黄精皂苷提取条件的Design-Expert优化及其降血糖效果初步研究

摘 要 目的：优化黄精皂苷提取工艺并研究黄精皂苷降血糖效果。方法: 利用设计软件Design Expert回归设计得到黄精皂苷提取率与提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度关系的回归模型优化提取工艺;建立糖尿病动物模型;取模型内小鼠50只,随机分为模型对照组、阳性对照组（二甲双胍200 mg·kg-1）、样品组高（300mg·kg-1）、中（200mg·kg-1）、低（100mg·kg-1）剂量组,阳性对照组、样品组按10 ml·kg-1的剂量灌胃给药,模型对照组、空白组(10只模型外小鼠)给予等量的生理盐水,连续给药7 d后,测定餐后1 h的血糖值。结果: 通过二次回归设计得到黄精皂苷提取率与提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度关系的回归模型,得到优化的提取工艺参数为：提取温度20.7℃,提取时间12.28 h,乙醇浓度为82%（v/v）,此条件下黄精皂苷的提取率为2.95%。降血糖实验中,阳性对照组与样品各剂量组小鼠餐后血糖值均明显低于模型对照组（P<0.01或P<0.05）。样品高剂量组小鼠血糖值显著低于中剂量和低剂量组（P<0.01）,与阳性对照组血糖值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,与阳性对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。样品低剂量组和中剂量组血糖值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,与阳性对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论: 通过二次回归设计得到的回归模型能够较好的预测黄精皂苷提取率,预测值和试验结果相对误差约为1%。降血糖实验证明,黄精皂苷提取物对用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠降血糖效果显著。     

HPLC法同时测定参莲胶囊中7种生物碱成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立RP HPLC双波长法同时测定参莲胶囊中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱7种生物碱含量。 方法: 采用Venusil XBP NH2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈 0.01%醋酸铵水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为210 nm、280 nm。 结果: 氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱线性范围分别为32.07～513.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.998 8）、37.90～606.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、23.07～369.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、52.37～837.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、17.63～282.13 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、5.30～84.80 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、8.87～141.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）;平均加样回收率（n=9）为100.16%~102.84%（RSD≤2.0%）。5批样品中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱含量依次为9.18~9.69 mg·g-1、9.35~11.74 mg·g-1、6.73~7.09 mg·g-1、15.17~15.96 mg·g-1、5.03~5.33 mg·g-1、1.23~1.97 mg·g-1、2.48~2.74 mg·g-1。 结论: 所建立的多成分分析方法可用于参莲胶囊中7个生物碱成分的含量测定。     

体外培育牛黄联合氟哌啶醇治疗大鼠精神分裂症的研究

摘 要 目的：研究体外培育牛黄（CBS）联合氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症模型大鼠行为学的影响并探索其作用机制。方法: 以地卓西平马来酸盐（MK 801）制备大鼠精神分裂症模型。SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,氟哌啶醇组（1.4 mg·kg-1）,氟哌啶醇联合CBS低剂量（50 mg·kg-1）、中剂量（100 mg·kg-1）、高剂量（150 mg·kg-1）组,CBS低剂量（50 mg·kg-1）、中剂量（100 mg·kg-1）、高剂量（150 mg·kg-1）组。用高架十字实验评价各组大鼠焦虑水平的影响,Western blot检测各组大鼠前额皮层c Fos蛋白水平。结果: 高架十字实验结果显示,氟哌啶醇组和联合用药组大鼠开臂次数百分比相比模型组明显增加（P<0.01）,而CBS各剂量组与模型组无显著差异。联合用药中、高剂量组开臂时间百分比显著大于氟哌啶醇组（P<0.05）。CBS和氟哌啶醇均可降低大脑前额皮层中c Fos蛋白含量（P<0.05或P<0.01）;而联合用药各剂量组较氟哌啶醇组c Fos蛋白含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。结论: 通过行为学评价发现,CBS与氟哌啶醇联合使用能协同降低大鼠精神分裂症模型中增高的焦虑水平,这可能与协同降低前额皮层c Fos蛋白含量有关。本研究为临床上两药的联合使用提供了药效学基础,具有一定的参考意义。     

益母草碱对小鼠肝药酶含量的影响

摘 要 目的：研究益母草碱对小鼠肝药酶含量的影响。 方法: 将40只ICR小鼠随机分为5组：空白对照组、益母草碱高（120 mg·kg-1）、中（90 mg·kg-1）、低剂量组（60 mg·kg-1）、阳性对照组（苯巴比妥钠,80 mg·kg-1）,每组8只。益母草碱组灌胃给药,1次/d,连续进行7 d;阳性对照组腹腔注射给药,1次/d,连续进行5 d;空白对照组给予同等体积的生理盐水。检测肝微粒体蛋白、细胞色素P450酶（CYP450）、细胞色素b5（CYPb5）、氨基比林N 脱甲基酶（ADM）、红霉素N 脱甲基酶（ERD）、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶（GST）含量。结果: 与空白对照组相比,益母草碱各剂量组肝微粒体蛋白含量变化不明显（P>0.05）,CYP450、CYPb5、ADM含量显著降低（P<0.01）,中、高剂量组的ERD和高剂量组的GST含量显著降低（P<0.01）。益母草碱各剂量组与阳性对照组相比,以上各指标差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论: 益母草碱能明显降低小鼠肝微粒体肝药酶的含量,下调CYP3A和CYP2E1的表达,其作用效果与益母草碱给药剂量相关。     

健脑益寿胶囊对阿尔茨海默病小鼠学习记忆和海马毛细血管结构的影响

摘 要 目的：研究健脑益寿胶囊（JYC）对阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型小鼠海马的保护作用。方法: 雄性小鼠随机分成正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组（盐酸多奈哌齐片,0.001 g·kg-1）、JYC高（3.744 g·kg-1）、低（0.936 g·kg-1）剂量组,采用Morris水迷宫用于测试小鼠学习和记忆能力,采用光镜和电镜观察海马毛细血管结构,使用酶联免疫法测定海马Aβ水平。结果: 与正常对照组比较,模型对照组小鼠学习记忆明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,毛细血管内皮细胞线粒体变性、核固缩、核周间隙增宽、重叠连接不清晰,海马Aβ水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与模型对照组比较,JYC高剂量组小鼠学习记忆明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,海马毛细血管内皮细胞形态明显改善,海马Aβ水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论: JYC能维持AD小鼠海马毛细血管正常形态结构,降低海马Aβ水平并改善学习记忆,对AD小鼠海马具有保护作用。     

盐酸青藤碱对实验性结肠炎小鼠TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响

摘 要 目的：研究盐酸青藤碱对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的实验性结肠炎小鼠的治疗作用。方法: 制备实验性结肠炎小鼠模型,随机分为空白对照组、葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）模型对照组、柳氮磺吡啶组及青藤碱低、中、高剂量组（n=6）。空白对照组与DSS模型对照组每天给予生理盐水0.2ml,柳氮磺吡啶组（100 mg·kg-1）,青藤碱低剂量组（30 mg·kg-1）、中剂量组（90 mg·kg-1）、高剂量组（270 mg·kg-1）,连续灌胃10d。评价各组小鼠疾病活动指数（DAI）和组织学损伤评分,Western blotting检测结肠组织中Toll样受体4（TLR4）、髓样分化因子（Myd88）表达,免疫组织化学法检测结肠组织中核转录因子 κB（NF-κB）的表达。结果:DSS模型对照组小鼠DAI和组织损伤评分、结肠组织中TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB表达均显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.01）,柳氮磺吡啶组和青藤碱低、中、高剂量组均能降低DAI和组织损伤评分,降低结肠组织中TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB表达（P＜0.01）,且呈浓度依赖性。柳氮磺吡啶组与青藤碱中、高剂量组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:青藤碱能通过影响实验性结肠炎小鼠TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,降低TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB表达,发挥治疗作用。     

GC法测定复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

摘 要 目的：建立复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑和薄荷脑含量的GC测定方法。方法: 色谱柱: HP INNOWAX 19091N 216柱（60 m×0.32 mm,0.50 μm）;载气：氮气,流量为30 ml·min-1;燃气:氢气,流量为40 ml·min-1;助燃气：空气,流量为400 ml·min-1;检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）;进样口温度:250℃;升温程序：初始温度为50℃,维持5min,以10℃·min-1的速率升温至160℃,维持5 min,再以20℃·min-1的速率升温至220℃,维持3min;检测器温度为250℃;分流比为15〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1;进样量:1 μl。结果: 桉油精、樟脑、薄荷脑分别在0.031 9～2.550 0 mg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.041 3～3.305 0 mg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.053 7～4.294 0 mg· ml-1（r=1.000 0）范围内与其和内标物的峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.24%、98.97%、98.98%,RSD分别为0.3%、0.4%、0.5%（n=9）。结论: 本方法灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑和薄荷脑的测定。     

一种中草药组方对裸鼠皮肤衰老的影响研究

摘 要 目的：考察一种中草药组方对D 半乳糖联合紫外线（UV）光照诱导衰老模型裸鼠皮肤的影响。方法: 每日皮下注射D 半乳糖1 000 mg·kg-1·d-1联合350 ~ 400 nm UV持续照射40 min,连续40 d,诱导亚急性衰老模型。雄性裸鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型组,中草药组方制剂低剂量组（4.16 ml·kg-1）、中剂量组（8.33 ml·kg-1）、高剂量组（16.66 ml·kg-1）,阳性对照组（纽崔莱润妍饮品8.33 ml·kg-1）,每组10只。于造模第11天分别灌胃给药30 d。检测血清中透明质酸,皮肤中透明质酸、羟脯氨酸、总胶原蛋白、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白的含量以及皮肤含水量;HE染色观察皮肤形态学改变。结果: 与模型组比较,中草药组方制剂中剂量组皮肤透明质酸含量显著增加（P <0.05）,高剂量组各项生化指标指标均有显著改善（P <0.05或P<0.01）;中、高剂量组各项指标与阳性对照组基本相当（P＞0.05,且低、中、高剂量组间无明显差异（P＞0.05））。中草药组方制剂中、高剂量组皮肤含水量显著增加（P <0.01）,与阳性对照组相当（P＞0.05）;低剂量组含水量明显低于高剂量组与阳性对照组（P＞0.05）。中草药组方制剂中、高剂量组与阳性对照组裸鼠。衰老皮肤的形态明显改善。结论: 该中草药组方具有一定的体内抗皮肤衰老作用。     

毛细管区带电泳法测定重组人干扰素α-1b滴眼液中间甲酚含量

摘 要 目的：运用毛细管区带电泳法（CZE）检测重组人干扰素α 1b（rhIFNα 1b）滴眼液中间甲酚含量。方法: 优化的CZE方法参数为采用无涂层的熔融石英毛细管（60 cm×50 μm）,电泳缓冲液为50 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 8.0）,压力进样（1.0 psi）,分离电压25 kV,检测波长195 nm,毛细管温度25℃。结果: 间甲酚在0.05～0.8 mg·ml-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.997 3）,最低检出限0.002 mg·ml-1。3批rhIFNα1b 滴眼液中间甲酚的相对含量分别为1.94,1.89和1.97 mg·ml-1,平均回收率分别为94.3%（RSD=1.57%,n=9）。结果与HPLC方法结果基本一致。结论: 新建毛细管区带电泳法简便,分析速度快,试剂消耗量小,结果准确,可以用于重组人干扰素α1b滴眼液中间甲酚含量的检测。     

HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中吲哚美辛和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量。方法: 采用Waters BridgeC18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢铵(以磷酸调节pH至3.0)（A）,乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 ml·min-1,检测波长195 nm,进样量为20 μl,柱温30℃。结果: 盐酸氨基葡萄糖在0.030 0～1.500 8 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,吲哚美辛在0.010 3～0.513 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为98.3% （RSD=0.33%,n=6）;99.9% （RSD=0.06%,n=6）。结论: 此方法准确、快速、灵敏、专属性强,可较好地控制该产品的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.