敲低长链基因间非编码RNA-p21对乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨敲低长链基因间非编码RNA-p21(lincRNA-p21)对乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性的影响及机制。方法 实时荧光定量PCR(QRT-PCR)检测人肝癌细胞SMMC7721和脑胶质瘤细胞U251MG乏氧培养不同时间lincRNA-p21的表达。构建lincRNA-p21 siRNA慢病毒载体,经慢病毒转染建立稳定敲低lincRNA-p21的SMMC7721和U251MG细胞系。流式细胞术检测乏氧肿瘤细胞周期和凋亡。克隆形成实验检测乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性。Western blot检测乏氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)和GLUT1蛋白含量。结果 SMMC7721和U251MG细胞乏氧(1%O₂)培养24和48 h,lincRNA-p21的表达随培养时间的增加逐渐升高。24和48 h与0 h组相比,lincRNA-p21表达明显升高(t=5.13、7.49、8.90、10.11,P<0.05)。稳定转染lincRNA-p21 siRNA下调乏氧肿瘤细胞中lincRNA-p21的表达(t=144.81、334.32,P<0.05)。乏氧(1%O₂)培养48 h,敲低lincRNA-p21细胞SMMC7721和U251MG发生G₂/M期阻滞(t=7.05、10.18,P<0.05);细胞凋亡明显增加(t=42.27、24.79,P<0.05);HIF-1α和GLUT1蛋白含量减少,放射敏感性增强,放射增敏比(SER)约为1.23、1.31。结论 乏氧促进肿瘤细胞中lincRNA-p21表达。敲低lincRNA-p21增强乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性,其机制可能与敲低lincRNA-p21诱导细胞G₂/M期阻滞和细胞凋亡,并导致HIF-1α蛋白水平下降有关。     

FOXO4-DRI多肽增加非小细胞肺癌细胞放射敏感性研究

目的 探讨FOXO4-DRI多肽对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）细胞放射敏感性的影响。方法 为检测FOXO4-DRI对NSCLC细胞的影响,将H460和A549细胞按照射与给药方式分为对照组、FOXO4-DRI组、单纯照射组、照射+FOXO4-DRI组。采用剂量率为0.99 Gy/min γ射线单次照射,在照射前10 min对H460细胞给予FOXO4-DRI 6 μmol/L,A549细胞给予FOXO4-DRI 30 μmol/L。采用CCK-8法检测照射后24、48和72 h细胞存活率;用结晶紫染色法检测细胞克隆形成数目;用伤口愈合实验检测细胞迁移程度;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期的改变。结果 与对照组相比,FOXO4-DRI组H460细胞和A549细胞存活率降低（t=1.06~50.75,P<0.05）、迁移率降低（t=33.37~139.10,P<0.05）,克隆形成数目减少（t=5.20~93.48,P<0.05）。FOXO4-DRI诱导了细胞凋亡（t=2.95~42.00,P<0.05）,导致G₀/G₁细胞周期阻滞以及G₂/M期细胞比例下降（t=3.50~31.59,P<0.05）。与照射组相比,FOXO4-DRI可进一步降低辐照后的细胞存活率（t=2.94~23.40,P<0.05）,减少辐照后克隆形成数目（t=8.43~34.00,P<0.05）和细胞迁移率（t=5.25、7.56,P<0.05）,增加细胞凋亡（t=9.20~11.52,P<0.05）。照射+FOXO4-DRI组细胞,G₂/M期细胞比例进一步下降,S期细胞增加（t=3.85~17.62,P<0.05）。结论 FOXO4-DRI多肽通过促进细胞凋亡,降低细胞增殖能力和迁移率,可以提高NSCLC细胞放射敏感性。     

受照脑胶质瘤细胞诱导神经干细胞旁效应

目的 探讨受照脑胶质瘤细胞U251是否可通过在未受照神经干细胞（NSCs）中产生旁效应从而影响神经干细胞的增殖、干性及分化等特性。方法 将细胞分为NSCs组、NSCs+U251组（与U251共培养的NSCs）和NSCs+受照U251组（与10 Gy X射线照射后的U251共培养的NSCs）。采用插入式小室共培养U251和NSCs。通过细胞计数、测量神经球直径等方法评估NSCs增殖、成球能力的变化;采用免疫荧光实验检测Nestin蛋白的表达评估NSCs干性维持能力的变化;检测Tuj1、GFAP蛋白的表达、测量分化后神经元细胞的树突数目、轴突长度以及胶质细胞突起终端数、突起长度等评估神经干细胞分化能力的变化情况。结果 NSCs+受照U251组的细胞数量明显低于NSCs+U251组（t=2.52,P<0.05）;NSCs+受照U251组的Nestin阳性率和成球能力明显低于NSCs+U251组（t=-3.50,P<0.05）;NSCs+受照U251组向神经元和胶质细胞（t=6.09,P<0.05）分化的比例和程度也明显低于NSCs+U251组。结论 受照胶质瘤细胞可通过电离辐射旁效应显著抑制未受照神经干细胞的增殖、干性和分化能力。     

塞来昔布对正常脑胶质细胞和脑胶质瘤细胞放射增敏效应的比较及其机制

目的 探讨塞来昔布对正常少突胶质细胞（oln93）及脑胶质瘤细胞（u373）的放射增敏作用及其作用机制。方法 将两种细胞按空白处理、单独接受塞来昔布或X射线、塞来昔布联合X射线4种不同处理方式分为对照组、给药组、照射组和联合组,MTT法、克隆形成法对比两种细胞的增殖和放射敏感性,流式法测细胞的周期分布,Western blot法分析相关蛋白表达。结果 与未加药物相比,塞来昔布能抑制oln93细胞和u373细胞生长（t=2.215~30.996,P<0.05;t=0.383~11.732,P<0.05）,但相同药物浓度下抑制两种细胞差异无统计学意义。放射增敏比SER分别为1.13和1.21,并诱导G₀/G₁期阻滞（t=-6.1~5.141,P<0.05）。联合组与照射组比较,oln93细胞发生S期阻滞（t=-18.174,P<0.05）,CyclinA蛋白表达增加（t=-8.087,P<0.05）;u373细胞发生G₂/M期阻滞,Cyclin B1、DNA-PKcs、MRE11蛋白表达下降（t=-8.838~10.45,P<0.05）。结论 塞来昔布对u373的放射增敏作用比oln93细胞明显,其机制与调节细胞周期分布及DNA损伤修复有关。     

下调血管内皮生长因子A对食管癌ECA-109细胞的辐射增敏作用

目的 下调食管癌ECA-109细胞的血管内皮生长因子A（VEGFA）表达，观察其辐射敏感性的改变并初步探讨其发生机制。方法 将食管癌ECA-109细胞分成VEGFA转染组、空载组、X射线组和VEGFA转染组联合X射线组。运用qPCR法检测VEGFA基因的表达；Western blot法检测VEGFA蛋白的表达；细胞增殖实验（CCK8法）测定细胞的增殖变化；克隆形成法分析不同照射剂量（0、2、4、6、8 Gy）细胞的辐射敏感性；流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡变化；免疫荧光法检测γ-H2AX焦点的数量。结果 ECA-109细胞VEGFA转染组与空载组比较，VEGFA基因表达明显减少（t=11.98，P<0.05）、VEGFA蛋白表达显著下调（t=12.38，P<0.05）；ECA-109转染组细胞相较于空载组细胞，其增殖（A₄₅₀值）明显受到抑制（t=2.78、7.25、21.93、13.21，P<0.05）；与空载组比较，VEGFA转染组ECA-109细胞的D₀、D_q、SF₂值下降（t=5.83、8.56、7.68，P<0.05），放射增敏比SER_D0、SER_Dq分别为1.41、2.09，凋亡比例明显增加、且联合X射线后ECA-109细胞的凋亡比例进一步增加（t=17.63、22.48、33.87，P<0.05）；ECA-109细胞VEGFA转染组和空载组在X射线照射后2 h内细胞核形成的γ-H2AX焦点数量均明显增加，24 h后空载组细胞核的γ-H2AX焦点数量恢复照射前水平，而转染组中的γ-H2AX焦点数量仍高于照射前水平（t=7.00，P<0.05）。结论 下调VEGFA能抑制食管癌细胞的增殖，减少细胞集落形成并促进其凋亡，增加食管癌ECA-109细胞的辐射敏感性，其机制与DNA损伤修复密切相关。     

盐诱导激酶2对放射损伤后细胞周期检查点中的调节作用

目的 了解盐诱导激酶2（SIK2）在电离辐射诱发G₂/M细胞周期阻滞中的作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 ⁶⁰Coγ射线照射HeLa细胞,慢病毒载体（pSicoR）构建SIK2的小干扰RNA（shRNA）表达载体,Lipofectamine2000介导转染构建SIK2敲低表达细胞模型。Western blot检测SIK2的蛋白表达含量,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,磷酸化组蛋白3（pH3Ser10）作为流式细胞检测分子标记物分析G₂/M期检测点功能。结果 γ射线照射能诱发HeLa细胞SIK2蛋白表达增加。成功构建shRNA敲低HeLa细胞SIK2表达的细胞模型,并通过该细胞模型观察到在不同剂量照射后（1、2、4、6Gy）降低SIK2蛋白表达水平导致细胞的放射敏感性增高（t=-3.445、-2.581、-3.251、-2.553,P<0.05）,γ射线诱发的细胞周期G₂/M边界阻滞在照后5、6h被提前解除（t=4.341、6.500,P<0.05）。Western blot检测结果表明,SIK2敲低细胞与对照细胞相比,放射损伤诱发的磷酸化CHK2蛋白提前消退。结论 SIK2在细胞放射损伤反应中参与细胞的G₂/M检查点功能的调节,影响细胞的放射敏感性。     

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制剂对乳腺癌细胞放射敏感性的影响及其机制研究

目的 观察聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂尼拉帕利及帕米帕利对乳腺癌MCF-7及MDA-MB-436细胞放射敏感性的影响,并对其机制进行探讨。方法 将乳腺癌MCF-7及MDA-MB-436细胞分为空白对照组、尼拉帕利组、帕米帕利组、单纯照射组、尼拉帕利联合照射组、帕米帕利联合照射组。CCK-8法检测药物对细胞增殖的影响,克隆形成实验检测药物对细胞放射敏感性的影响,流式细胞术分析药物联合照射对细胞周期和凋亡的影响,免疫荧光法检测细胞内γ-H2AX焦点数量的变化,qPCR法及Western blot实验检测细胞中FANCG、Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果 尼拉帕利及帕米帕利均能抑制乳腺癌MCF-7及MDA-MB-436细胞的增殖,呈时间-剂量依赖性。随着照射剂量的增加,两种细胞的放射生物学参数D₀、D_q、SF₂逐渐减小,而放射增敏比SER_D0、SER_Dq逐渐增大。尼拉帕利联合照射组及帕米帕利联合照射组与空白对照组相比,G₂/M期比例增加(t_MCF-7=41.66、44.08,P<0.05;t₄₃₆=24.69、18.91,P<0.05); G₀/G₁期比例减少(t_MCF-7=8.67、29.61,P<0.05;t₄₃₆=26.39、29.12,P<0.05);细胞凋亡率显著增加(t_MCF-7=11.17、11.71,P<0.05;t₄₃₆=42.68、15.89,P<0.05)。与空白对照组相比,MCF-7细胞的单纯照射组、尼拉帕利联合照射组在射线照射后2 h,细胞核内γ-H2AX焦点数量显著增加(t=8.89、21.72,P<0.05);照射后24 h单纯照射组细胞核内γ-H2AX焦点数量基本恢复照射前水平,而尼拉帕利联合照射组细胞核内γ-H2AX焦点数量仍大量存在(t=8.82,P<0.05)。 尼拉帕利联合照射组与空白对照组比较,MCF-7细胞的FANCG、Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显减少(t_FANCG=14.07,P<0.05;t_Bcl-2=29.21,P<0.05);Bax mRNA表达明显增多(t=8.90,P<0.05);与空白对照组相比,尼拉帕利联合照射组MCF-7细胞的FANCG、Bcl-2蛋白水平显著下降(t_FANCG=7.09,P<0.05;t_Bcl-2=10.24,P<0.05);Bax蛋白水平显著升高(t=2.90,P<0.05)。结论 PARP抑制剂尼拉帕利及帕米帕利能增加乳腺癌MCF-7及MDA-MB-436细胞的放射敏感性,其机制可能与下调FA-BRCA通路中FANCG的表达,调节凋亡相关基因,抑制DNA损伤修复有关。     

miR-141过表达增强人食管癌细胞的放射敏感性

目的 研究miR-141对食管癌细胞放射敏感性的影响及可能的作用机制。方法 将miR-141 mimic或miR-对照转染到食管癌KYSE-150细胞中,分别使用qRT-PCR和Western blot技术检测miR-141和增殖相关蛋白Ki67、凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达。CCK-8,流式细胞术及克隆形成实验检测放射处理后细胞的放射敏感性变化。结果 随放射剂量的增加,食管癌细胞中miR-141表达逐渐降低（t=2.57~8.96,P<0.05）。miR-141过表达抑制了细胞的增殖和克隆形成能力,促进了KYSE-150细胞凋亡,使得放射敏感性增高（t=3.24,P<0.05）。此外,与对照组相比,miR-141过表达显著抑制KYSE-150细胞中的Ki67和Bcl-2蛋白表达（t=6.56、8.24,P<0.01）,并促进Bax蛋白表达（t=3.24,P<0.01）,进一步证实了miR-141增强食管癌细胞的放射敏感性。结论 miR-141通过调控细胞增殖和凋亡相关蛋白表达增强食管癌细胞的放射敏感性。     

Ta4C3-PVP纳米片对4T1三阴性乳腺癌小鼠移植瘤的放射增敏作用

目的 研究Ta₄C₃-PVP纳米片对三阴性乳腺癌4T1细胞小鼠移植瘤的放射增敏作用。方法 于雌性BALB/c小鼠右侧腹皮下注射4T1细胞建立4T1荷瘤小鼠模型,按肿瘤体积大小均匀分为空白对照组、单纯Ta₄C₃-PVP组、单纯照射组、Ta₄C₃-PVP联合照射组。尾静脉注射20 mg/kg Ta₄C₃-PVP预处理24 h后给予8 Gy单次肿瘤局部X射线照射,测量移植瘤体积、瘤重,检测肿瘤细胞增殖标志物Ki-67蛋白表达、DNA双链断裂（DSBs）分子标志物γ-H2AX焦点形成,绘制肿瘤生长曲线并计算放射增敏系数（EF）及抑瘤率。结果 与空白对照组相比,单纯照射组、Ta₄C₃-PVP联合照射组于照射后16 d均能明显抑制肿瘤生长（t=5.41、9.59,P<0.05）、降低瘤重（t=2.67、4.40,P<0.05）,其中Ta₄C₃-PVP联合照射组的EF达1.57,抑瘤率约为64%,明显优于单纯照射组（42%）。免疫组织化学结果显示,与空白对照组相比,单纯照射组和Ta₄C₃-PVP联合照射组肿瘤细胞Ki-67蛋白表达受到明显抑制（t=5.73、8.02,P<0.05）、γ-H2AX焦点产额明显增加（t=2.97、9.86,P<0.05）,且Ta₄C₃-PVP联合照射组较单纯照射组Ki-67表达抑制更显著（t=4.75,P<0.05）、γ-H2AX焦点产额更多（t=4.42,P<0.05）。结论 Ta₄C₃-PVP纳米片可通过增加射线诱导的DNA DSBs,增强4T1荷瘤小鼠移植瘤的放射敏感性。     

不同非小细胞肺癌细胞对碳离子放射敏感性的影响

目的 分析不同非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）细胞对碳离子照射放射敏感性的影响,并探讨其相关的分子机制。方法 采用¹²C⁶⁺对肺腺癌A549细胞、鳞癌H520细胞和大细胞癌PGCL3细胞进行照射,吸收剂量分别为0、2、4和6 Gy。通过克隆实验检测3种细胞系的存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞的周期分布,利用Hoechst 33258染色检测细胞的凋亡率,实时RT-PCR方法检测细胞内DNA-PKcs基因的表达。结果 2、4、6 Gy照射后,A549、H520和PGCL3细胞的存活率明显下降,其中A549细胞辐射敏感性最低,其次是PGCL3细胞,H520细胞辐射敏感性最高。受照射后细胞均出现G₂/M期阻滞与凋亡,且随剂量的升高呈现上升的趋势。受照射H520与PGCL3细胞的阻滞率（t=4.813、20.738、25.654和t=2.790、2.977,P<0.05）和凋亡率（t=8.579、14.289、15.244和t=3.785、5.098、8.105,P<0.05）明显高于A549细胞。受照射细胞DNA-PKcs表达明显上调,A549细胞最高,其次是PGCL3细胞,H520细胞最低;并且随着剂量的升高,DNA-PKcs的表达呈现下降趋势。2、4 Gy照射后H520和PGCL3细胞DNA-PKcs的表达明显低于A549细胞（t=7.782、3.689和t=3.889、2.814,P<0.05）。结论 不同NSCLC细胞对¹²C⁶⁺离子的放射敏感性不同,H520鳞癌细胞最高,A549腺癌细胞最低。肺腺癌A549细胞放射敏感性较低可能与高表达的DNA-PKcs参与NHEJ途径修复DNA双链断裂有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.