ICP-MS法同时测定半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP MS）同时测定半夏糖浆中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬6种重金属元素含量的分析方法。方法: 微波消解法处理样品,用ICP MS法（射频功率1.5kW,采样深度10 mm,等离子气、辅助气和载气流量分别为15.0,0.8,0.7 L·min-1,积分时间为0.3~2 s）检测不同厂家不同批次半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量。结果: 各待测元素线性关系良好,r均≥0.997 0,检出限范围为0.3～15.2 ng·g-1,加样回收率为90.4%～98.7%,RSD≤5.8%。结论: 本方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量测定。     

GC法同时测定肚痛丸中6 种有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定肚痛丸中6种成分含量的气相色谱方法。方法: 色谱柱为 HP 5柱 (30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);采取程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1 μl,分流比为5∶1,进样口温度为280 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为300 ℃。结果:桂皮醛、乙酸龙脑酯、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚分别在32.28~516.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、27.06~433.00 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、25.65~410.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、26.10~417.60 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、24.01~384.20 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 0）、18.32~293.10 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.71%（RSD=0.67%）、99.34%（RSD=1.18%）、100.16%（RSD=0.34%）、100.40%（RSD=0.39%）、99.32%（RSD=1.22%）、99.58%（RSD=0.58%)(n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,可为控制该制剂的质量提供依据。     

HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中吲哚美辛和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量。方法: 采用Waters BridgeC18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢铵(以磷酸调节pH至3.0)（A）,乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 ml·min-1,检测波长195 nm,进样量为20 μl,柱温30℃。结果: 盐酸氨基葡萄糖在0.030 0～1.500 8 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,吲哚美辛在0.010 3～0.513 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为98.3% （RSD=0.33%,n=6）;99.9% （RSD=0.06%,n=6）。结论: 此方法准确、快速、灵敏、专属性强,可较好地控制该产品的质量。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定黄杨宁制剂中的环维黄杨星D的含量

摘 要 目的：建立超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法（UPLC MS/MS）快速测定黄杨宁制剂中环维黄杨星D的含量。方法: 采用UPLC MS/MS法。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈 含0.1%甲酸的0.01 mol·L-1甲酸氨溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.35 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μl。离子源为电喷雾（ESI）离子源,正离子模式,工作模式为多反应监测模式（MRM）。结果:环维黄杨星D的线性范围为15.58～1 558.00 ng·ml-1（r=0.999 5）;平均加样回收率为97.7%（RSD=3.8%,n=6）。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确、重复性好,适用于黄杨宁制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定参莲胶囊中7种生物碱成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立RP HPLC双波长法同时测定参莲胶囊中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱7种生物碱含量。 方法: 采用Venusil XBP NH2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈 0.01%醋酸铵水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为210 nm、280 nm。 结果: 氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱线性范围分别为32.07～513.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.998 8）、37.90～606.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、23.07～369.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、52.37～837.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、17.63～282.13 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、5.30～84.80 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、8.87～141.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）;平均加样回收率（n=9）为100.16%~102.84%（RSD≤2.0%）。5批样品中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱含量依次为9.18~9.69 mg·g-1、9.35~11.74 mg·g-1、6.73~7.09 mg·g-1、15.17~15.96 mg·g-1、5.03~5.33 mg·g-1、1.23~1.97 mg·g-1、2.48~2.74 mg·g-1。 结论: 所建立的多成分分析方法可用于参莲胶囊中7个生物碱成分的含量测定。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定铁屑和枸橼酸铁铵中6种重金属

摘 要 目的：建立利用原子吸收分光光度法测定铁屑及枸橼酸铁铵中有害元素铅,镉,汞,砷,铜,铬的含量,以达到质量控制保证老百姓日常用药安全的目的。方法: 铅的测定：石墨炉法;镉的测定：石墨炉法;铬的测定：石墨炉法;铜的测定：火焰法;砷的测定：氢化物法;汞的测定：冷蒸汽吸收法。结果:铅的进样浓度在0～50 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好, r=0.999 8,平均回收率为98.9%（RSD=2.3%,n=6）;镉的进样浓度在0～4 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 1,平均回收率为90.5%（RSD=1.5%,n=6）;铬的进样浓度在0～50 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为96.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=6）;铜的进样浓度在0～800 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为97.5%（RSD=1.2%,n=6）;砷的进样浓度在0～16 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 0,平均回收率为93.4%（RSD=1.1%,n=6）;汞的进样浓度在0～18 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,平均回收率为93.2%（RSD=3.8%,n=6）。结论:该方法准确,重复性好,可用于铁屑及枸橼酸铁铵的质量控制。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中的2种有效成分

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的高效液相色谱双波长分析方法。方法: 采用ZORBAX Extend C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈和0.035 mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾水溶液（冰醋酸调节pH至3.0）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长分别为364 nm和318 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 在选定的色谱条件下,呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛在0.005～0.05 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,检测限分别为20 ng·mL^-1和26 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为70 ng·mL^-1和90 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为99.4%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）和99.4%（RSD=0.3%,n=9）。结论: 所建立的方法简便快速,专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮及吲哚美辛的检测分析。     

气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量

摘 要 目的：建立气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量。 方法: 采用DB 1701毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm×1.00 μm）,以氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测,载气为氮气,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。 结果: 乙醇、醋酸和空白溶剂能达到良好分离;乙醇、醋酸的浓度线性范围分别为5.021 1～502.117 3 μg·ml-1(r=1.000 0）及5.021 7～502.173 6 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8）,平均回收率分别为101.04%(RSD=0.65%)及97.33%(RSD=1.83%)（n＝6）。 结论: 本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇和乙酸残留量的测定。     

HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量。方法: 色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 水（含0.03 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠,0.24 mol·L-1磷酸）=3〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗97（用三乙胺调pH至2.0）;检测波长258 nm;柱温25℃;进样体积20 μl;流速0.8 ml·min-1。结果: 百草枯在0.106~10.6 mg·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好( r=0.999 3),最低检出浓度为0.065 mg·L-1。高、中、低3种浓度样品绝对回收率＞89.4%,方法回收率＞94.4%,日内精密度RSD在0.12%～1.74%之间,日间精密度RSD在0.44%～2.89%之间。结论: 该方法操作简便易行、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于百草枯的人体血清浓度测定。     

HPLC法同时测定根管消毒糊剂中3种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定根管消毒糊剂中多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的含量。 方法: 色谱柱为Wonda Cract C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 0.005 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠缓冲溶液（内含0.1%三乙胺）（梯度洗脱）,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长240 nm,柱温25℃,进样量20 μl。 结果: 多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的质量浓度分别在61 ~ 1 214 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、57 ~ 1 137 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）和2~9 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率及相应RSD分别为99.5%（RSD=1.21%）、100.4%（RSD=1.23%）和100.1%（RSD=1.20%）（n=9）。 结论: 该方法准确度好,精密度高,可用于多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的同时测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.