HPLC法测定血络通胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC测定血络通胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Waters Symmetry C18柱 ( 250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 水,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,检测波长为203 nm,柱温为35 ℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 人参皂苷Rg1在0.055～2.732 μg （r=0. 999 8）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为107.23％,RSD为1.17％ (n=6);人参皂苷Re在0.342～8.542 μg（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为101.63％,RSD为3.52％( n=6);人参皂苷Rb1在0.717～14.336 μg（r=0.999 7）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为100.63％,RSD为3.79％ (n= 6)。结论: 该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于血络通胶囊的质量控制。     

柱后衍生高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中的黄曲霉素B1的含量

摘 要 目的：建立柱后衍生高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中黄曲霉素Bl的含量。方法: 采用免疫亲和柱提取样品中的黄曲霉素Bl,利用柱后衍生系统和高效液相色谱法相结合,检测食用植物油中黄曲霉素Bl的含量,并与国家标准规定的薄层荧光法相比较。结果: 高效液相色谱法中黄曲霉素Bl的线性范围为10.2～51.0 ng·ml^-1,r=0.999 6,平均回收率为87.3%（RSD=0.96%,n=6）,检出限量可达 1 μg ·kg^-1。结论:该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,利于大量批次样品检测,可作为常规手段推广应用。     

HPLC法测定美司钠原料中的有关物质

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定美司钠原料中的有关物质。 方法: 采用C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;以甲醇 磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸二氢钾2.94 g、磷酸氢二钾2.94 g、四丁基硫酸氢铵2.6 g溶于660 ml水中,用磷酸调pH 2.3）（34∶66）为流动相;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为235 nm。 结果: 美司钠与各杂质及强制破坏产物能完全分离;美司钠及杂质A、B、D、F分别在41.03～4 103.00 μg ·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.53～53.44 μg ·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.43～42.88 μg ·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、30.80～308.00 μg ·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.422 4～42.24 μg ·ml-1（r=1.000 0）范围内线性关系良好;各杂质加样回收率在97.8%～101.4%之间;进样精密度和重复性均符合规定;其中杂质A、B、F的相对校正因子分别为0.03,0.01,0.01。 结论: 建立的方法可用于美司钠原料有关物质的质量控制。     

319例次儿童霉酚酸血药浓度监测结果分析

摘 要 目的：分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2016年11月～2017年10月霉酚酸（MPA）血药浓度监测结果,促进临床安全用药。方法：采用酶放大免疫技术测定血清中游离MPA浓度,利用Mwphar+软件模拟MPA的药动学曲线,计算AUC0~12h值。收集患儿的临床资料,对患儿性别分布、疾病分类、血药浓度监测结果、药品不良反应（ADR）及转归情况进行分析。结果：纳入患儿237例,平均年龄为(10.70±3.61)岁,319例次MPA血药浓度监测结果。涉及到的疾病有14种,主要为系统性红斑狼疮（33.54%）,肾病综合征（16.61%）和异体器官移植（15.05%）。MPA AUC0~12h值在30~60 mg·h·L^-1的患儿约占48.28%。ADR主要涉及胃肠道（13.79%）,所有发生ADR的患儿症状好转或消失。结论：结合Mwphar+软件拟合AUC代谢曲线,可更好地掌握患儿体内MPA的暴露量,提高临床疗效,保障儿童安全用药。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中7种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量。方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇（A） 0.05%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~15 min：在238 nm波长下检测栀子苷和甘草苷;15~50 min：在254 nm波长下检测芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),进样量为10 μl。结果: 栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.13～3.18 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.19～4.84 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.28～7.02 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.13～3.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.61～15.27 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.32～8.03 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.39～9.81 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.84%（RSD=0.74%）、99.34%（RSD=0.86%）、99.54%（RSD=0.30%）、99.56%（RSD=0.80%）、99.85%（RSD=0.41%）、99.57%（RSD=0.70%）、99.64%（RSD=0.30%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC含量测定方法,具有操作简便、专属性高、重复性良好、结果准确可靠的特点,可用于茵栀祛黄胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定姜黄素-槲皮素复方自微乳的载药量和包封率

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定姜黄素 槲皮素复方自微乳（CUR-QUE-SMEDDS）的载药量和包封率。方法: 采用离心法分离游离药物,HPLC法测定药物含量。色谱柱：Purospher STAR LP C18 柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 4%冰醋酸（50∶50）,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：370 nm,柱温：30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 姜黄素和槲皮素的线性范围分别为10.728~96.552 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）和1.08~9.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为99.98%（RSD=1.46%,n=9）和100.34%（RSD=1.06%,n=9）。CUR QUE SMEDDS中姜黄素和槲皮素的包封率分别为（95.97±0.50）% 和（95.91±2.52）%,载药量分别为（25.82±0.15）mg·g^-1和（1.80±0.05）mg·g^-1。结论:该法准确可靠,快速简便,适用于测定CUR-QUE-SMEDDS的载药量和包封率。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中PA-824的浓度及其药动学研究

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱 质谱连用（HPLC MS/MS）测定比格犬血浆中PA 824的浓度,以及进行PA 824在比格犬体内的药动学研究。方法: 以卡马西平为内标,生物样品预处理采用乙酸乙酯萃取。色谱柱为Eclipse Plus C18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 水（90∶10）,流速为0.6 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μl,样品分析时间为5 min;电喷雾电离源（ESI）,正离子多反应监测扫描分析,PA 824离子对为m/z360.1→m/z 175.0（碰撞能量：35,解簇电压：65）,卡马西平离子对为m/z 237.2→m/z 194.0（碰撞能量：28,解簇电压：83）。比格犬口服给药之后,在不同的时间点取血测定血浆中PA 824的含量,然后再用DAS 2.0软件进行药代动力学参数的计算。结果: 比格犬口服给药之后,PA 824在50～10 000 ng·mL^-1 （r=0.999 1）范围内呈线性关系,回收率为97.7%～105.1%,日内、日间精密度RSD均<5.0%。PA 824 3个不同给药量（100,200,500 mg）的AUC0 t分别为（5 735.18±1 918.76）,（11 548.47±1 838.04）,（21 987.88±4 587.58）ng·min·ml^-1,t^1/2分别为（14.17±5.97）,（11.11±4.39）,（13.13±5.46）h,Cmax分别为（626.66±188.48）,（2 399.13±516.51）,（4 861.33±2 253.61）ng·ml^-1。结论:该方法简单、准确、快速、重复性好,适用于比格犬血浆PA 824的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法同时测定心宁片中3个有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定心宁片中芦丁、丹酚酸B、人参皂苷Rb1含量的方法。方法: 采用CAPCELL PAK MG（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈（A） 0.1%磷酸溶液（B）,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温35 ℃,检测波长为354 nm、286 nm和203 nm（波长切换方式）。结果: 芦丁浓度在0.027 3~1.360 0 mg·mL^-1范围内(r=1.000 0),丹酚酸B浓度在0.024 4~1.220 0 mg·mL^-1范围内(r =1.000 0),人参皂苷Rb1浓度在0.018 6~0.931 0 mg·mL^-1范围内(r=0.999 9),与峰面积均呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为102.3%,98.7%,101.7%,RSD分别为1.1.%,0.8%,1.8%(n= 6)。结论: 本文建立HPLC法可实现同时测定芦丁、丹酚酸B、人参皂苷Rb1 3种有效成分,方法快速、简便、结果准确,可为心宁片提供更全面、可靠的质量控制方法。     

十一酸睾酮二元醇质体凝胶剂体内外透皮特性研究

摘 要 目的：对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体凝胶进行体内外透皮考察。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体,以卡波姆941为凝胶基质,制备TU二元醇质体凝胶剂;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以大鼠为实验动物,背部给予TU二元醇质体凝胶剂后,于设定的时间点测定血浆中TU浓度,计算药动学参数,并与TU二元醇质体进行比较。结果: TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的体外累积透皮百分率Q与时间t均符合一级动力学模型,线性方程分别为：Q=8.68t+6.78（r=0.998 2）和Q=6.09t+3.09（r=0.999 3）,稳态透皮速率分别为8.68 μg·cm^-2·h^-1和6.09 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量分别为（208.80±55.26）μg·g^-1和（225.60±38.90）μg·g^-1;大鼠体内TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的主要药动学参数分别为：Cmax（18.50±2.75）mg·L^-1和（20.80±2.42）mg·L^-1;tmax（6.20±0.14）h和（9.54±0.52）h;AUC0-48h（336.74±2.05）h和（486.30±1.68）h。结论:TU二元醇质体及其凝胶均呈现较好的体内外透皮特性,且在缓释性上凝胶剂表现更优。     

六味开胃消食颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立六味开胃消食颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对六味开胃消食颗粒中的枳壳、木香、白术和山楂等药材进行了薄层色谱鉴别;采用HPLC法测定君药枳壳药材中柚皮苷与新橙皮苷的含量,色谱柱为Sinochrom ODS BP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸（21∶79）;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长：283 nm;柱温：30℃。结果: 薄层色谱法可鉴别出该制剂中的枳壳、木香、白术和山楂。柚皮苷在89.600～1.792×10³ μg范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 8）,新橙皮苷在1.060×10²～2.120×10³ μg范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,柚皮苷平均回收率为98.67%,RSD为0.57%（n=6）,新橙皮苷平均回收率为98.07%,RSD为1.19%（n=6）。结论: 该方法准确、灵敏、重复性好,能有效的控制六味开胃消食颗粒的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.