UHPLC测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分含量及化学模式分析

目的 建立UHPLC波长切换法同时测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分的含量方法。方法 采用Agilent Ecilipse C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;检测波长：327,237,320,345,278,254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量2 μL;并采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对含量测定结果进行主成分分析与聚类分析。结果 绿原酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、栀子苷、甘草苷、阿魏酸、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷线性范围分别为4.30~68.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）、6.66~106.56 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、7.67~122.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、4.88~78.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、2.37~37.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、6.50~103.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、8.85~141.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、0.88~14.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.74~11.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率（n=9）均在99.42%~103.10%,RSD均<2.0%。主成分分析与聚类分析均可将不同生产厂家的芎菊上清丸很好地分类,且分类结果一致。结论 所建立的多成分方法快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于芎菊上清丸的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定心神安胶囊中9种成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定心神安胶囊中9种成分的含量。方法 采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸溶液（B）,梯度洗脱;流速0.9 mL·min^-1;检测波长分别为320 nm[检测远志（口山）酮Ⅲ、3,6''-二芥子酰基蔗糖]、203 nm （检测人参皂苷Rb₁、绞股蓝皂苷XLIX、绞股蓝皂苷XVⅡ）和254 nm （检测毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素）;柱温25℃。结果 远志（口山）酮Ⅲ、3,6''-二芥子酰基蔗糖、人参皂苷Rb₁、绞股蓝皂苷XLIX、绞股蓝皂苷XVⅡ、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素分别在2.070~41.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、3.860~77.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）、11.29~225.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、5.070~101.4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、19.86~397.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）、1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.960 0~19.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）、0.670 0~13.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、2.580~51.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98.04%,99.26%,99.05%,97.42%,100.0%,98.27%,97.81%,96.84%和99.86%,RSD分别为1.28%,0.82%,1.43%,1.43%,0.86%,1.26%,1.38%,1.16%和0.69%。结论 本方法操作简便、准确、重复性好,能够对心神安胶囊中9种成分进行同时含量测定,为提高和完善心神安胶囊的质量标准提供了有效方法。     

HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中3种抑菌剂的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵含量的方法。方法 用十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,以1%三乙胺溶液（磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测波长254 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯在20.58~205.8 μg·mL^-1、硫柳汞在8.242~82.42 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₂H₂₅取代物在12.88~128.8 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₄H₂₉取代物在6.624~66.24 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r≥0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.3%~102.5%（n=9）。结论 该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于控制双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵的含量。     

HPLC同时测定通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的 建立通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Welch Ultimate XD-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测（282,305 nm）,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 丹参素、丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、葛根素和阿魏酸的线性范围分别为3.117~62.33 μg·mL^-1（r=0.998 7）,4.044~80.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9985）,1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 9）,7.964~159.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.992 8）,1.980~39.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为101.6%（RSD=1.62%）,99.7%（RSD=1.76%）,97.4%（RSD=1.19%）,99.9%（RSD=1.52%）,102.2%（RSD=1.56%）。结论 该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定消疲灵颗粒中的7种成分

目的 建立同时测定消疲灵颗粒中7种成分含量的HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱方法。方法 采用Venusil MP-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,流速为0.9 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱,柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 牡荆素葡萄糖苷、牡荆素鼠李糖苷、牡荆素、金丝桃苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素检测浓度分别在2.56~51.20 μg·mL^-1,14.87~297.40 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,3.16~63.20 μg·mL^-1,3.80~76.00 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,4.81~ 96.20 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 1）,平均回收率97.0%~100.0%,RSD 0.55%~1.67%,精密度和重复性良好,供试品溶液在室温条件下12 h内稳定。结论 该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于消疲灵颗粒中7种有效成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质的方法。方法 色谱柱为NUCLEOSIL 100-3 C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（770：225：5）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃,检测波长为355 nm。结果 异维A酸峰与杂质H、I、维A酸、强制降解杂质峰分离良好;异维A酸、杂质H、I和维A酸的线性范围分别为0.000 545 5~21.82 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,0.002 856~7.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）,0.002 789~6.97 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.017 07~22.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）;检测限分别为0.27,0.60,0.65,5.50 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.55,2.85,2.80,17.00 ng·mL^-1;杂质H、I和维A酸的平均回收率分别为101.57%,102.02%,101.03%,RSD分别为0.5%,0.8%,1.5%。结论 建立的HPLC方法准确、专属性强,可用于异维A酸有关物质的测定。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定参苏宣肺丸中的6种成分

目的 建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定参苏宣肺丸中咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、大豆苷的含量。方法 采用ZOBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相A为甲醇-乙腈（1：1）,流动相B为0.1%冰醋酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;咖啡酸和迷迭香酸的检测波长为320 nm,3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素和大豆苷的检测波长为250 nm;进样量为20 μL。结果 咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、大豆苷的浓度与峰面积分别在2.32~46.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、3.06~61.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）、4.45~89.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、14.48~289.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、4.86~97.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、3.69~73.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）内具有较好的线性关系,平均加样回收率和相应的RSD分别为99.0%（1.6%）,97.5%（0.6%）,99.3%（0.9%）,98.6%（1.3%）,97.6%（1.3%）,97.0%（0.9%）。结论 方法操作准确、简便,可用于参苏宣肺丸的质量控制。     

GC测定白芍总苷原料药中有机溶剂残留

目的 采用GC同时测定白芍总苷原料药中乙醇、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇3种残留溶剂。方法 检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,色谱柱为Agilent DB-624石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm）,溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）,程序升温。结果 3种残留溶剂均能完全分离,乙醇、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分别在24.60~491.98 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,21.01~420.25 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）,23.37~467.48 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.002 37%,0.000 08%和0.000 63%。结论 该方法简单可靠,灵敏度高,可用于白芍总苷原料中的残留溶剂控制。     

HPLC-DAD同时测定益心通胶囊中6种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定益心通胶囊中葛根素、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷、丹酚酸B和丹皮酚6种活性成分含量的方法。方法 采用XSELECT^TM HSS C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈（A）-0.2%磷酸水溶液（B）,梯度洗脱;柱温：30℃;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷和丹酚酸B为220 nm,葛根素为250 nm,龙胆苦苷和丹皮酚为275 nm。结果 葛根素、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、毛蕊花糖苷、丹酚酸B和丹皮酚的线性范围分别为7.56~113.4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,4.36~65.4μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,1.18~17.7 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）,1.90~28.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）,4.48~67.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）和11.7~175.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率分别为98.7%,97.8%,97.6%,98.6%,99.0%,98.7%,RSD分别为1.0%,1.3%,1.4%,1.1%,1.2%,1.3%。结论 本法专属性强,结果准确,重现性好,可用于益心通胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素、脱水穿心莲内酯）的方法。方法 采用phenomonex^®-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.4%的磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为330 nm（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、芹菜素）和254 nm（穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯）。结果 绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素和脱水穿心莲内酯检测浓度分别在3.042~121.7 μg·mL^-1、2.558~102.3 μg·mL^-1、14.11~564.4 μg·mL^-1、2.835~113.4 μg·mL^-1、23.86~954.3 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r ≥ 0.999 6）,平均加样回收率为97.90%~101.75%,RSD为0.89%~1.66%,仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性良好。结论 本试验所建立的方法准确可靠、重复性好,可为消炎利胆片的质量控制提供科学的依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.