内镜下套扎术对老年肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血患者的临床疗效观察

<正>食管静脉曲张出血是肝硬化最常见和最严重的并发症之一~([1])。食管静脉曲张出血的常规治疗方法是止血、快速输血和补液,其中内镜下套扎术(EVL)是目前止血的首选方案,其手术操作简单、成功率高、并发症少~([2])。本研究对老年肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血患者采取EVL治疗,取得了满意的临床效果,现报告如下。     

聚桂醇与组织黏合剂的不同联用方法在治疗肝硬化胃静脉曲张出血中的应用

正胃静脉曲张(GV)是肝硬化门静脉高压症的并发症之一,胃静脉曲张破裂出血(GVB)占肝硬化静脉曲张出血的15%～30%~([1])。由于胃黏膜较食管黏膜厚,因此胃曲张静脉在相同或较大血流压力下相对食管曲张静脉不容易破裂出血~([2]),然而由于其直径较粗~([3]),血流速度较快,一旦出血,出血量大,具有较高     

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素及预后分析

正食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)是肝硬化最主要并发症,导致患者病情加重,病死率高达33%~54%~([1])。肝硬化EGVB主要表现为发病突然、出血量较大且易反复、止血难度大等特征,严重影响患者的生活质量及生命安全~([2-3])。准确地评估肝硬化EGVB的危险因素,对早期防治具有重要意义。目前国内外对肝硬化EGVB的相关危险因素及防范措施尚无明确定论~([4]),本研究采用     

1例外阴阴道静脉曲张产妇阴道分娩的助产体会

正妊娠中晚期增大的子宫压迫下腔静脉,静脉瓣承受过重的压力,逐渐松弛,瓣膜正常功能受到破坏,可在外阴、阴道等局部形成迂曲扩张的静脉,在皮下或黏膜下突起,形成肿块,色青~([1])。外阴静脉曲张是难看的,导致病人身体和心理的痛苦,孕妇外阴静脉曲张发生率为8%,如果其孕前患有静脉曲张,那么怀孕后外阴静脉曲张的发生率为23.3%~([2])。外阴静脉曲张很少发生在未孕妇女身上且容易被误诊为囊肿或肿块~([3])。未     

妇女反复人工流产行为的影响因素

正反复人工流产(简称人流)是指妇女接受过2次或2次以上~([1-3])人工流产的行为。据统计~([4]),我国妇女每年接受超过1300万次的人工流产,其中反复人流约占一半,远高于发达国家水平~([5-7])。有研究~([8])显示,反复人流妇女出现人工流产并发症(如子宫穿孔、出血、感染等)的概率较首次人流者高,也有研究显示,该类妇女未来发生早产~([9-10])、生育低出生体重儿~([9])及罹患乳腺癌~([11])的风险也较高。为了解妇女     

1例广泛转移乳腺癌腹腔积液病人合并消化道出血的护理

正乳腺癌是我国女性健康的第一杀手~([1]),30%～40%的病人就诊时已是晚期乳腺癌(advanced breasT cancer,ABC)~([2])。腹腔积液是晚期肿瘤常见并发症之一,腹腔穿刺引流是最常用的姑息疗法~([3]),而穿刺点的外渗常为护理难点~([4])。腹腔积液合并消化道出血更加大了护理难度。恶性肿瘤消化道出血病人内     

预见性护理在1例过敏性紫癜伴非萎缩性胃炎患儿中的应用

正过敏性紫癜(HSP)是儿童时期常见的以全身小血管炎性反应为主要病变的自身免疫性疾病~([1,2])。因机体对某些致敏物质产生变态反应,导致毛细血管脆性及通透性增加,血液外渗,产生紫癜、黏膜及某些器官出血~([3])。据报道50%～75%的HSP患儿伴有消化道症状其中14%～36%以胃肠道症状为首发症状~([4]),18%～52%的腹型HSP患儿可出现消化道出血~([5])。出现呕吐的腹型HSP患儿更易发生消化道出血~([6])。慢性非萎缩性胃炎指的是不伴有胃黏膜萎缩性改变,胃黏膜层以淋巴细胞和浆细胞为主的慢性炎症细胞浸润的慢性胃炎,属于消化内科常见疾病,以幽门螺杆菌感染为主要病因,常伴有消化道溃痛~([7,8])。上消化道溃疡的主要并发症是上消化道出血~([9,10]),发生率为25.5%~([11])。上消化道出血患者病死率较高~([12]),应引起临床医护人员的高度重视。本院于2018年8月26日,首次收治1例过敏性紫癜伴慢性非萎缩性胃炎的患儿,此类患儿更易发生消化道大出血在治疗和护理过程中采取预见性的护理,经积极治疗和精心护理后,13d后痊愈出院,未发生消化道大出血。因多数过敏性紫癜患儿病程反复,对该患儿经过系统细化的出院指导患儿至今未复发,现报告如下。     

血液滤过联合动脉灌流对重症急性胰腺炎患者生化指标和T淋巴细胞亚群表达水平的影响

<正>急性胰腺炎为一种消化系统急腹症,主要临床症状有胰腺水肿、胰腺出血、胰腺坏死及其他功能器官功能不全~([1-2])。研究~([3])统计,目前临床上约有20%的急性胰腺炎患者可发展为重症急性胰腺炎(SAP),而SAP治疗不及时则会导致多器官功能障碍,严重时造成患者死亡~([4])。研究~([5-7])认为体内细胞因子变化水平与急性胰腺炎的诊     

腔内激光疗法联合透光旋切术治疗大隐静脉曲张患者的疗效观察

<正>大隐静脉曲张是一种常见的周围血管疾病,好发于30岁以上的女性患者,其发病的主要原因是静脉壁的弹性发育较差和静脉血管内过高的压力,不及时治疗容易形成血栓~([1-2])。大隐静脉曲张主要采用传统手术(大隐静脉高位结扎+剥脱术)治疗,但术后恢复慢,护理不当会引起一系列的后遗症,还有复发的可能~([3])。微创手术治疗大     

彩色多普勒超声对大隐静脉曲张患者下肢深静脉功能评价的研究

<正>大隐静脉曲张是血管外科常见疾病之一,为浅静脉病变,但与深静脉关系密切~([1])。研究~([2])证实下肢深静脉瓣功能的变化是大隐静脉曲张的重要病理基础。因此术前有效、准确地评估大隐静脉曲张患者的深静脉瓣功能及血流状况,有助于选择合理的治疗方案。本组应用彩色多普勒超声对90例大隐静脉曲张患者进行检测,现报道如下。资料与方法一、临床资料选取2015年6月至2016年6月我院血管外科经静脉X线     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.