党参不同极性部位对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

目的：研究党参不同极性部位对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：采用系统溶剂法提取分离得到石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、水部分中四部位的活性成分,以贞芪扶正胶囊为阳性对照药,以0.9%氯化钠液为空白对照组,利用碳粒廓清法研究党参四个不同极性提取部分对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果：与0.9%氯化钠液组相比,党参水提和醇提部分能够明显的提高吞噬指数。结论：党参促进单核巨噬细胞系统吞噬功能的有效成分主要存在于极性较大的水提部分与乙醇部分中。     

薏苡仁水提液对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨薏苡仁水提液对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法先给予小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺以建立小鼠免疫功能低下模型,然后将薏苡仁水提液按10、5和2.5 g.kg-1三种剂量连续给三组小鼠灌胃10 d,观察薏苡仁水提液对免疫低下小鼠免疫器官重量指数、白细胞数量、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率和血清溶血素HC50值等实验指标的影响。结果薏苡仁水提液能显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻和白细胞数量减少,明显增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率。结论薏苡仁水提液对机体免疫功能具有较好的增强作用。表现为体液免疫、细胞免疫和非特异免疫功能的改变。     

注射用贞芪扶正对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的研究注射用贞芪扶正对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺制备免疫功能低下的动物模型,采用碳廓清实验检测小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,测定吞噬指数和吞噬活性;绵羊红细胞的定量溶血测定法测定血清溶血素水平;二硝基氟苯诱导迟发型变态反应模型,观察不同剂量注射用贞芪扶正对小鼠细胞免疫、体液免疫以及单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。结果注射用贞芪扶正（3.0和6.0g/kg）可提高免疫功能低下小鼠的吞噬指数K和吞噬活性α（P〈0.05或〈0.01）;3个剂量组注射用贞芪扶正对环磷酰胺导致的血清中溶血素水平的降低均有不同程度的升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。另外,3个剂量注射用贞芪扶正均可提高免疫功能低下小鼠的耳肿胀度,中高剂量组对环磷酰胺导致的胸腺和脾脏指数的降低均有恢复作用（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论注射用贞芪扶正能明显改善环磷酰胺致的免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫功能。     

豹皮樟总黄酮对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究豹皮樟总黄酮(litsea coteana total flavone,LCTF)对环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,Cy)诱导的免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法以Cy50mg·kg-1ip给药,每天1次,连续2d,诱导小鼠免疫低下模型,采用碳廓清试验、溶血素生成试验、二硝基氟苯(DNFB)诱导的迟发性超敏反应,观察LCTF对免疫低下小鼠非特异性免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫的影响。结果碳廓清试验,LCTF(200、400mg·kg-1)组可提高Cy致免疫低下小鼠的吞噬指数α值和廓清指数K值,提高免疫低下小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能;溶血素试验,LCTF(100、200mg·kg-1)组能提高免疫低下小鼠血清IgM和IgG的生成,LCTF(100、200、400mg·kg-1)能增加免疫低下小鼠脾细胞溶血素的产生;LCTF(200、400mg·kg-1)组可明显促进免疫低下小鼠DTH反应,LCTF(100、200、400mg·kg-1)能提升CD4+、CD8+细胞数以及CD4+/CD8+比值,并能提高脾淋巴细胞生产IL-2含量。结论以上结果表明,LCTF通过广泛刺激小鼠的特异性及非特异性免疫应答,对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能有良好的增强作用。     

当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的　研究当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法　sc环磷酰胺复制免疫抑制模型 ;测定胸腺、脾脏重量并计算脏器系数 ;碳粒廓清法测定单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ;比色法测定血清溶血素IgG、IgM含量 ;MTT法测定混合淋巴细胞培养反应。结果　在 1 0～ 1 0 0mg·kg- 1 剂量范围内 ,当归多糖能对抗环磷酰胺引起的小鼠脾萎缩 ,增加正常小鼠脾重 ,而对于正常及免疫抑制小鼠胸腺影响不大 ;促进正常及免疫抑制小鼠碳粒廓清率 ;而对小鼠血清溶血素IgG、IgM的生成有较强的抑制作用 ;在 30～ 30 0mg·L- 1 剂量范围内能促进同种异型抗原激活的小鼠脾细胞的增殖。结论　当归多糖能增强正常及免疫抑制小鼠的非特异性免疫功能 ,而对正常小鼠的体液免疫功能有抑制作用     

五味子宁神口服液的免疫调节作用研究

目的:研究五味子宁神口服液(WOL)的免疫调节作用.方法:采用测定小鼠碳粒廓清率、二硝基氟苯(DNFB)诱导小鼠迟发型超敏反应、血清溶血素抗体IgM水平,以及测定ConA和LPS诱导的脾T、B淋巴细胞的增殖转化实验(MTT法).结果:WOL提高小鼠血清溶血素抗体IgM水平及免疫功能低下小鼠的吞噬指数、吞噬系数、耳肿胀度、脾和胸腺指数,增强ConA和LPS诱导的脾T、B淋巴细胞增殖转化反应.结论:WOL对小鼠具有一定的免疫增强作用.     

尿浊清对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 观察中药复方制剂尿浊清(NZQ)对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 采用碳廓清法和血清溶血素测定法,测定NZQ对小鼠非特异免疫功能和体液免疫功能的影响.结果 NZQ可增强小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,NZQ高剂量组的廓清指数(K)与吞噬系数α与模型照组有显著差异(P<0.05).NZQ高剂量组溶血素生成明显增加,与模型组比较有显著差异(P<0.05).结论 NzQ可提高实验小鼠的非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫功能.     

全蝎酶解物增强小鼠免疫功能的研究

目的基于半仿生技术,探究全蝎酶解物是否能增强小鼠免疫力。方法通过小鼠迟发型反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、碳廓清实验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性实验,考察其对小鼠免疫力的影响。结果与对照组相比,全蝎酶解物高、中、低剂量组均能显著增加小鼠迟发型变态反应(P<0.05),单核-巨噬细胞碳廓清中剂量组,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验高、低剂量组,NK细胞活性高剂量组,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3个剂量组对小鼠体质量、脾脏与胸腺系数、小鼠抗体生成细胞以及小鼠血清溶血素能力影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论全蝎酶解物具有一定的增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将实验小鼠随机分为复方黄芪丸高剂量组（3.90 g/kg）、复方黄芪丸中剂量组（1.95 g/kg）、复方黄芪丸低剂量组（0.65 g/kg）、贞芪扶正组（5.4 g/kg）及溶剂对照组,通过测定药物对小鼠网状内皮细胞碳粒廓清吞噬指数、耳郭肿胀率、半数溶血值及免疫器官质量的作用来观察复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果复方黄芪丸中、高剂量组小鼠碳粒廓清吞噬指数显著增加,迟发型超敏反应所导致的耳郭肿胀显著减轻,半数溶血值显著提高,免疫器官脾指数和胸腺指数显著增加,与溶剂对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。此外,复方黄芪丸高剂量组作用略强于贞芪扶正组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论中、高剂量复方黄芪丸具有增强小鼠体液免疫及细胞免疫的作用。     

桂枝汤方剂不同提取部位免疫抑制活性的考察

目的 筛选桂枝汤方剂免疫抑制活性部位。方法 处方药材分别水煎浓缩为水提部位,乙醇提取为乙醇提取部位。同时将乙醇部位分别用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取得石油醚部位、氯仿部位、乙酸乙酯部和正丁醇部位。CCK-8法考察桂枝汤不同提取物对ConA激活T细胞和LPS激活B细胞增殖的抑制作用。同时用二硝基氯苯对昆明种小鼠皮肤致敏和诱发,制成迟发型超敏反应模型,观察桂枝汤方剂不同部位对迟发型超敏反应的干预作用。结果 桂枝汤方剂水提物、乙醇提取物、石油醚萃取部位有显著免疫抑制功效,乙醇和石油醚提取物效果最佳。浓度200 mg·L-1时T细胞增殖抑制率分别为48.3%、45.9%,B细胞抑制率大于30%。乙醇提取物、石油醚萃取部位对迟发型超敏反应小鼠耳廓肿胀有显著抑制作用,对胸腺和脾脏无明显影响。结论 桂枝汤方剂乙醇提取物和石油醚萃取物为免疫抑制活性部位,能显著抑制T细胞和B细胞的增殖,抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀,对正常细胞、胸腺、脾脏无毒性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.