注射用阿莫西林钠/舒巴坦钠近红外快速定量分析模型的建立

摘 要 目的：利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIR）分析技术和化学计量学的方法,无损、快速的对注射用阿莫西林钠/舒巴坦钠进行定量分析。方法: 采集41批原始样品及20批破坏样品的近红外漫反射光谱,同时以法定方法分别测得阿莫西林、舒巴坦的含量,光谱预处理方法为一阶导数+矢量归一化,谱段范围为8 720 ～5 446 cm-1。结果: 以0.75 g规格的16批原始样品及15批破坏样品作为校正集经交叉验证建立定量模型,阿莫西林、舒巴坦的浓度范围分别为4.45%～61.82%、15.75%～30.25%,交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.858、0.541,确定系数(R²) 分别为0.998 1、0.988 1;以0.75 g规格的5批原始样品及5批破坏样品作为验证集Ⅰ进行外部验证,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.936、0.423;预测结果与法定方法参考结果对比,偏差均在1.5％之内;以1.5 g规格的10批原始样品及2批不同生产企业样品作为验证集Ⅱ,结果与法定结果一致,说明此模型通用于两种规格、适用性强。结论: 此方法快速、可靠,可在安瓿瓶外无损采集光谱,可用于药品的快速定量分析。     

注射用甲磺酸培氟沙星近红外定量分析通用性模型的建立

摘 要 目的：利用近红外光谱法,建立注射用甲磺酸培氟沙星含量快速测定方法。方法: 采集注射用甲磺酸培氟沙星的近红外（NIR）光谱,以矢量归一化法对光谱进行预处理,选择谱段范围为9 176.2~8 169.5 cm^-1、6 051.9~5 716.3 cm^-1和4 509~3 999.9 cm^-1,回归方法为偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立近红外定量模型。 结果: 经内部交叉验证建立预测模型,浓度范围为7.55%~77.69%,交叉验证均方根（RMSECV）为1.61%,相关系数为0.992 4。结论:建立的近红外定量分析模型可用于注射用甲磺酸培氟沙星快速定量分析。     

注射用磷霉素钠近红外定量分析通用性模型的建立

摘 要 目的： 利用近红外光谱法,建立注射用磷霉素钠含量快速检定方法。方法: 采集注射用磷霉素钠的近红外（NIR）光谱,建立近红外定量模型。结果: 以矢量归一化和多元散射校正法对光谱进行预处理、选择谱段范围为11 995.8～7 428.9及6 734.6～5 454 cm^-1,回归方法为偏最小二乘法。结论: 该近红外定量分析模型可用于注射用磷霉素钠快速定量分析。     

近红外光谱法定量分析半夏鲜品中水分含量

摘 要 目的：采用近红外光谱技术定量分析半夏中水分的含量,用于种植种苗培育、半夏品质判定等。方法: 采用近红外光谱法进行建模,用烘干法测量水分,用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型。结果:建立的定量模型,相关系数达到0.990 3,均方根偏差RMSECV为0.205,内部交叉验证和外部验证,预测偏差均小于1.0%。结论:建立的模型可以准确地预测半夏中水分的含量,可以用于种子种苗培育和药材储存管理及质量控制。     

片姜黄中挥发油含量近红外定量检测模型的建立

摘 要 目的：建立片姜黄近红外定量检测模型,快速测定片姜黄中挥发油的含量。方法: 以中国药典中蒸馏法测定片姜黄中挥发油的含量,然后采用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术并结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立、优化模型,采用校正模型的相关系数（r）、校正均方根误差（RMSEC）、内部交叉验证均方根误差（RMCECV）和预测模型相关系数（r）、预测均方根误差（RMSEP）对校正模型进行评价。结果: 选择谱段为7 189～4 227 cm-1、8 813～7 478 cm-1,以二阶导数＋MSC对原始光谱进行预处理建立定量分析模型;所建立的片姜黄挥发油定量校正模型中的r为0.976 9;RMSEC为0.090 7;RMCECV为0.377 3;片姜黄挥发油预测模型的r值为0.905 3;RMSEP为0.196 0。结论: 建立的近红外定量模型预测精度较高,可用于片姜黄挥发油含量的快速测定。     

复方益肝灵片近红外光谱快检方法考察

摘 要 目的： 采用近红外光纤光谱技术对复方益肝灵片进行快速判断厂家归属以及快速检定其中水飞蓟素的含量。方法: 以全国6个企业生产的93批复方益肝灵片作为分析对象,建立聚类分析模型。光谱预处理方法为二阶导数和矢量归一化;平滑点：13;光谱范围：9 000～4 100 cm^-1;光谱之间距离采用欧氏距离,光谱和类之间距离采用方差平方和法（Ward’s算法）。同样以全国6个企业生产的93批复方益肝灵片作为分析对象,建立定量分析模型。光谱预处理方法为一阶导数加矢量归一化;平滑点：17;光谱范围：9 100～7 300 cm^-1和7 100～4 100 cm^-1;采用偏最小二乘法回归。结果: 聚类模型可以很好的区分训练集中的药品,在对作为测试集的30张光谱进行验证中全部判断正确。所建立的定量模型交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）为0.082 8,决定系数为97.98%,外部验证均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.044 1,r²为98.95%。结论: 该聚类方法和定量模型快速简便、准确可靠,可以满足药品现场快速检查的需要。     

近红外光谱法定量分析葡萄糖注射液含量

摘 要 目的：采用近红外光谱技术定量分析葡萄糖注射液中葡萄糖的含量,用于含葡萄糖制剂的快速检测及相关产品中间体质量控制。方法: 采用近红外光谱法进行建模,样品来源于企业生产的不同含量的葡萄糖注射液、实验室自制的不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液样品。选择液体测样附件,用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型,用各种含葡萄糖的溶液制剂进行验证,并考察模型对环境温度的耐受性。结果: 建立的近红外偏最小二乘（PLS）定量模型,相关系数达到0.999 3,交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）为0.077 4,验证试验中,各类含葡萄糖的液体制剂（不含氯化钠）预测的结果和实验室测定的结果一致,在20~35℃温度范围内,预测偏差小于5%。结论: 建立的模型可以准确地预测葡萄糖类产品中葡萄糖的含量,适用于大输液类生产厂家进行葡萄糖类产品中间体质量控制和成品的含量检测。     

近红外光谱分析方法在七叶皂苷钠快速检测中的应用研究

目的 利用近红外光谱分析技术建立一种七叶皂苷钠的快检方法,用于注射用七叶皂苷钠药品的含量测定。方法 应用OPUS软件对采集光谱进行优化处理,分别采用PLS算法和因子化算法,建立定量模型和定性模型。结果 定量模型相关系数达到0.9926,交叉验证均方根误差为0.253,在预测试验中,样品的预测值与真实测定值偏差均小于5%,能够准确预测七叶皂苷钠的含量。结论 本研究建立的定性模型可有效区分未参与建模的其他品种样品,为该药品的快检筛查提供参考。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定甘西鼠尾草药材及总酚酸提取物中迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B含量

摘 要 目的： 建立近红外漫反射光谱法测定甘西鼠尾草药材及总酚酸提取物中迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的含量。方法: 设立校正样品集与测试样品集,采集近红外光谱数据,运用偏最小二乘法建立数学模型,对测试样品样品集进行预测。结果: 迷迭香酸：校正样品集的最佳主成分数Rank=12,内部交叉验证均方差RMSECV=0.129、决定系数R2=99.95。丹酚酸B：校正样品集的最佳主成分数Rank=9,内部交叉验证均方差RMSECV=0.426、决定系数R2=99.26。结论:采用近红外漫反射光谱法对甘西鼠尾草药材及总酚酸提取物进行质量控制,方法简明、方便快捷、数据准确,适用于大量、快速、方便的药材质量鉴定。     

拉曼光谱法快速测定注射用更昔洛韦的含量

摘 要 目的：建立一种利用拉曼技术快速测定注射用更昔洛韦的方法。方法: 运用拉曼光谱技术对注射用更昔洛韦进行含量测定,并与HPLC法进行比较。拉曼光谱条件：采用光纤自动测量模式,探头焦距为5 mm,激发光源为785 nm,分辨率为4 cm^-1,测试时间为100 s,激光输出功率为400 mW,扫描范围为3 000～200 cm^-1,检测器工作温度为-50℃。结果: 更昔洛韦在2.5～50.0 mg·mL^-1浓度范围内与1 475 cm^-1峰位的峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.998 0）,平均回收率为99.47%（RSD=1.02%,n=9）。结论:拉曼光谱法快捷、简便,可用于注射用更昔洛韦含量的快速测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.