ADC及rADC值在不同时期缺血性脑梗死早期诊断中的应用价值

目的:探究表观扩散系数(ADC)及相对表观扩散系数(rADC)值在不同时期缺血性脑梗死早期诊断中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析230例缺血性脑梗死患者临床资料,根据患者出现临床症状到磁共振成像(MRI)检查时间分为超急性期(发病<6h)50例,急性期(6～24h)81例、亚急性期早期(24h～7天)69例和慢性期(>7天...     

表观扩散系数在脑梗死分期中的临床价值

目的探讨表观扩散系数(ADC)在不同时期脑梗塞的诊断以及分期中的应用价值。方法对79例脑梗死患者进行DWI检查。其中超急性期10例,急性期23例次,亚急性期23例次,慢性期23例次,测量各期梗死病灶平均ADC值及平均相对ADC(rADC)值。结果超急性期、急性期、亚急性期和慢性期脑梗死平均ADC值分别为0.45、0.41、0.68和2.81(×10-3mm2.s-1),平均rADC值分别为56.33%、52.25%、84.37和321.54%。超急性期和急性期两参数间无统计学差异,亚急性期、慢性期参数与各期间均存在明显统计学差异。结论脑梗死病灶ADC值、rADC值随时间有一定的演变规律,其有助于及时准确地判断脑梗死病灶期龄。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在脑梗死超急性期诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像在急性脑梗死诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析脑梗死患者60例的临床资料,根据磁共振检查距发病时分为6h组,6h~组,24h~组,48~72h组,选取病灶中心以及对应的检测部位5×5像素大小区域,测定器ADC值,计算rADC值。结果不同时间点组内健侧和患侧ADC值比较存在显著差异(P0.01),患侧显著低于健侧。组间ADC值以及rADC值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 DWI脑梗死超急性期就能显示出清晰异常信号,对脑梗死超急性期的诊断具有显著临床意义。     

联合应用DWI与MRA在超急性期大面积脑梗死中的价值研究

目的探讨联合应用磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）和血管成像（MRA）对超急性期大面积脑梗死进行影像评估的临床价值。方法回顾性分析52例超急性期（6h内）大面积脑梗死患者磁共振资料,全部患者均行常规MRI（T2WI、FLAIR）、DWI和MRA检查,ROI设定为8×8像素大小,测量病变区和对侧ADC值,计算rADC值。结果52例超急性期脑梗死的常规他wI、FLAIR、DWI上病灶检出率分别为0、15．4％、100％,病灶在DwI及ADC图上显示清晰,ADC图上病灶侧ADC值低于健侧（P〈0．05）。MRA显示靶血管狭窄一闭塞24例,动脉硬化28例。DwI责任病灶与MRA病变血管分布定位相符。结论DWI能对超急性期脑梗死作出明确诊断。DwI联合MRA能够准确显示责任病灶及靶血管受累情况,为超急性期大面积脑梗死临床合理治疗提供影像学依据。     

低场磁共振DWI和ADC图在诊断脑梗死中的应用

目的探讨低场磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）以及表观扩散系数（ADC）图像对脑梗死的诊断价值。方法收集经证实的脑梗死68例患者按发病时间分为超急性期（12例）、急性期（13例）、亚急性期（25例）和慢性期（18例）,对每例都进行MR的T1-flair、FSE-T2WI、T2-flair、DWI序列扫描及ADC图像重建,分别测量病灶中心和对侧相应脑组织的ADC值。结果低场磁共振DWI和ADC图对超急性期、急性期脑梗死也能做出明确诊断;亚急性期的病灶DWI和ADC图也高于T2-flair、FSE-T2WI序列;对于慢性期的病灶FSE-T2WI高于其它序列,DWI结合ADC图可鉴别新旧病灶。结论低场磁共振DWI和ADC图能对超急性期、急性期、亚急性期的脑梗死做出明确诊断;对慢性期病灶也能做到鉴别诊断,并对超急性期、急性期病灶的诊断敏感性明显高于其它序列。     

CT灌注成像在急性缺血性脑血管病中的诊断价值

目的 探讨临床应用CT灌注成像（CTPI）在急性缺血性脑血管病中的诊断价值。方法 选取2014年4月至2017年11月在六安市人民医院神经内科进行诊治的42例急性缺血性脑血管病患者,根据头颅MRI平扫检查结果将其分为短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）组（18例）和脑梗死（CI）组（24例）,所有患者均行CTPI检查,对脑血容量（CBV）、脑血流量（CBF）、平均通过时间（MTT）及达峰时间（TTP）等CTPI参数进行分析,并结合CT血管造影检查（CTA）、全脑血管造影术（DSA）或磁共振血管成像（MRA）等数据,对责任血管不同狭窄程度CTPI阳性率进行比较。结果 TIA组中,与健侧相比,患侧MTT及TTP延长（P<0.05）,CBV和CBF无明显变化（P>0.05）;CI组CBV和CBF水平患侧低于健侧（P<0.05）,MTT和TTP水平患侧长于健侧（P<0.05）;CI和TIA两组病例健侧CBV、CBF、MTT及TTP水平差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;CI组患侧CBV、CBF水平低于TIA组,而MTT及TTP长于TIA组（P<0.05）。CTPI阳性的患者中责任血管闭塞及重度狭窄的发生率高于轻中度及无狭窄的患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 CTPI检查对早期缺血性脑血管病发病部位、范围、病情及鉴别诊断具有参考价值,并能结合血管成像检查为临床工作者选择治疗方案和判断预后提供重要的依据。     

IVIM在幕上脑梗死后交叉性小脑失联的应用价值

目的 探讨体素内不一致运动磁共振成像（IVIM）在评价幕上脑梗死患者交叉性小脑失联（CCD）中的价值。方法 收集2013年6月至2015年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院收治的单侧幕上大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死患者41例，均行IVIM和动脉自旋标记（ASL）扫描，分别测定幕上脑梗死同侧及对侧小脑Fast-ADC及ASL-CBF值，通过ASL-CBF值计算小脑不对称指数，比较CCD+与CCD-组患者的Fast-ADC值。同时将Fast-ADC与ASL-CBF值进行Pearson相关性分析，并进行CCD诊断的ROC分析。结果 ASL显示CCD+患者14例，CCD-患者27例。Fast-ADC与ASL-CBF呈弱相关（r=0.27，P＜0.05），ROC分析曲线下面积为0.80。结论 IVIM参数Fast-ADC一定程度上能反映脑组织灌注特性，对幕上脑梗死后CCD诊断有一定的价值。     

中央腺体前列腺癌的ADC值诊断价值及其与Gleason评分的相关性

目的 探讨表观弥散系数（ADC）值对中央腺体前列腺癌（CG-PCa）诊断价值及其与病理Gleason评分的相关性。方法 选择2015年4月至2017年3月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院就诊的87例前列腺疾病患者，根据病理将患者分为CG-PCa组（47例）与良性前列腺增生（BPH）组（40例）。比较两组患者ADC值差异，应用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析ADC值对CG-PCa的诊断效能。根据病理Gleason评分，CG-PCa组患者再分为低危组（Gleason评分<7分）、中危组（Gleason评分=7分）与高危组（Gleason评分>7分），并与BPH组比较ADC值的差异，Spearman相关分析CG-PCa患者ADC值与Gleason评分相关性。结果 CG-PCa与BPH患者的ADC值差异有统计学意义（t=8.513，P=0.000）；ADC值对CG-PCa的ROC曲线下面积为0.883，诊断敏感性和特异性分别为92.50%和76.59%。CG-PCa低危、中危及高危组与BPH组患者ADC值比较，4组患者总体差异有统计学意义（F=52.321，P=0.000），其中CG-PCa中、高危组与BPH组的ADC值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CG-PCa组患者的ADC值与Gleason评分呈负相关（r_s=-0.619，P=0.000）。结论 ADC值对CG-PCa诊断具有一定价值，对癌灶的分化程度及危险性预估具有潜在价值。     

膝骨性关节炎患者平衡功能障碍及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨膝骨性关节炎（KOA）患者平衡功能及其相关影响因素。方法 选取2014年12月至2017年9月合肥市第二人民医院骨科收治的单膝受累30例KOA患者为观察对象,采用平衡测试仪对患者进行平衡功能检测,比较健、患侧测试完成耗时及平均轨迹误差,收集患者体质量指数、K-L分级、疼痛指数、美国膝关节协会评分（KSS）等指标,利用多元回归分析上述指标对患者平衡功能的影响。结果 患者健、患侧平衡指标比较,患侧平均轨迹误差值（46.63±25.30）%大于健侧值（40.77±23.85）%,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.299,P<0.05）;多元回归分析示：KSS临床评分对睁眼时前-后平均运动速度（t=-2.593,P<0.05）及重心摆动轨迹长度（t=-2.178,P<0.05）的影响具有统计学意义,对两者变异的解释比例分别为19%、15%,而疼痛指数对闭眼轨迹长度/睁眼轨迹长度比（Romberg值长度比）的影响具有统计学意义（t=-2.641,P<0.05）,解释比例为20%。结论 KOA患者存在平衡功能障碍;膝关节疼痛指数及KSS临床评分对于评估KOA患者平衡功能障碍具有重要意义。     

多模态磁共振成像在乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 应用多模态MRI包括弥散加权成像和动态增强扫描（DCE-MRI）对乳腺癌患者的检测，分析其MRI相关影像特征，探讨其对该病诊断的准确性。方法 回顾分析2012年1月至2016年8月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院术前行MRI检查和术后病理或穿刺活检证实的16例乳腺癌女性患者多模态MRI数据资料，统计分析表观弥散系数（ADC）、相对表观弥散系数（rADC）值及动态时间信号强度曲线图像（TIC）。结果 16例患者MRI显示病灶多见分叶（75.00%）、毛刺（75.00%），边界不清（81.25%）。ADC值为（0.92±0.19）×10^-3 mm²/s，rADC为（0.56±0.13）×10^-3 mm²/s。TIC：Ⅱ型4例（25.00%），Ⅲ型12例（75.00%），无符合Ⅰ型的病例。结论 多模态MRI用于乳腺癌的检查，结合病变形态学改变、DCE-MRI的TIC曲线形态和ADC值，可以提高乳腺癌的诊断正确率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.