CT扫描所致受检者器官剂量的体模实验研究

目的 了解不同部位X射线CT扫描所致受检者器官或组织的吸收剂量及其分布。方法 实测体模中重要组织器官的CT值,并转换成线性吸收系数与人体正常值进行比较;在体模中 布放光致辐射发光玻璃剂量计,分别模拟测量头部、胸部、腹部和盆腔CT扫描所致受检者主要器官或组织的吸收剂量。结果 实验用仿真人体模具有良好的组织等效性。头部扫描吸收剂量最大的器官是大脑,胸部扫描吸收剂量较大的器官是甲状腺、乳腺、肺和食道,腹部扫描吸收剂量较大的器官是肝、胃、结肠和肺,单次盆腔扫描体所致骨表面和结肠的吸收剂量可达50 mGy以上。结论 X射线CT扫描所致受检者的器官剂量及其分布随扫描部位的不同而异。盆腔扫描时结肠、红骨髓、性腺和膀胱等主要器官的吸收剂量较大,应引起注意。     

成年受检者数字断层融合扫描有效剂量估算

目的 估算数字断层融合扫描时组织、器官吸收剂量和受检者有效剂量,为辐射剂量学提供数据参考。方法 按照受检者检查部位（主射束扫描部位）将体模实验分组,以放射科现场收集的数字断层融合扫描人体不同部位时实时显示的数据作为体模实验的条件,对体模进行扫描,计算组织、器官的吸收剂量,并估算成年受检者的有效剂量。结果 成年受检者采用数字断层融合扫描时有效剂量分别为头部组0.524 mSv、颈椎组0.736 mSv、胸椎组2.719 mSv、胸部组1.810 mSv、腰椎组1.240 mSv、腹部组2.317 mSv、骨盆组2.316 mSv。结论 数字断层融合扫描时,成年受检者有效剂量的估算结果为胸椎组最高,其次为腹部组,头部组最小,有效剂量主要相关因素为管电压、总mAs、照射野大小、主射束照射范围、扫描范围内组织或器官的数量。     

冠状动脉CT血管造影辐射剂量蒙特卡罗软件模拟计算及仿真体模验证

目的 应用蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）数学模型计算冠状动脉CT血管造影（CCTA）检查中患者的辐射剂量,并验证其准确性和有效性。方法 采用3组管电压（80、100、120 kV）对人体仿真体模行双源CT检查,使用数学模型软件（ImpactDose 2.0）模拟方法测量CCTA 3组管电压的患者器官吸收剂量并转换有效剂量,采用人体仿真体模置入热释光剂量计实验对数学模型模拟的结果进行验证。结果 除肺部以外,利用蒙特卡罗软件模拟计算的所有器官剂量值均小于利用仿真体模测量的;两种方法的相对误差在±50％以内。结论 利用蒙特卡罗软件模拟计算CCTA患者辐射剂量误差在可接受范围内,可用于估算CCTA检查辐射剂量水平。     

5岁儿童仿真模体千伏锥束CT模拟剂量测量

目的 利用热释光探测器（TLD）在CIRS 5岁仿真儿童模体内测量瓦里安千伏锥束CT（kV-CBCT）标准扫描参数下各重要器官剂量,并以此计算有效剂量。方法 挑选一致性在2%以内的TLD并退火。首先基于相同骨盆扫描模式分别用CT电离室和TLD测量CIRS骨盆仿真模体相同体积内的剂量和读数,二者比值即为TLD转换系数;将夹在组织等效插件中的TLD放入儿童模体器官内预留的插孔,在头部、胸部和骨盆3种标准扫描条件模式下,测量器官剂量,并计算有效剂量。结果 TLD转换系数是3.91 mGy/每读数;在头部、胸部和骨盆3种标准扫描条件下,得出全身有效剂量分别是0.63、6.85和19.3 mSv。结论 用CT电离室刻度过的TLD测量kV-CBCT给儿童仿真模体带来的辐射剂量的方法具有可行性。本研究中骨盆扫描条件的有效剂量高于胸部和头部,即该条件预期产生的辐射危害较大,诱发继发性癌症风险较高。     

兆伏级锥形束CT图像引导放疗所致鼻咽癌患者剂量的探讨

目的 评价和估算兆伏级锥形束CT(MV CBCT)成像系统在图像引导放疗中所致鼻咽癌患者的辐射剂量。方法 选择MV CBCT系统头颈部8 MU扫描预案,利用0.65 cm³指型电离室和CT头部剂量体模测量出体模不同位置的吸收剂量。并利用XiO治疗计划系统模拟MV CBCT扫描过程,计算体模电离室测量点的吸收剂量和鼻咽癌患者肿瘤靶区及危及器官的吸收剂量。结果 体模不同位置吸收剂量的测量值和计算值具有很好的一致性,相对误差均小于3.5%。MV CBCT图像引导放疗所致鼻咽癌患者肿瘤靶区平均剂量为6.43 cGy,脑干、脊髓和视交叉的平均剂量分别为6.36 、6.83和6.90 cGy,左、右视神经平均剂量分别为7.70和7.53 cGy,左、右腮腺平均剂量分别为6.86和6.43 cGy。结论 使用治疗计划系统模拟MV CBCT图像采集过程估算剂量准确、可靠。在设计患者治疗计划时,要充分考虑MV CBCT图像采集过程所致患者剂量。     

婴儿头颅CT中铋屏蔽对辐射剂量和影像质量的影响

目的 研究婴儿头颅CT检查中使用铋屏蔽材料降低眼晶状体受照剂量的效果及对图像质量的影响。方法 使用适合患儿使用的自制铋屏蔽防护眼罩、婴儿体模,采用热释光探测器测量受照剂量。CT扫描条件选择120 kV、130 mA轴位扫描,分别进行铋屏蔽和无屏蔽两组模体测试,比较模体内相当于晶状体位置的受照剂量;应用同样CT扫描参数,对临床疑为颅内出血的99例患儿佩戴铋屏蔽眼罩后进行头部扫描,由2名高年资医生分别进行图像质量评估,并比较评分的一致性。结果 体模实验显示,无屏蔽时眼罩后方区域吸收剂量为25 mGy,经铋防护眼罩屏蔽后眼罩后方的吸收剂量为17 mGy,降低辐射剂量32%。佩戴铋屏蔽眼罩对患儿头部CT图像质量无明显影响。结论 在婴儿头颅CT扫描中使用铋屏蔽防护眼罩,可明显降低眼晶状体放射吸收剂量,同时对CT图像质量的影响是可接受的。     

介入治疗患者辐射剂量评估软件包VirtualDose-IR的开发

目的开发一款在线剂量评估软件VirtualDose-IR,专用于计算患者各个器官所受辐射剂量的水平,从而为评估和控制介入治疗中患者的辐射剂量提供一个工具。方法针对各种不同年龄和体型的患者、常见照射部位和照射角度及其他照射参数,使用蒙特卡罗方法计算介入治疗患者各器官和组织的受照剂量,并将这些数据结果综合到一个大型数据库中,最终以超文本标记语言（HTML）网页的形式呈现给用户,用户通过浏览器即可操作程序。结果开发了一个完整的介入治疗剂量评估软件包VirtualDose-IR,并与相关文献的实验和模拟数据进行了对比,得到了较吻合的结果。结论 VirtualDose-IR软件为评估介入治疗患者辐射剂量提供了一种简单高效的方法。     

CT头颈部检查所致婴幼儿眼晶状体吸收剂量估算方法的模体研究

目的 探讨CT不同扫描方案检查所致婴幼儿眼晶状体吸收剂量估算方法,并寻求快速估算眼晶状体吸收剂量的实用方法。方法 通过设置7种临床标准扫描方案,对1岁年龄组仿真模体进行扫描,利用布放在模体不同位置的热释光探测器（TLD）测量剂量,最后测量结果分别用组织因子转换和个人剂量当量转换两种方法来估算眼晶状体吸收剂量,同时将眼晶状体吸收剂量与CT剂量指数（CTDI）建立线性回归方程。结果 7种临床标准儿童扫描方案CT检查所致的婴幼儿眼晶状体吸收剂量分别为（9.96±0.69）mGy（头部轴向）、（7.01±0.42）mGy（头部螺旋）、（12.60±0.97）mGy（副鼻窦）、（12.97±0.42）mGy（内耳高分辨）、（0.63±0.03）mGy（颈部软组织）、（8.89±0.44）mGy（颈部颈椎）和（0.34±0.01）mGy（胸部常规）,不同组之间剂量差异有统计学意义（F=846.826,P<0.05）。不同扫描部位,CTDI值与眼晶状体吸收剂量之间均存在线性关系（r=0.986~0.999,P<0.05）。结论 采用儿童CT扫描条件,婴幼儿眼晶状体吸收剂量单次剂量范围一般不会超过阈剂量。另外,通过读取CTDI值,利用线性关系,可快速估算眼晶状体吸收剂量。     

儿童胸部CT扫描时腹部屏蔽方法与效果研究

目的 研究儿童胸部CT扫描时腹部的屏蔽方法及其效果。方法 用美国CIRS公司生产的5岁儿童体模代替儿童受检者,在腹部内布放热释光剂量计LiF（Mg,Cu,P）,按儿童胸部CT扫描的通常程序对体模进行扫描,测量在无屏蔽、用铅衣覆盖和用铅衣包裹时腹腔内主要器官与组织的剂量。结果 儿童胸部CT扫描时,腹腔内部分器官的吸收剂量可达到数mGy。3种扫描之间,相同位置处的剂量值差异有统计学意义（χ²=16.00,P<0.05）;正面覆盖和包裹屏蔽方式之间的剂量值差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.52,P<0.05 ）。较之于无屏蔽措施,采用0.35 mm铅衣包裹腹部,可分别降低睾丸和结肠的剂量71.2%和42.3%,采用同样当量铅衣铺盖腹部剂量可降低55.9%和26.1%。结论 开展儿童胸部CT扫描时,使用铅防护衣可有效屏蔽腹部受照,对性腺和结肠的防护具有重要作用,特别是包裹式的屏蔽措施值得推荐。     

头、胸部CT扫描所致儿童甲状腺剂量估算及其癌症风险预测

目的 估算儿童接受头部、胸部CT扫描所致其甲状腺剂量及其癌症风险。方法 通过医院影像归档和通信系统(PACS)提取某医院2012年接受头部、胸部CT扫描儿童DCIOM文件,利用DCMTK软件获取患者CT扫描参数,使用CT-Expo剂量估算软件估算CT扫描所致患者甲状腺剂量,利用美国电离辐射生物效应委员会(BEIR)Ⅶ风险模型结合中国2008年癌症发病率及寿命表预测单次头部、胸部CT扫描所致儿童甲状腺癌的风险。结果 不同年龄段儿童CT扫描参数大致相同,单次头部CT扫描所致儿童(男、女)甲状腺剂量范围为1.2~2.0 mGy,其甲状腺癌风险最高的为新生儿(女)9.6/10万人口;单次胸部CT扫描所致儿童(男、女)甲状腺剂量范围约为8.1~38.0 mGy,其甲状腺癌风险最高为新生儿(女)244.7/10万人;CT所致儿童甲状腺剂量与癌症风险均随其年龄的增加而逐渐减小。结论 胸部CT扫描所致儿童甲状腺剂量较高,尤其是对于新生儿患者,应注意儿童接受胸部CT扫描时对甲状腺及其他辐射敏感器官的防护。     

A comparison of the CT-dosimetry software packages based on stylized and boundary representation phantoms

IntroductionWith the rapid development of computed tomography (CT) equipment, the assessment of effective and organ dose using suitable tools becomes an important issue and will provide health professionals with useful information regarding the radiation risks and the development of standard imaging protocols. Different clinical centres and/or institutions may use several software packages, each with different methods and algorithms for CT dose evaluation. Consequently, radiation doses calculated with these computer software packages might be different for the same patient and representative scanner models.MethodsThe effective and organ doses calculated by VirtualDose, CT-expo, and ImPACT software were compared for both males and females using kidney, chest, head, pelvis, abdomen, and whole-body CT protocols. The calculation of radiation dose in these software depends on the use of stylized and boundary representation (BREP) phantoms.ResultsIn general, the results showed that there was a discrepancy between the effective dose values calculated by the three packages. The effective dose in all examinations varied by factors ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 for male and from 1.1 to 1.3 for female. For the female phantom, the VirtualDose shows the highest effective doses in kidney and abdomen examinations while CT-expo gives the highest doses for head and pelvis examinations. For the male phantom, the VirtualDose shows the highest effective doses were for chest examinations.ConclusionVirtualDose approach gives the most accurate estimation, however, further work using a size-based method are necessary to improve the assessment of the effective and equivalent organ dose in CT examinations using these packages.Implications for practiceThe re-evaluation dosimetry software in comparison with patient size would allow for a more accurate estimation of dose and support the optimization process.     

Evaluation of [18F]Nifene biodistribution and dosimetry based on whole-body PET imaging of mice

Introduction[¹⁸F]Nifene is a novel radiotracer specific to the nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2 receptor class. In preparation for using this tracer in humans we have performed whole-body PET studies in mice to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of [¹⁸F]Nifene.MethodsSeven BALB/c mice (3 males, 4 females) received IV tail injections of [¹⁸F]Nifene and were scanned for 2 h in an Inveon dedicated PET scanner. Each animal also received a high resolution CT scan using an Inveon CT. The CT images were used to draw volume of interest (VOI) on the following organs: brain, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, bone, spleen, testes, thymus, uterus and urinary bladder. All organ time activity curves had the decay correction reversed and were normalized to the injected activity. The area under the normalized curves was then used to compute the residence times in each organ. The absorbed doses in mouse organs were computed using the RAdiation Dose Assessment Resource (RADAR) animal models for dose assessment. The residence times in mouse organs were converted to human values using scale factors based on differences between organ and body weights. OLINDA 1.1 software was used to compute the absorbed human doses in multiple organs for both female and male phantoms.ResultsThe highest mouse residence times were found in urinary bladder, liver, bone, small intestine and kidneys. The largest doses in mice were found in urinary bladder and kidneys for both females and males. The elimination of radiotracer was primarily via kidney and urinary bladder with the urinary bladder being the limiting organ. The projected human effective doses were 1.51E-02 mSv/MBq for the adult male phantom and 1.65E-02 mSv/MBq for the adult female model phantom.ConclusionThis study indicates that the whole-body mouse imaging can be used as a preclinical tool for initial estimation of the absorbed doses of [¹⁸F]Nifene in humans.     

儿童CT检查中扫描参数的优化

目的 了解儿童CT检查扫描条件选择及其所致辐射剂量的相关性,以期通过适当调节mAs、扫描长度等参数,降低儿童CT检查患者受照剂量。方法 比较江苏省7家医院不同年龄组（<1岁、1~5岁、6~10岁和11~15岁）儿童头颅、胸部、腹部多排螺旋CT检查主要扫描参数的差异。选用相同的检查参数在TM160剂量模体上测量CTDI₁₀₀,计算DLP,并通过经验加权因子,估算出不同部位检查的有效剂量（E）。对mAs、扫描长度和DLP进行多元线性回归分析,比较两家典型医院由于选择扫描条件不同所导致的剂量差异。结果 儿童头颅、胸部、腹部CT检查所致患者的有效剂量均值分别为2.46、5.69、11.86 mSv,各部位检查DLP与mAs、扫描长度均呈正相关（r=0.81、0.81、0.92,P<0.05）。较高的mAs选择,致使本研究各年龄组儿童胸腹部CT检查有效剂量是德国Galanski等研究的1.2~3.0倍;B医院各年龄组腹部检查选择了较高的扫描长度,以致其所致有效剂量均高于本研究均值。结论 建议通过合理优化儿童不同部位CT检查mAs、扫描长度等扫描参数,降低受检者所受辐射风险。     

铋屏蔽对头颈部多层螺旋CT中眼晶状体辐射剂量的降低作用

目的 探讨扫描平面内铋屏蔽在头颈部多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描中对影像质量的影响和眼晶状体辐射剂量的降低作用.方法 分别使用颅脑、颞骨和鼻窦临床扫描条件,在无屏蔽、1层、2层和3层铋屏蔽覆盖眼部区域时,对标准水模和离体头颅标本进行扫描,用热释光剂量片测量头颅标本每次扫描时的眼晶状体器官剂量.在屏蔽材料和被扫描体间放置5、10、15和20 mm厚的海绵时,使用鼻窦扫描条件采集影像,并测量眼晶状体的剂量.测量水模影像中与屏蔽物为2、4、6和8 cm距离处的CT值,主观评价头颅标本影像中伪影对解剖结构的影响.结果 颅脑、颞骨和鼻窦CT临床扫描中眼晶状体的器官剂量分别为24.31、27.60和20.01 mGy.使用铋屏蔽时,均使得眼晶状体剂量有显著下降,但下降幅度随着铋屏蔽物的增加而降低.在各种厚度的屏蔽物时,屏蔽物间隙越大,眼晶状体剂量的降低程度越小,测量兴趣区CT值的增加程度也显著降低.颅脑和颞骨CT扫描分别使用2层和3层铋屏蔽,在不影响诊断的前提下,可有效降低眼晶状体剂量分别为47.1%和59.1%;鼻窦CT扫描时,1层屏蔽无间隙、2层屏蔽1.5 cm间隙不影响诊断,可降低眼晶状体剂量分别为31.5%和34.5%.结论 扫描平面内铋屏蔽材料的合理应用,可有效降低头颈部CT扫描中眼晶状体的辐射剂量.     

核医学检查受检者所受辐射剂量分析

目的 对核医学检查受检者所受辐射剂量进行测量和分析,以有效剂量表征受检者受到的辐射强度。方法 对核医学检查受检者进行分类,并测量计算所受放射性药物的辐射剂量,受检者所受计算机断层扫描(CT)辐射剂量,通过CT扫描参数和受检者信息等计算得到,上述两者相加换算得到受检者检查所受的有效剂量,并分析受检者所受辐射剂量的影响因素。结果 受检者正电子发射断层计算机成像(PET-CT)检查受到正电子放射性药物¹⁸F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(¹⁸F-FDG)、¹⁸F-氟代胸苷(¹⁸F-FLT)、¹¹C-胆碱(¹¹C-choline)、¹¹C-蛋氨酸(¹¹C-MET)和¹¹C-乙酸盐(¹¹C-Ac)辐射所致有效剂量分别为(5.06±0.73)、(4.74±1.29)、(1.71±0.05)、(3.18±0.69)和(1.08±0.19)mSv;CT常规扫描辐射有效剂量为(8.80±0.58)mSv,若增加诊断CT扫描,接受的有效剂量可增大至27 mSv;单光子发射计算机断层成像(ECT)检查受到单光子放射性药物⁹⁹Tc^m-亚甲基二磷酸盐(⁹⁹Tc^m-MDP)、⁹⁹Tc^m-大颗粒聚合白蛋白(⁹⁹Tc^m-MAA)、⁹⁹Tc^m-二乙基三胺五乙酸(⁹⁹Tc^m-DTPA)、⁹⁹Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI)和⁹⁹Tc^m-焦磷酸盐(⁹⁹Tc^m-PYP)辐照所致的有效剂量分别为(4.63±0.01)、(1.71±0.01)、(1.18±0.01)、(7.19±0.03)和(4.18±0.01)mSv。结论 核医学检查受检者受到放射性药物辐射的有效剂量在1.08~7.19 mSv之间,PET-CT检查中CT所致有效剂量是8.80 mSv。     

Radiation dose evaluation in 64-slice CT examinations with adult and paediatric anthropomorphic phantoms

The objective of this study was to evaluate the organ dose and effective dose to patients undergoing routine adult and paediatric CT examinations with 64-slice CT scanners and to compare the doses with those from 4-, 8- and 16-multislice CT scanners. Patient doses were measured with small (<7 mm wide) silicon photodiode dosemeters (34 in total), which were implanted at various tissue and organ positions within adult and 6-year-old child anthropomorphic phantoms. Output signals from photodiode dosemeters were read on a personal computer, from which organ and effective doses were computed. For the adult phantom, organ doses (for organs within the scan range) and effective doses were 8–35 mGy and 7–18 mSv, respectively, for chest CT, and 12–33 mGy and 10–21 mSv, respectively, for abdominopelvic CT. For the paediatric phantom, organ and effective doses were 4–17 mGy and 3–7 mSv, respectively, for chest CT, and 5–14 mGy and 3–9 mSv, respectively, for abdominopelvic CT. Doses to organs at the boundaries of the scan length were higher for 64-slice CT scanners using large beam widths and/or a large pitch because of the larger extent of over-ranging. The CT dose index (CTDI_vol), dose–length product (DLP) and the effective dose values using 64-slice CT for the adult and paediatric phantoms were the same as those obtained using 4-, 8- and 16-slice CT. Conversion factors of DLP to the effective dose by International Commission on Radiological Protection 103 were 0.024 mSv⋅mGy⁻¹⋅cm⁻¹ and 0.019 mSv⋅mGy⁻¹⋅cm⁻¹ for adult chest and abdominopelvic CT scans, respectively.X-ray CT scanners have made remarkable advances over the past few years, contributing to the improvement of diagnostic image quality and the reduction of examination time. CT scanners with 64 slices, the clinical use of which started quite recently in many medical facilities, has enabled a large number of thin slices to be acquired in a single rotation. 64-slice CT technology accelerated the practical use of three-dimensional body imaging techniques such as coronary CT angiography and CT colonography with an increasing number of CT examinations. The increase in CT examination frequency not only for adults but also for children and the higher doses in CT examinations compared with other X-ray diagnostic procedures have raised concerns about patient doses and safety. An understanding of patient doses requires the evaluation of organ and effective doses for patients undergoing CT examinations, although these dose values in 64-slice CT scans have seldom been reported.One common method for estimating organ and effective doses is dose calculation from the CT dose index (CTDI) or dose–length product (DLP), which are both used as readily available indicators of radiation dose in CT examinations. Organ and effective doses can be estimated from the CTDI or DLP, and conversion factors derived from Monte Carlo simulation of photon interactions within a simplified mathematical model of the human body [1]. Another method is based on measurement using thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) implanted in various organ positions within an anthropomorphic phantom [2–6]. Although TLD dosimetry is considered to be the standard method for measuring absorbed doses in a phantom, the dose measurement is laborious and time consuming. Hence, we devised an in-phantom dosimetry system using silicon photodiode dosemeters implanted in various organ positions, where absorbed dose at each position could be read electronically. In the present study, we evaluated organ and effective doses with 64-slice CT scan protocols used clinically for adult and paediatric patients undergoing chest and abdominopelvic CT examinations. We compared the doses with published dose values for 4-, 8- and 16-slice CT, and indicated the conversion factor of DLP to the effective dose in each examination of the chest and abdomen–pelvis for 64-slice CT scanners.     

Current CT practice in Germany: Results and implications of a nationwide survey

PurposeTo assess patient doses and relative frequencies of standard CT examinations performed in Germany in 2013/14 as well as the effect of modern CT technology on patient exposure.MethodsAll known CT facilities in Germany were requested to complete a questionnaire on the frequency of 34 examinations and the respective parameter settings used. Taking into account type-specific properties of each scanner, effective doses were estimated for each reported examination. The mean and the percentiles of the CT dose index, scan length, dose length product, and effective dose were determined for each type of examination.ResultsAccording to the data provided for about 11% of all medical CT scanners operated in 2013/14, the effective dose was 4.6/5.9 mSv per scan/examination. The effective dose was significantly reduced by about 15% compared to the CT practice before 2010. Modern CT technology, such as tube current modulation and iterative image reconstruction reduced the effective dose significantly by 6% and 13%, respectively. The mean effective dose applied at scanners produced by different manufacturers differed by 25%, at maximum.ConclusionPatient exposure was reduced substantially in recent years. There is, however, still a considerable potential for further dose reduction by adapting scan protocols to the medical purpose and by a consequent exploitation of modern CT technologies.     

Organ equivalent doses of patients undergoing chest computed tomography: Measurements with TL dosimeters in an anthropomorphic phantom

Dose reduction in patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) examinations has become a concern in many countries. CT dosimetric quantities were defined aiming optimization of CT procedures, organ absorbed doses and effective doses have been calculated for radiation risk assessments in patients. In this work, an experimental methodology was established for measuring organ doses with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters in an anthropomorphic phantom for routine CT chest examinations. Results may be useful for validating computational software used for CT dose calculations.