注射用重组人成纤维细胞生长因子-21皮下注射对大鼠呼吸系统的影响

目的 应用全身体积描记法观察注射用重组人成纤维细胞生长因子-21（rhFGF-21）对大鼠呼吸系统的影响,确定药物可能关系到人的安全性的非期望出现的药物效应,为临床研究和安全用药提供参考。方法 SD大鼠40只,雌雄各半。实验设置4个组,分别为溶媒对照组、rhFGF-21 1.5、3.0、6.0 mg/kg剂量组,应用全身体积描记法采集清醒无束缚大鼠给药前、给药后0.25、1、2、4 h的呼吸功能指标。结果 与溶媒对照组比较,各剂量组动物药后0.25、1、2、4 h均未见潮气量、每分钟通气量、呼吸频率出现统计学差异。结论 大鼠单次皮下注射给予6.0 mg/kg的rhFGF-21,未见药物对大鼠呼吸系统指标产生明显影响。     

应用体积描记法测定婴幼儿型早发性脊柱侧弯的肺功能研究

目的 应用体积描记法测定婴幼儿型早发性脊柱侧弯患儿的肺功能,并进行相关因素分析.方法 选取2011年6月-2016年6月因婴幼儿型早发性脊柱侧弯收住入首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院的0～3岁患儿71例为观察组,同期同年龄段需进行肺功能检测的其他疾病手术患儿45例为对照组.采用Master Screen Paed肺功能仪对两组患儿进行肺功能测定,同时测量其脊柱侧弯相关影像学参数,并对上述结果进行统计学分析.结果 观察组达峰容积比、达峰时间比、单阻断法每千克体质量呼吸系统顺应性、每千克体质量功能残气量低于对照组(P＜0.01),单阻断法呼吸系统阻力高于对照组(P＜0.05).多元线性回归分析显示,侧弯Cobb角、融合椎体节段数、融合肋骨节段数与肺功能损伤存在相关性.结论 体积描记法肺功能测定是了解婴幼儿型早发性脊柱侧弯患儿肺功能和术前评估的理想方法,脊柱侧弯患儿肺功能的变化受侧弯Cobb角、融合肋骨节段数、融合椎体节段数的影响.     

体积描记法在婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染中的应用价值评估

目的：使用体积描记法对婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染（ ALRI）肺功能相关变化和预后进行评估,探讨体描应用于婴幼儿ALRI中的意义。方法选取2012年2月至2013年6月收治的ALRI患儿共计430例,根据患儿情况分成喘息组180例,非喘息组250例,并设置呼吸功能正常儿童共110例作为对照组,使用体描仪对FRC,Raw以及潮气呼吸参数进行测定,分析比较各组FRC、Raw等体描特征性项目和潮气呼吸项目之间的差异与相关性。结果喘息组TPTEF／TE、FRCp中位数、FRCp／kg、sReff、Reff及Reff／kg明显高于其他2组（ P ＜02．05）, VPTEF／VE低于其他2组（ P ＜0．05）。 FRCP、FRCP／kg、sReff、Reff及Reff／kg与TPTEF／TE,IVPTEF／VE呈负相关（ P ＜0．05）。同急性期相比,喘息组患儿恢复期的TPTEF／TE、VPTEF／VE无显著改善（ P ＞0．05）,FRCP、FRCP／kg、sReff、Reff、Reff／kg等体描特有指标下降明显,差异均有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论体描在测定ALRI患儿肺功能方面可行性较强,能有效反应ALRI的呼吸功能变化,值得临床推广应用。     

不同潮气量机械通气在危重患儿呼吸衰竭中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨小潮气量和传统潮气量机械通气在危重患儿急性呼吸衰竭治疗中的安全差异性.方法 将80例急性呼吸衰竭患儿分为传统潮气量通气组30例、小潮气量通气组50例,根据潮气量调整呼气末正压(PEEP)、吸气峰压(PIP)、平均气道压(MAP),监测肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)、呼吸功(Wobv)、气道阻力(Rrs)、气道闭合压(P0.1)、肺泡气-动脉血氧分压差(PA-aO2)、氧合指数(OI)、血气分析等指标的变化,观察患儿氧合改善情况、机械通气并发症的发生、撤机情况以及患儿的转归情况.结果(1)小潮气量机械通气组与传统潮气量机械通气组患儿Cdyn、Rrs在上机第1、3天,Wobv在上机第3、5天,P0.1在上机第5、7天,PEEP、PIP、MAP在上机第0、1、3天比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).小潮气量通气24h氧合改善较传统潮气量通气明显,差异有统计学意义.(2)Wobv、P0.1对撤机有指导意义,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)两组比较,不同潮气量通气治疗AHRF患儿出现气压伤情况的差异有显著性(P＜0.05);危重患儿的病死率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 Cdyn、Rrs、Wobv、P0.1等呼吸力学指标有助于判断机械通气过程中患儿肺部病变的情况,从而及时调整呼吸机参数并判断撤机的时机.小潮气量通气在降低AHRF患儿病死率方面并不优于传统潮气量通气;但在气压伤方面,小潮气量通气优于传统潮气量,更为安全.     

Comparison of respiratory inductive plethysmography versus head-out plethysmography for anesthetized nonhuman primates in an animal biosafety level 4 facility

For inhalational studies and aerosol exposures to viruses, head-out plethysmography acquisition has been traditionally used for the determination of estimated inhaled dose in anesthetized nonhuman primates prior to or during an aerosol exposure. A pressure drop across a pneumotachograph is measured within a sealed chamber during inspiration/exhalation of the nonhuman primate, generating respiratory values and breathing frequencies. Due to the fluctuation of depth of anesthesia, pre-exposure respiratory values can be variable, leading to less precise and accurate dosing calculations downstream. Although an anesthesia infusion pump may help stabilize the depth of sedation, pumps are difficult to use within a sealed head-out plethysmography chamber. Real-time, head-out plethysmography acquisition could increase precision and accuracy of the measurements, but the bulky equipment needed for head-out plethysmography precludes real-time use inside a Class III biological safety cabinet, where most aerosol exposures occur. However, the respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) acquisition method measures the same respiratory parameters by detecting movement of the chest and abdomen during breathing using two elastic bands within the Class III biological safety cabinet. As respiratory values are relayed to a computer for software integration and analysis real-time, adjustment of aerosol exposure duration is based on the depth of sedation of the animal. The objective of this study was to compare values obtained using two methodologies (pre-exposure head-out plethysmography and real-time RIP). Transitioning to RIP technology with real-time acquisition provides more consistent, precise, and accurate aerosol dosing by reducing reported errors in respiratory values from anesthesia variability when using pre-exposure head-out plethysmography acquisition.     

原藜芦碱A对大鼠心血管系统和呼吸系统的影响

目的 观察藜芦主要成分原藜芦碱A对大鼠的心血管和呼吸系统的影响.方法 实验分低、中、高和空白对照组共4组,每组10只,雌雄各半,给药组分别单次ig原藜芦碱A 0.25,0.50和1.00 mg/kg,麻醉后行颈动脉插管术,观察原藜芦碱A对大鼠血压、ECG、呼吸频率及节律的影响.结果 原藜芦碱A给药后可降低大鼠收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压,减慢心率,延长QTc间期;可使大鼠呼吸频率减慢,呼吸幅度加大.上述变化均存在量效关系,给药150 min内均可逐渐恢复.结论 原藜芦碱A对心血管和呼吸系统有一定的影响,能降低血压、减慢心率、延长QTc间期,能使呼吸频率减慢、呼吸幅度加大.     

呼吸系统动态顺应性在外周型呼吸衰竭患儿机械通气中的临床应用价值

目的探讨呼吸系统动态顺应性在外周型呼吸衰竭患儿（29天至1岁）机械通气中的临床应用价值。方法选取49例外周型呼吸衰竭的患儿,除综合治疗外,均给予呼吸机辅助通气治疗,应用肺保护性通气策略。监测患儿呼吸系统动态顺应性（Cdyn）、氧合指数（OI）、呼吸指数（RI）等指标的变化。结果在外周型呼吸衰竭患儿。Cdyn、OI、RI在撤机时与上呼吸机第一天比较差异显著（P〈0．001）;Cdyn与OI有显著的相关关系（r=0．604,P〈0．001）。结论通过监测外周型呼吸衰竭患儿呼吸Cdyn的动态变化,可指导呼吸机参数的调节,了解患儿的病情变化并指导临床治疗;同时为呼吸机的成功撤离提供了有关肺功能的预测指标。     

清醒Beagle犬安全药理心血管呼吸遥测系统验证研究

目的选用呼吸系统阳性药对Beagle犬心血管呼吸遥测系统进行性能验证。方法 8只埋植植入子的清醒Beagle犬隔日依次静脉注射给予生理盐水、盐酸多沙普仑(4 mg·kg-1)、盐酸瑞芬太尼(4μg·kg-1)和盐酸索他洛尔(10 mg·kg-1)。实验时连续获取每次给药前至少2 h及给药后24 h内数据,包括血压、心电图、呼吸等指标。结果生理盐水对各参数无明显影响。呼吸兴奋药盐酸多沙普仑可导致动物呼吸频率和潮气量明显增加,伴有血压及心率的增加。呼吸抑制药盐酸瑞芬太尼可导致动物呼吸潮气量明显减少,对呼吸频率作用不明显。QT间期(QTcf)延长阳性药盐酸索他洛尔可导致动物心电图心率校正的QTcf明显延长,最大变化率约11%。结论本系统可灵敏检测到心血管、呼吸系统的相关变化,可用于清醒动物心血管呼吸系统安全药理学研究。     

压力调节容量控制通气模式治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床观察

目的观察压力调节容量控制通气（PRVC）治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的临床效果。方法对15例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患儿采用PRVC模式进行机械通气治疗,通气过程中,采用肺保护性策略。观察呼吸、心率、动脉血气（PaO2）、氧合指数（OI）等变化。结果15例患儿均痊愈出院,其中1例转为高频通气后治愈。平均通气时间为（6．60±5．73）d,平均吸氧时间为（10．93±8．46）d,平均住院时间为（19．73±14．63）d。机械通气后,患儿呼吸频率明显减慢（P〈0．05）,渐接近正常或者正常;患儿各个时间点pH值、PaCO2值和PaO2值均在正常范围内,各时间点比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;患儿OI均随着通气时间延长而逐步减小,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PRVC通气模式治疗NRDS时,可减少肺气压伤的发生,是一种肺保护性通气模式。     

A direct involvement of the central nervous system in hypophagia and inhibition of respiratory rate in rats after treatment with O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate

  O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP) is known to induce unique symptoms, which are characterized by hypophagia, progressive weight loss, and hypothermia. To determine whether there is the possibility of a causal relationship between these toxic symptoms and a direct action of OOS-TMP on the central nervous system, we investigated the development of these symptoms in Fischer 344 female rats after oral or intracerebral treatment with OOS-TMP. Oral administration of OOS-TMP at 20 mg/kg induced marked hypophagia, progressive weight loss and hypothermia. Moreover, inhibition of respiratory rate was observed immediately after treatment. It lasts during the entire experimental period. Profound hypothermia below 34°C was observed more frequently in the rats, which became hypercapnic (PaCO₂≥ 50 mmHg). In contrast, administration of OOS-TMP at 20 mg/kg (as much as the oral dose) into the cerebral lateral ventricle succeeded in inducing hypophagia, progressive weight loss and lowered respiratory rates. On the other hand, by this route of administration, OOS-TMP at 20 mg/kg failed to induce hypothermia, hypercapnia and lung injury. The present results suggest that hypophagia and inhibitions of respiratory rate are attributable to the direct action of OOS-TMP on the central nervous system, while other symptoms are associated with lung injury. Received: 10 October 1994 / Accepted: 30 January 1995     

Measurement of various respiratory dynamics parameters following acute inhalational exposure to soman vapor in conscious rats

Abstract

Respiratory dynamics were investigated in head-out plethysmography chambers following inhalational exposure to soman in untreated, non-anesthetized rats. A multipass saturator cell was used to generate 520, 560 and 600?mg?×?min/m³ of soman vapor in a customized inhalational exposure system. Various respiratory dynamic parameters were collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats (300--350?g) during (20?min) and 24?h (10?min) after inhalational exposure. Signs of CWNA-induced cholinergic crisis were observed in all soman-exposed animals. Percentage body weight loss and lung edema were observed in all soman-exposed animals, with significant increases in both at 24?h following exposure to 600?mg?×?min/m³. Exposure to soman resulted in increases in respiratory frequency (RF) in animals exposed to 560 and 600?mg?×?min/m³ with significant increases following exposure to 560?mg?×?min/m³ at 24?h. No significant alterations in inspiratory time (IT) or expiratory time (ET) were observed in soman-exposed animals 24?h post-exposure. Prominent increases in tidal volume (TV) and minute volume (MV) were observed at 24?h post-exposure in animals exposed to 600?mg?×?min/m³. Peak inspiratory (PIF) and expiratory flow (PEF) followed similar patterns and increased 24?h post-exposure to 600?mg?×?min/m³ of soman. Results demonstrate that inhalational exposure to 600?mg?×?min/m³ soman produces notable alterations in various respiratory dynamic parameters at 24?h. The following multitude of physiological changes in respiratory dynamics highlights the need to develop countermeasures that protect against respiratory toxicity and lung injury.     

Adenosine receptors in capillaries and pia-arachnoid of rat cerebral cortex

Cholecystokinin (1–300 ng) was administered into the lateral brain ventricle of chloralose-anesthetized cats while monitoring tracheal airflow, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. Dose-related increases in respiratory activity occurred in each animal tested, and were due to an increase in tidal volume. When 300–1000 ng of cholecystokinin was administered intravenously, no respiratory stimulant effect was observed. These results indicate that cholecystokinin acts in the brain to stimulate respiration.