门诊肿瘤科癌症患者非阿片类镇痛药处方分析

摘 要 目的： 调查我院门诊肿瘤疼痛患者使用非阿片类镇痛药的用药现状,以促进患者非阿片类镇痛药的合理使用。方法: 通过电子处方抽样,抽取2014年1月1~31日门诊肿瘤科全部处方,其中41张处方含非阿片类镇痛药,对非阿片类镇痛药处方基本指标以及非阿片类镇痛药消费金额、消耗量、非阿片类合用药品情况等指标进行处方分析。结果: 门诊非阿片类镇痛药处方合理率为65.85%,不合理处方主要集中在氨酚羟考酮的用法用量开具不清或缺项、药品剂型或给药途径不适宜或缺项、用法用量不适宜等问题。氨酚羟考酮的处方使用率最高,其次是双氯芬酸钠缓释片,单用一种非阿片类镇痛的比例为73.17%,非阿片和阿片类合用比例为21.95%。结论: 我院非阿片类镇痛药处方合格率偏低,部分处方仍需规范化,应加强对非阿片类镇痛药的使用管理和安全监测。     

某院癌痛规范化治疗示范病房创建前后镇痛药使用分析及处方点评

摘 要 目的：分析某院创建癌痛规范化治疗示范病房前后镇痛药的使用情况并对其处方进行点评,评价癌痛规范化治疗示范病房创建工作开展的意义。方法：提取2011~2012年及2013~2014年肿瘤科室患者使用镇痛药的相关数据,对镇痛药的用药频度（DDDs）进行比较;分别从门诊抽取2 400张癌痛患者的镇痛药处方并对其进行点评。结果：癌痛规范化治疗示范病房创建后癌痛患者镇痛药的DDDs较创建前增加,其中第一、第三阶梯镇痛药的DDDs分别较创建前增加了31.85%、1.99%;癌痛规范化治疗示范病房创建后不合理处方减少,药品名称的书写合格率分别从86.25%上升为95.17%, 用法用量的书写合格率和药品用法用量的合理率,分别从81.92%、84.93%上升到90.04%和93.28%。结论：创建癌痛规范化治疗示范病房使镇痛药的使用及其处方书写更规范。     

2014—2018年天津市肿瘤医院门诊麻醉性镇痛药的使用情况分析

目的 分析2014—2018年天津市肿瘤医院门诊麻醉性镇痛药的使用情况，为临床合理使用提供参考。方法 调取天津市肿瘤医院2014—2018年门诊麻醉性镇痛药的用药相关信息，对药物剂型、使用金额、用药频度（DDDs）、日均费用（DDC）及药品排序比（B/A）进行统计分析。结果 2014—2018年门诊麻醉性镇痛药中，口服剂型的使用金额和DDDs的构成比逐年上涨，透皮贴剂和注射剂使用金额和DDDs的构成比呈下降趋势。硫酸吗啡缓释片30 mg的DDDs排名一直居于首位，羟考酮缓释片10 mg在2016年后上升至第2位，羟考酮缓释片40 mg排名大幅上升，芬太尼透皮贴剂8.4 mg的DDDs排名出现明显下降。2016—2017年各麻醉性镇痛药的DDC开始略有下降。各药品的B/A略有变化，均接近1，表明使用金额与使用频度的同步性较好。结论 天津市肿瘤医院麻醉性镇痛药的使用合理，符合安全、有效、方便的原则。     

中国9家肿瘤专科医院2009-2012年应用镇痛药处方趋势分析

目的以WHO规定的癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗原则、美国NCCN癌痛治疗指南为依据,分析中国肿瘤患者使用镇痛药物的现状,为癌痛治疗药品的科学管理和合理应用提供参考。方法数据来自《医院处方分析合作项目》,2009-2012年全国9家肿瘤专科医院门诊处方使用镇痛药物数据,每家医院每年随机抽取40 d,门诊处方项目包括患者基本信息、用药情况、诊断和用药金额;用Foxpro 8.0数据库软件进行统计分析。结果使用镇痛药的患者占全部肿瘤患者人数的7%,镇痛药金额占全部肿瘤患者用药总金额的1.9%。无论从用药金额还是使用人数来看,患者镇痛均以口服、外用给药途径为主。用药人数排前20位的镇痛药中,羟考酮/对乙酰氨基酚占32%,位居首位,其次为吗啡片、芬太尼贴和羟考酮片,分别占10.3%、9.1%和7.9%,另外,哌替啶占0.9%。用药金额排前20位镇痛药中,羟考酮/对乙酰氨基酚最多,其次为芬太尼贴、羟考酮片和吗啡片。用药类型主要以阿片类为主,占镇痛药金额的60.2%,其次为阿片与非甾体抗炎药的复方制剂(占32%),非甾体类抗炎药占4.5%,非阿片类中枢镇痛药占2.8%,其他0.5%。患者使用的复方制剂中,对乙酰氨基酚用量超过NCCN指南所规定4 g/d的人数占使用镇痛药人数的0.1%。结论中国癌痛治疗基本遵从WHO推行的三阶梯用药原则,但是仍远未达到NCCN指南的目标,癌痛治疗有待进一步规范。     

我国阿片类镇痛药物临床使用现状分析

摘 要 目的：了解我国阿片类镇痛药物使用现况及变化趋势,及阿片类镇痛药物治疗中、重度疼痛的消耗充分性水平。方法：采用回顾性分析方法,分析2006~2016年我国阿片类镇痛药物的消耗频度（DDDs）及变化趋势;采用计算消耗量充足性测量（ACM）的方法测算我国全人群中、重度疼痛吗啡治疗需要量,评价我国阿片类镇痛药物治疗中、重度疼痛的消耗充分性,并与其他国家和地区进行横向比较。结果：2006~2016年,我国阿片类镇痛药物消耗频度（DDDs）从9.7亿DDDs增加到37.03亿DDDs,增速先快后缓,尤以2013年增长较为明显,2015年稍有下降。基于中国医院药品统计报告（CHPA）计算的,反映我国阿片类镇痛药物治疗中、重度疼痛消耗充分性的ACM值,从2006年的0.003 4上升到2016年的0.010 2,国际相对水平一直处于“极差”。基于国际麻醉药品管制局（INCB）统计数据计算的ACM值,从2006年的0.004 9上升到2013年的0.01 16（国际相对水平仍为“极差”）,后持续走低。结论：我国阿片类镇痛药物治疗中、重度疼痛消耗虽然一直在增长,但整体消耗不足,与国际消耗水平有较大差距,存在医务人员、患者、监管体系和社会文化等多层面的原因。应从加强医务人员培训和患者教育,通过大众媒体传播疼痛管理的正确科学理念,鼓励医患间交流与沟通,完善特殊药品监管体系,改进医疗卫生体制,平衡严格监管、防止滥用的目标与满足人民不断增长的对美好生活需要的目标等方面改进。     

三种大剂量强阿片类药物治疗癌痛疗效及安全性的回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：回顾性分析我院三种大剂量强阿片类药物治疗癌性疼痛的疗效及安全性。方法: 收集73例重度癌痛患者的病例资料,根据患者服用的强阿片类药物分类分为A组（吗啡缓释片,25例）、B组（羟考酮缓释片,36例）、C组（芬太尼透皮贴剂,12例）等3组。评估患者入院时及治疗4周后的24h内平均疼痛数字评分（NRS）、爆发痛次数、强阿片类药物平均使用剂量、生活质量,统计其他镇痛药物和辅助药物使用情况、药品不良反应发生情况。结果: 3组患者治疗4周后NRS评分较前明显降低(P<0.01),B组NRS评分最低,与A组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组爆发痛次数也较前明显降低(P<0.01),组间差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05);4周后各组阿片类药物剂量明显高于入院时(P<0.01),B组剂量低于另外两组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者治疗后生活质量较前明显改善(P<0.01),组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组患者其他镇痛药物及辅助用药使用差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05);不良反应发生率差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论: 规范化使用三种大剂量阿片类药物均能有效控制疼痛,提高癌痛患者生活治疗,值得临床推广,其中羟考酮缓释片效果最好,芬太尼透皮贴不良反应最少。     

2018—2019年徐州市肿瘤医院门诊药房麻醉药品的使用情况分析

目的 分析2018—2019年徐州市肿瘤医院门诊患者麻醉药品的使用现状,为规范合理使用镇痛药物提供参考。方法 收集徐州市肿瘤医院2018—2019年的门诊麻醉处方共2 893张。对麻醉药品的用药品种、使用科室、使用患者年龄、用药频度（DDDs）、药物利用指数（DUI）等进行分析。结果 2018—2019年门诊麻醉药品共6个品种8个规格。阿桔片、盐酸布桂嗪片、盐酸羟考酮缓释片（10 mg）的处方数比较多。使用麻醉药品最多的科室为放疗科、化疗科和呼吸科,患者年龄主要为50～79岁。在癌痛治疗第三阶梯用药中,盐酸吗啡缓释片的DDDs最高,且DUI更接近于1。盐酸羟考酮缓释片（10 mg）的销售金额最多。结论 徐州市肿瘤医院门诊麻醉药品的使用基本合理,但医生还需要对麻醉药品的用药频次和用药时间范围进一步的学习,药师也要加强这方面的业务素质并及时给予合理的干预,以促进肿瘤患者的个体化用药。     

氨酚羟考酮对1 435例住院患者肝功能的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨氨酚羟考酮对肝功能影响的特点,为提高用药安全提供依据。方法：调取我院2017年8月~2018年7月使用氨酚羟考酮片的住院患者病历共1 435份,对患者的基本资料、用药情况及肝功能指标等进行统计分析。 结果：1 435例患者中氨酚羟考酮致肝损伤20例,发生率为1.39%,其中以30~39岁和60~69岁患者居多。不同疼痛类型的患者中,头痛患者肝损伤的发生率最高（10.00%）。不同给药剂量方面,氨酚羟考酮给药剂量660mg qd患者肝损伤发生率最高（5.41%）。治疗时间1~3 d出现肝损伤的患者最多达9例。停药前,发生肝损伤患者的ALT、AST水平和AST/ALT值均明显高于治疗前（P＜0.05）,而总胆红素（TBil）、直接胆红素（DBil）和间接胆红素（IBil）较前未见明显变化（P＞0.05）。经停药和对症治疗,1周后患者的血清转氨酶水平恢复正常（P＞0.05）。结论：氨酚羟考酮致肝损伤属于肝细胞损伤型的药物性肝损伤,其症状较轻且可逆,但仍应引起临床的关注。     

运用PCNE分类体系对癌痛患者麻醉镇痛药物的处方分析

摘 要 目的：运用欧洲医药保健网分类系统（PCNE）分类体系,点评分析癌痛患者麻醉药品处方使用现状,以促进麻醉镇痛药物处方的合理使用。方法: 分析2017年1~12月入住癌痛规范化治疗示范病房的的处方数据,对麻醉镇痛药物处方中药物相关问题（DRPs）进行分类汇总。结果:2017年1~12月癌痛规范化治疗示范病房住院患者115人次,麻醉镇痛药物处方共321张,其中DRPs发生数为55例。问题类型主要集中在“治疗安全性”,占所有DRPs的72.3%。按原因分类统计,“药物选择”导致DRPs的比率最高,占63.2%,其次为“剂量选择”,占20.6%。结论:麻醉镇痛处方规范合理仍有待提升。根据PCNE分类体系的解析,需要加强与临床医生反馈现有的医嘱问题;开展癌痛患者的宣教;进一步对调剂药学人员进行麻、精药品知识培训,强化对麻醉镇痛药处方用药的监管。     

2015～2017年上海市松江区15家社区卫生服务中心门诊处方合理用药调研

摘 要 目的：了解2015～2017年上海市松江区15家社区卫生服务中心门诊处方合理用药总体情况及抗菌药物的使用情况,为促进临床合理用药提供理论依据。方法：收集2015年1月～2017年12月上海市松江区15家社区卫生服务中心54 000张门诊处方信息,参照WHO/INRUD处方指标要求及抗菌药物临床应用监测指标,统计并客观评价合理用药问题。结果：15家社区卫生服务中心平均每张处方用药品种数均值为2.08种;静脉注射剂使用百分率为7.0%;基本药物使用百分率98.33%,合格处方百分率为98%;3年平均抗菌药物占药品总收入比例10.3%,复合年均增长率（CAGR）为-8.45%;门诊就诊患者抗菌药物用药频度为110 110,CAGR为-4.92%;门诊就诊患者抗菌药物的使用强度0.56,CAGR为-1.50%;使用抗菌药物处方百分率为12.56%,CAGR为1.23%,抗菌药物监测指标中除使用抗菌药物处方百分率呈正增长外,其余指标均呈负增长。结论：松江15家社区卫生服务中心处方质量及抗菌药物的合理使用水平明显提高,但仍存在一定的提升空间。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.