多原发肺癌诊断与治疗的最新研究进展

随着CT和肺癌筛查的广泛应用,多原发肺癌（MPLC）（即同个患者中发生两个或两个以上的原发恶性肺癌）的检出率逐渐增加,但如何准确鉴别MPLC和肺内转移（IM）仍是一个难题。组织学特征在某些情况下可以很好地鉴别MPLC和IM,但常需要进行分子分析,如下一代测序技术（NGS）的应用有助于鉴别MPLC和IM。而对于MPLC的治疗,手术仍然是主要的治疗方式,对于不能手术的患者,放疗和局部消融发挥着重要作用。NGS和新疗法（如靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂）的出现为MPLC的诊疗提供了新的选择。本研究就近年来MPLC诊断和治疗的研究进展进行论述。     

多原发肺癌的诊疗进展

<正>多原发肺癌(multiple primary lung cancer,MPLC)是肺癌中较为少见的一种类型,是指同一患者肺内不同部位同时或先后出现两个及以上原发病灶的肺癌。同时性MPLC(synchronous MPLC,s MPLC)指同时出现多个原发恶性肿瘤,异时性MPLC (metachronous MPLC,m MPLC)指间隔在6个月以内先后出现多个原发恶性肿瘤^[1]1多原发肺癌的诊断Martini和Melamed^[2]于1975年提出了关于MPLC的临床和病理诊断标准。至今该诊断标准在临床工作中仍起到了非常重要的作用。     

肺内同时性多原发癌的临床诊断与治疗

目的总结5例肺内同时性多原发肺癌诊断和治疗经验。方法对经病理证实的肺内同时性多原发肺癌5例进行临床回顾性分析。结果肺内同时f生多原发肺癌的发生率占上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院呼吸科住院同期肺癌的0．21％;其中男4例,女1例;发病年龄为44—75岁,平均年龄为60．2岁。5例患者均行手术治疗。对4例双侧同时性多原发肺癌患者分期进行手术治疗,病灶较大的一侧行常规开胸肺叶切除术,病灶较小的一侧1个月后行胸腔镜肺叶或病灶楔形切除术。对1例肺内同侧同时性多原发癌患者行同期手术。5例患者均无围术期死亡,无严重心肺并发症。5例患者均随访3年,1年和3年生存率分别为80．0％（4／5）和60．0％（3／5）。结论随着医学的发展,医患对肺多原发癌认识的不断增强,其早期诊断和检出率不断提高,采取积极的手术治疗,可使肺内同时性多原发癌患者获得较为理想的预后。     

59例同时性多原发肺癌的诊治分析

目的探讨同时性多原发肺癌的临床诊治策略。方法从2015年9月～2019年8月接受微创手术诊治的2193例肺癌患者中,回顾性分析其中59例同时性多原发肺癌的临床资料。结果同时性多原发肺癌可有多种病理分型;病灶分布在右肺上叶出现的频率最高,为33.33%(42/126)。所有病例均行胸腔镜手术治疗,术中无开胸,无手术死亡病例。结论同时性多原发肺癌可随机分布在不同肺叶,有相同或不同组织学类型,手术为主的多学科综合治疗仍是同时性多原发肺癌的首选方法,其预后优于肺内转移癌。     

吉非替尼作为二线及三线方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效观察

目的观察吉非替尼（易瑞沙）治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）复发转移患者的疗效及其毒副反应。方法回顾性研究2007年2月～2010年2月我院各科治疗的非小细胞肺癌术后复发转移患者,分为A、B两组,A组以吉非替尼为二线治疗方案,B组以细胞毒药物作为二线方案而吉非替尼作为三线治疗方案,评价两组患者近期及远期的疗效。结果吉非替尼作为二线治疗方案,其疾病控制率（CR＋PR＋SD）为73％,有效率（CR＋PR）为59％,6个月生存率为86％,1年生存率为45％;作为三线治疗,疾病控制率（CR＋PR＋SD）为56％,有效率（CR＋PR）为38％,6个月生存率为76％,1年生存率为28％。结论对于转移复发非小细胞肺癌患者,尽早应用吉非替尼治疗可以使患者更大获益。     

吉非替尼联合全脑放疗治疗肺腺癌脑转移的疗效及安全性

目的：研究肺腺癌脑转移患者应用吉非替尼结合全脑放疗的临床疗效。方法：选取我院治疗肺腺癌脑转移患者40例,分成两组,每组各20例。对照组患者给予全脑放疗,试验组患者应用吉非替尼结合全脑放疗进行治疗。结果：试验组患者在治疗后出现恶心呕吐、四肢无力等不良状况均优于对照组,试验组患者的病灶控制率、1年生存率、生存时间等状况均高于对照组（P ＜0．05）。结论：吉非替尼联合全脑放疗在临床治疗肺腺癌脑转移疾病上有着较好的作用价值。     

资讯

吉非替尼对恶性间皮瘤无效，EGFR激酶结构域的再突变与肺癌对吉非替尼或埃罗替尼的继发耐药有关，小细胞肺癌表达EGFR且其酪氨酸磷酸化可被吉非替尼抑制，中国大陆肺腺癌患者可能会从吉非替尼，急性肺损伤是吉非替尼的严重不良反应。     

厄洛替尼挽救治疗吉非替尼治疗失败的晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效观察

目的 评价厄洛替尼作为挽救方案治疗吉非替尼治疗失败的晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及不良反应.方法 回顾性分析2005年12月至2009年11月吉非替尼治疗进展后接受厄洛替尼治疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者.观察的主要指标为:客观有效率(RR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、疾病无进展生存时间(PFS)、总生存时间(OS)及不良反应.结果 随访至2010年6月,共有22例患者符合入组条件.22例患者均可接受疗效及生存评价,其中部分缓解(PR)2例,稳定(SD)12例,进展(PD)8例,RR为9.1%,DCR为63.6%,中位为PFS 3.0个月,OS为5.5个月.4例患者检测了表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变,2例有突变,2例无突变,全部患者均得到疾病控制.1例男性吸烟腺癌合并颅内转移患者原发无效给予厄洛替尼治疗后颅内病灶达到CR.亚组分析显示:吉非替尼治疗疗效SD者DCR显著提高(90% vs 58.3%,P=0.031),其RR、PFS及OS分别为20%、3.0个月及5.5个月.Ⅲ/Ⅳ度不良反应主要是皮疹1/22(4.5%)、肝功能损害1/22(4.5%)及肺间质纤维化1/22(4.5%).结论 吉非替尼治疗失败后的晚期非小细胞肺癌给予厄洛替尼挽救治疗具有较好的临床获益率,其中吉非替尼治疗疗效SD患者显著提高疾病控制率.     

高通量测序在多原发肺癌的诊断及解码肺癌进化的价值

目前肺部多发结节、肿块检出有增多趋势,其中部分患者为多原发肺癌(multiple primary lung cancer, MPLC)。由于MPLC与肺癌伴肺内转移在治疗及预后上有明显差异,因此需术前或治疗过程中对两种疾病做出准确判断。近年来高通量测序在临床应用中对MPLC的诊断提供了一定的帮助,另外通过高通量测序研究各不同癌灶的生物学特征,可以追踪非小细胞肺癌演变,从而解码肺癌进化过程。     

厄洛替尼和吉非替尼靶向治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移的疗效

目的 分析厄洛替尼和吉非替尼靶向治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移的疗效.方法 按照数字随机方式将60例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者分成对照组和试验组各30例,2组患者分别给厄洛替尼和吉非替尼治疗,对比2组患者的临床疗效.结果2组患者的疾病控制率、客观有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 在对非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者进行治疗时,厄洛替尼和吉非替尼的治疗效果相当,但是吉非替尼的不良反应发生率更低,临床中应结合患者的肿瘤特征来合理选择药物.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.