翁皂苷B4栓剂抗痛风作用。方法 应用混合脂肪酸甘油酯制备白头翁皂苷B4栓剂;使用尿酸钠诱导大鼠急性痛风性关节炎模型,观察白头翁皂苷 B4栓剂(9、18、36 mg·kg-1,直肠给药)对大鼠踝关节肿胀度的影响,试剂盒法检测血清炎症因子单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,HE染色后观察踝关节组织病理学变化;使用氧嗪酸钾诱导大鼠急性高尿酸血症,给予别嘌醇(阳性药,22 mg·kg-1,ip给药)和白头翁皂苷 B4栓剂低 、中 、高剂量(9、18、36 mg·kg-1),试剂盒法检测大鼠血清中尿酸、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、尿素氮(BUN)水平,检测肝脏组织中尿酸、BUN、肌酐(CRE)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)水平,HE染色后检测肾脏组织病理学变化;使用角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀建立炎症动物模型,足容积测量仪观察白头翁皂苷 B4栓剂对肿胀率的影响;使用甲醛诱导小鼠致痛模型,观察白头翁皂苷 B4栓剂(13、26、52 mg·kg-1)对舔足次数的影响。结果 与模型组比较,白头翁皂苷 B4栓剂能够显著抑制尿酸钠诱导急性痛风性关节炎大鼠的关节肿胀(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),降低血清炎症因子 MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平(P<0.05、0.01、0.001);降低氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症大鼠血清尿酸、XOD、BUN水平,降低肝脏中尿酸、BUN、CRE和MDA水平,升高肝脏中GSH-Px、CAT水平(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),改善肾脏组织病理改变;显著抑制角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀(P<0.05);显著减少甲醛诱导小鼠致痛模型的舔足次数(P<0.01)。结论 白头翁皂苷B4栓剂具有抗痛风性关节炎、抗急性高尿酸血症及抗炎镇痛作用。  相似文献   

9.
目的 研究云树果实醋酸乙酯提取物(EGCF)对H22实体移植瘤的抑制活性及作用机制。方法 皮下接种H22瘤株建立小鼠H22实体移植瘤模型,随机分为模型组、环磷酰胺(20 mg/kg,阳性对照,ip给药)组和EGCF高、中、低剂量(400、200、100 mg/kg,ig给药)组,连续给药10 d,另设一对照组。检测小鼠体质量变化、抑瘤率及脾脏指数,ELISA法测定血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的含量,HE染色法观察肿瘤组织病理学改变,免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织p-STAT3及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达。结果 与模型组比较,EGCF高、中、低剂量组小鼠的肿瘤质量均显著降低(P<0.01、0.001),脾脏指数均无显著性差异;高、低剂量组小鼠血清中IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05),各剂量组TNF-α含量显著增加(P<0.05、0.01);各剂量组瘤组织均出现较多红染、碎片状的干酪样坏死区域,且伴有大量空泡形成;各剂量组均显著减少肿瘤组织VEGF表达,高剂量组显著抑制STAT3磷酸化(P<0.05、0.01)。结论 EGCF能够抑制H22实体移植瘤生长,其机制可能与阻断STAT3相关信号通路有关。  相似文献   

10.
目的 探讨川芎嗪对脂多糖(LPS)/D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)诱导的急性肝衰竭小鼠的作用及其机制。方法 将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分对照组、模型组、川芎嗪组、川芎嗪联合SIRT1抑制剂(EX527)组,每组10只。通过ip LPS/D-GalN构建急性肝衰竭小鼠模型,检测血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的水平;苏木精–伊红(HE)染色检测肝组织病理学变化;实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测肝组织中肿瘤坏死因子‐α(TNF‐α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-1β和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)mRNA水平;检测肝组织中氧化应激因子谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量;Western blotting检测肝组织中沉默调节蛋白1(SIRT1)、磷酸化单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶α(p-AMPK)α/AMPKα蛋白和自噬相关蛋白人微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)-II/LC3-I、p62的水平。结果 与模型组比较,川芎嗪组小鼠血清ALT和AST水平均显著降低,肝细胞坏死区域以及炎症细胞浸润明显减少,肝组织中MDA、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、COX-2 mRNA和p62蛋白水平均显著降低,SOD、GSH、SIRT1、p-AMPKα/AMPKα、LC3-II/LC3-I蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05)。EX527处理后显著逆转了川芎嗪对急性肝衰竭小鼠的作用。结论 川芎嗪通过抑制LPS/D-GalN诱导的急性肝衰竭小鼠炎症反应发挥肝脏保护作用,其机制可能与AMPK/SIRT1信号通路和自噬有关。  相似文献   

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Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.
Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.
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Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.  相似文献   

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This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.  相似文献   

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Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.  相似文献   

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In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.  相似文献   

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