低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中患者上肢痉挛的临床研究

目的:观察低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑卒中患者上肢痉挛状态、运动功能的治疗效果。方法:将脑卒中恢复期上肢痉挛的患者40例随机分为真刺激组及假刺激组各20例。所有患者给予常规物理治疗,真刺激组给予低频重复经颅磁刺激(1Hz),作用于非患侧大脑M1区上肢投射区。假刺激组给予假刺激,作用部位与真刺激组相同。于治疗开始前,治疗4周结束时及治疗结束后2周随访时进行评估。评估内容包括改良Ashworth痉挛评定(MAS)、上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(ULFMA)、Barthel指数(BI)、运动诱发电位(MEP)和上肢F波潜伏时及波幅。结果:治疗后及随访时,真刺激组腕屈及肘屈MAS评分均较治疗前及同时间点假刺激组显著降低(均P0.05),真刺激组ULFMA及BI评分较治疗前及同时间点假刺激组显著提高(均P0.05),假刺激组MAS、ULFMA及BI评分治疗前后差异均无统计学意义。治疗后及随访时,真刺激组MEP潜伏时较治疗前及假刺激组显著缩短,波幅提高(均P0.05),假刺激组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。治疗前后,F波在所有受试者均被引出,出波率100%。2组患者F波潜伏时、波幅组内及组间比较均无显著性差异。结论:低频重复经颅磁刺激可减轻脑卒中患者上肢痉挛,其作用机制可能与其提高了患侧大脑M1区上肢投射区的皮层兴奋性有关。     

中枢间歇Theta节律刺激联合外周磁刺激对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能障碍的影响

目的观察患侧M1区间歇Theta节律刺激(iTBS)联合外周磁刺激(PMS)对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能障碍的影响, 并探讨可能的神经机制。方法选取45例脑卒中合并上肢功能障碍患者, 采用随机数字表法分为联合刺激组、中枢组和对照组, 每组15例。3组患者均给予药物(包括调控血压血糖、营养神经、调脂稳定斑块等治疗)及常规康复训练治疗, 每次训练时间45 min。在常规康复训练的基础上, 联合刺激组加用患侧M1区iTBS联合患肢Erb′s点重复外周磁刺激(rPMS);中枢组加用患侧M1区iTBS联合患肢Erb′s点rPMS假刺激, 假刺激仅将线圈垂直于刺激表面;对照组未接受任何磁刺激。每日1次, 每周5 d, 共治疗10次。所有45例患者中, 仅对照组有1例因患者个人原因退出, 未能完成治疗, 余44例均完成10次治疗。分别于治疗前和治疗10次后(治疗后), 对患者行患侧拇短展肌的运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期及波幅测定;采用上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能(FMA)评分、改良的Barthel指数(MBI)对3组患者治疗前后的运动功能、日常生活活动(ADL)能力进行评估。结果治疗前, 联...     

iTBS联合感觉运动整合训练对脑卒中后运动功能障碍患者神经电生理的影响

目的 探讨间歇性θ短阵脉冲刺激(iTBS)联合感觉运动整合训练对脑卒中后运动功能障碍患者神经电生理的影响。方法 选取2021年3月至2023年8月许昌市立医院收治的脑卒中后运动功能障碍患者96例,根据不同干预方法将患者分为整合训练组(47例)和联合iTBS组(49例)。整合训练组患者采用感觉运动整合训练,联合iTBS组患者采用iTBS联合感觉运动整合训练,两组患者均持续治疗6周。在训练前后,比较两组患者的运动功能量表(FMA)评分、Barthel指数(BI)、美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、神经电生理相关指标[运动诱发电位(MEP)和中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)],比较两组患者并发症发生率,采用t检验或X²检验进行数据对比分析。结果 与训练前比较,训练后两组患者上肢运动功能评分和下肢运动功能评分均升高,且训练后联合iTBS组患者上肢运动功能评分(46.97±5.24)分和下肢运动功能评分(21.57±5.22)分均高于整合训练组(41.37±5.16)分、(17.31±5.11)分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与训练前比较,训练后两组...     

不同侧小脑半球Theta爆发式经颅磁刺激对健康受试者吞咽调节效应的影响

目的观察间歇性Theta爆发式经颅磁刺激(iTBS)对健康受试者大脑吞咽运动皮质和小脑吞咽运动区兴奋性的影响, 并探讨小脑iTBS调节吞咽功能的机制。方法采用随机数字表法将44例右利手健康受试者分为优势侧小脑组(15例)、非优势侧小脑组(15例)、对照组(14例)。优势侧小脑组给予优势侧小脑iTBS干预和非优势侧小脑假刺激, 非优势侧小脑组给予优势侧小脑假刺激和非优势侧小脑iTBS干预, 对照组给予双侧小脑假刺激。iTBS干预前后, 分别对受试者双侧大脑和双侧小脑的舌骨上肌群代表区进行单脉冲经颅磁刺激(TMS)测定, 观察受试者运动诱发电位(MEP)波幅和潜伏期的变化。结果与组内干预前比较, 非优势侧小脑组干预后双侧大脑吞咽皮质和刺激同侧小脑的MEP波幅升高(P<0.05);优势侧小脑组干预后仅刺激同侧小脑的MEP波幅升高(P<0.05)。在MEP波幅与基线相比的百分比变化方面, 与对照组干预后同指标比较, 非优势侧小脑组刺激双侧大脑皮质和刺激同侧小脑的数值较高(P<0.05);与非优势侧小脑组干预后同指标比较, 优势侧小脑组刺激双侧大脑皮质的数值较低(P<0....     

不同介入顺序的间歇性Theta爆发式经颅磁刺激与康复训练对脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响

目的 探讨不同介入顺序的间歇性Theta爆发式经颅磁刺激（iTBS）与康复训练对脑卒中后上肢功能障碍患者的影响。 方法 选取亚急性期皮质下脑梗死后伴上肢运动功能障碍的患者36例,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组、实验组1、实验组2,每组12例。对照组给予iTBS假刺激联合上肢功能康复训练,实验组1对病灶侧M1区行iTBS后立即进行上肢功能康复训练,实验组2则在上肢功能康复训练后介入iTBS。干预前和干预4周后（干预后）,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表上肢部分（FMA-UE）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定3组患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活能力,并记录患者干预前后的皮质潜伏期（CL）。 结果 干预前,3组患者的FMA-UE评分、MBI评分、CL比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。干预后,3组患者的FMA-UE、MBI评分均较组内干预前增加（P＜0.05）,CL较组内干预前缩短（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,实验组1干预后的FMA-UE［（33.59±10.09）分］、MBI评分［（54.17±10.19）分］较高,CL［（25.32±1.59）ms］较短（P＜0.05）,实验组2干预后的FMA-UE［（29.50±9.50）分］、MBI评分［（48.75±13.34）分］亦较高,CL［（25.58±1.38）ms］较短（P＜0.05）。实验组1和实验组2干预后的FMA-UE评分、MBI评分、CL组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论 iTBS联合上肢功能康复训练能显著改善缺血性脑卒中患者的上肢功能,且两种治疗方法介入的先后顺序不同对治疗效果无明显影响。     

基于大脑半球之间多靶区间歇性θ爆发式磁刺激对脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响北大核心CSCD

目的探讨脑卒中后多靶区大脑皮质间歇性θ爆发式磁刺激(iTBS)对偏瘫侧上肢功能恢复的影响。方法2019年11月至2020年8月,甘肃省康复中心医院40例脑卒中患者随机分为单靶区刺激组(n=20)和多靶区刺激组(n=20)。两组均进行临床常规药物治疗和日常康复锻炼。在此基础上,两组均辅以重复经颅磁刺激(iTBS模式)。单靶区刺激组仅刺激患侧脑部初级运动皮质(M1区);多靶区刺激组先刺激健侧大脑同侧小脑半球皮质,5 s后再刺激患侧大脑M1区。每天1次,每周6 d,共4周。治疗前和治疗4周后比较两组Fugl-Meyer评定量表-上肢部分(FMA-UE)、上肢动作研究量表(ARAT)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分以及上肢体感诱发电位N20(潜伏期、波幅)的变化。结果所有患者均无不良反应发生。治疗后,两组FMA-UE、MBI和ARAT评分,N20潜伏期和波幅均改善(|t|>3.478,|Z|>2.243,P<0.05),且多靶区刺激组FMA-UE和ARAT评分,N20波幅均明显优于单靶区刺激组(t>2.939,Z=-2.697,P<0.01)。结论多靶区刺激比单靶区刺激更能改善脑卒中患者偏瘫侧上肢运动功能和患侧N20波幅。     

小脑间歇性θ短阵脉冲刺激对健康人双侧大脑运动皮质兴奋性的调控

目的:研究小脑间歇性θ短阵脉冲刺激(iTBS)对双侧大脑运动皮质M1区兴奋性的影响及持续时间。方法:根据刺激部位的不同,按随机数字表法将纳入的20例青年健康受试者分为左侧小脑iTBS组和右侧小脑iTBS组,每组10例。所有受试者在进行所属组别的刺激模式干预前,先测量双侧大脑M1区静息运动阈值(RMT)及运动诱发电位(M...     

经颅直流电刺激结合功能性电刺激对脑卒中平台期患者上肢运动功能康复影响的研究

目的:将经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和功能性电刺激(FES)结合,观察这种联合治疗干预方式对脑卒中平台期患者上肢功能的影响。方法:3例脑卒中后平台期偏瘫患者在4周基线期后接受4周的tDCS结合FES治疗干预。干预前后用Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(U-FMA)、表面肌电图(sEMG)、经颅磁刺激(TMS)进行评定。结果:干预后U-FMA分数较干预前提高。7个主动肌中有5个表面肌电激活性干预前后有明显变化。用TMS成对刺激方法评估受试者健侧大脑短潜伏期皮质内抑制与短潜伏期皮质内易化结果显示部分的干预前后变化。结论:tDCS结合FES治疗干预改善了受试者上肢的运动功能,该方案可能是针对脑卒中平台期患者的一种有前景的干预康复方案。     

悬吊运动训练对恢复期脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响

目的:观察悬吊运动训练对恢复期脑卒中患者上肢功能改善的效果。方法:将脑卒中偏瘫患者32例随机分为观察组和对照组各16例,对照组采用常规偏瘫上肢康复训练,观察组在此基础上增加悬吊运动训练,分别于治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能(FMA-UE)和Barthel指数(BI)进行评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组FMAUE和BI评分均较治疗前有明显提高(P0.05),且观察组FMA-UE和BI评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:悬吊运动训练可以改善恢复期脑卒中患者上肢的运动功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合作业治疗对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的临床研究

目的:探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合作业治疗对脑卒中恢复期患者上肢功能恢复的影响。方法:将60例脑卒中恢复期患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。对照组接受常规的作业治疗,治疗组在常规作业治疗的同时给予1Hz的rTMS治疗。在治疗前及治疗4周后采用上肢Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)、偏瘫上肢功能测试-香港版(FTHUE-HK)及改良的Barthel指数(MBI)对患者上肢功能进行评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组的FMA、FTHUE-HK评分和MBI均较治疗前明显提高(均P0.05),且治疗组各项评分均高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:rTMS联合作业治疗可改善脑卒中恢复期患者上肢运动功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

Time Dependence of Unipolar Cathodal and Anodal Strength-Interval Curves

Following pacemaker electrode attachment, greater ventricular vulnerability to arrhythmias exists in an acutely ischemic ventricle with a unipolar anodal than cathodal stimulus falling on the T wave, due to the shorter refractory period exhibited by an anodal stimulus. In order to determine the relationship between anodal and cathodal refractory period at various times following endocardial electrode insertion, ventricular strength-interval curves were determined in nine dogs. With stable electrode position, serial measurements were made for a mean duration of 44 days. It was observed that during the first five days, the anodal refractory period was significantly shorter than cathodal, but within 15-20 days this relationship was reversed in all dogs. The longer anodal refractory period was observed up to the end of each study. These results suggest that due to shorter anodal refractory period, greater vulnerability to arrhythmias may occur with an anodal than cathodal stimulus in the initial 15-20 days following electrode insertion.     

Broad Applicability of Ultrarapid Train Stimulation as an Efficient Alternative to Conventional Programmed Electrical Stimulation

FISHER, J.D., et al.: Broad Applicability of Ultrarapid Train Stimulation as an Efficient Alternative to Conventional Programmed Electrical Stimulation. Background and study objective:Conventional programmed electrical stimulation (PES) is useful for establishing inducibility or noninducibility of clinical ventricular arrhythmias (VA), but is complex and time-consuming. This study compared a standard PES protocol with ultrarapid train stimulation (UTS) in a broad range of patients with and without a history of ventricular arrhythmias or structural heart disease. Methods: Patients prospectively underwent electrophysiologic testing with both UTS and conventional PES protocols in a randomized, crossover design. Results: The results were concordant in 79% of 150 matched pairs of comparisons in 104 patients (NS). There were no differences related to underlying heart disease or arrhythmia, or antiarrhythmic treatment. Induction of nonclinical arrhythmias with the two methods was similar   (P = 0.524)   . Inhibition phenomena were minor except in some patients receiving amiodarone. Fewer drive-extrastimuli sequences and less time were needed to complete the trains protocol   (P < 0.0001)   . Conclusions: In cases where the main intent is to induce ventricular arrhythmias, UTS yields results that are similar to those of conventional PES protocols in a shorter length of time. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:518–523)     

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Pain: Initial Experience with a Dual Electrode, Programmable, Internal Pulse Generator

Abstract: The objective of this study was to engage in an 18‐month follow‐up of 20 chronic complex pain patients using a dual electrode, programmable, fully implantable internal pulse generator (IPG) for spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Implant status, stimulation mode, anode‐cathode configuration (array), cathode position, paresthesia overlap, complications, Visual Analog Scores (VAS), and overall satisfaction were prospectively examined in 20 patients implanted with dual 4 contact, staggered, percutaneous electrodes (Pisces 3487A, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) internalized to a fully implantable, programmable IPG (Synergy 7466, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota). All patients had undergone initial implantation for chronic complex axial and extremity pain (eg, Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS), Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)) with dual octapolar, radiofrequency (RF) SCS systems (Advanced Neuromodulation Systems 2098, Plano, Texas). 1 - 3 All patients required conversion to the current dual IPG systems due to RF system receiver sensitivity, preventing further antenna coupling). 1 Dual quadrupolar IPG SCS outcomes were compared to previous long‐term, dual octapolar RF SCS complex pain reports. 1 - 3 Data was collected and analyzed by a disinterested third party. At 18 months, all 20 patients remained implanted. All patients reported using 1 or 2 “best” guarded tripolar or bipolar arrays to maintain favorable paresthesia overlap (77.5%), VAS reduction (9.78 → 4.40), and overall patient satisfaction (80%). Eighty‐five percent of “best” anode‐cathode configurations were activated on both electrode columns about the physiologic midline of the C 3/4 vertebral segments for upper extremity pain, and the T 9/10 vertebral segments for low back and lower extremity pain. Sixty‐seven and one half percent of all electrodes were thoracic and 32.5% were cervical. “Best” arrays were activated as narrow (adjacent contact) guarded cathode tripoles (75%), extended (nonadjacent contact) bipoles/tripoles (15%), or as narrow bipoles (10%). The mean number of active contacts per “best” array was 5.6, with 3.75 anodes and 1.85 cathodes. All patients preferred the current IPG to the prior RF SCS implant, citing RF receiver site sensitivity, difficulty maintaining coupling of the RF antennae, and time intensive RF programming. Conversely, 13 patients (65%) reported IPG site sensitivity that did not affect overall satisfaction. That is, none would convert their current IPG to a smaller IPG to resolve this issue, unless it was of equal longevity. Sixteen patients (80%) were satisfied with the overall level of pain relief, and all (100%) would repeat the IPG SCS implant. This study demonstrates improved overall outcome and patient satisfaction after long‐term, dual octapolar RF SCS conversion to dual quadrupolar IPG SCS systems in the same patient population. It also validates prior dual SCS electrode reports of common array configuration, electrode positioning about the physiologic midline, and patient preference of single or dual programmability in the treatment of chronic complex pain. 1 , 4 , 5 Follow‐up of this initial experience with a multicenter study is warranted.     

Pathways of Translation: Deep Brain Stimulation

Electrical stimulation of the brain has a 2000 year history. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), one form of neurostimulation, is a functional neurosurgical approach in which a high‐frequency electrical current stimulates targeted brain structures for therapeutic benefit. It is an effective treatment for certain neuropathologic movement disorders and an emerging therapy for psychiatric conditions and epilepsy. Its translational journey did not follow the typical bench‐to‐bedside path, but rather reversed the process. The shift from ancient and medieval folkloric remedy to accepted medical practice began with independent discoveries about electricity during the 19th century and was fostered by technological advances of the 20th. In this paper, we review that journey and discuss how the quest to expand its applications and improve outcomes is taking DBS from the bedside back to the bench.     

经颅磁刺激及局部直流电刺激对受损周围神经再生的影响

目的 分别从电生理学、组织学方面观察经颅磁刺激及局部直流电刺激对周围神经再生的影响，探讨其促进受损神经功能恢复的相关机制。方法共选取20只SD大鼠，将其制成周围神经损伤模型并随机分为经颅磁刺激组及局部直流电刺激组，分别采用电生理学及组织学方法观察磁刺激对周围神经潜伏期、波幅、神经传导速度及周围神经髓鞘结构、数量的影响，并与局部直流电刺激组进行比较。结果2组大鼠分别经20d相应处理后，发现经颅磁刺激组大鼠受损坐骨神经的波幅明显增高，与局部直流电刺激组间的差异有统计学意义；在组织学方面，可观察到经颅磁刺激组有大量新生神经髓鞘出现，其数量显著多于局部直流电刺激组，差异亦有统计学意义；另外经颅磁刺激组的髓鞘结构也较局部直流电刺激组清晰、完整。结论通过电生理学及组织学观察，发现经颅磁刺激在促进受损周围神经再生、修复方面，其疗效可能优于局部直流电刺激。     

Progress in sensorimotor rehabilitative physical therapy programs for stroke patients

Impaired motor and functional activity following stroke often has negative impacts on the patient, the family and society. The available rehabilitation programs for stroke patients are reviewed. Conventional rehabilitation strategies (Bobath, Brunnstrom, proprioception neuromuscular facilitation, motor relearning and function-based principles) are the mainstream tactics in clinical practices. Numerous advanced strategies for sensory-motor functional enhancement, including electrical stimulation, electromyographic biofeedback, constraint-induced movement therapy, robotics-aided systems, virtual reality, intermittent compression, partial body weight supported treadmill training and thermal stimulation, are being developed and incorporated into conventional rehabilitation programs. The concept of combining valuable rehabilitative procedures into “a training package”, based on the patient’s functional status during different recovery phases after stroke is proposed. Integrated sensorimotor rehabilitation programs with appropriate temporal arrangements might provide great functional benefits for stroke patients.     

重复外周磁刺激联合重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的影响

目的 观察重复外周磁刺激（rPMS）联合重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的影响。 方法 选取符合入选和排除标准脑卒中患者128例,按随机数字表法分对照组、中枢组、外周组和联合组,每组32例。4组患者均进行常规药物治疗和康复训练,联合组增加非受累侧M1区低频rTMS和患侧上肢Erb点的rPMS治疗,中枢组增加低频rTMS和安慰性rPMS,外周组增加rPMS治疗和安慰性rTMS,对照组给予安慰性rTMS和安慰性rPMS。rPMS和低频rTMS治疗均为每日1次,每次15 min,每周治疗6 d,连续治疗4周。治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）,采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分（FMA-UE）和Wolf运动功能测试（WMFT)评定4组患者患侧上肢运动功能,同时采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定其日常生活活动能力。 结果 治疗后,4组患者的FMA-UE、WMFT及MBI评分较组内治疗前均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。联合组、中枢和外周组患者治疗后的FMA-UE评分［分别为(37.10±1.99)分、(28.10±3.15)分、(28.21±2.96)分］、WMFT评分［分别为(34.90±2.81)分、(26.87±2.79)分、（26.72±2.63）分］和MBI评分［分别为(69.55±3.67)分、(59.07±3.45)分、（58.90±3.79）分］均优于对照组治疗后（P<0.05）,且联合组的FMA-UE、WMFT及MBI评分均显著优于中枢组和外周组治疗后,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 rTMS和rPMS均可改善脑卒中后上肢功能障碍患者患侧上肢的运动功能和日常生活活动能力,且两种刺激方式联合使用的疗效可能更佳。