美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,可乐定,纳曲酮“阶梯式”疗法治疗海…

采用美沙酮、丁丙诺啡、可乐定、纳曲酮为主药的“阶梯式戒毒疗法”，治疗３３例戒毒后屡次复吸的海洛因依赖者。成功戒断８例，已操守０．５ａ以上，停服纳曲酮２个月以上，仍在服纳曲酮１６例，已分别服用１－４个月，操守率７２．７％，失败９例，其中服纳曲酮１￣２个月后复吸海洛因４例，治疗中失去联系而脱试３例，服纳曲酮１次后，戒断症状重而中止，改为自然康复２例，失败率２７．３％，配合心理疏导，有显著抗复吸作用，心     

国产盐酸纳曲酮用于海洛因依赖者脱毒后预防复吸效能的双盲对…

本文报告１１例海洛因依赖者脱毒后用盐酸纳曲酮及安慰剂进行防复吸的双盲对照研究。结果８例治疗组中４例服药保持率６个月以上，３例对照组中１例保持率６例。两组依赖者在服纳曲酮期间，均无复吸海洛因。能坚持长期服药的影响因素有：本人戒毒决心大，愿意接受家人监督，家属长期给予经济及心理上的支持。     

国产盐酸纳曲酮用于海洛因依赖者脱毒后预防复吸效能的双盲对照研究

本文报告１１例海洛因依赖者脱毒后用盐酸纳曲酮及安慰剂进行防复吸的双盲对照研究。结果８例治疗组中４例服药保持率６个月以上，３例对照组中１例保持率６个月。两组依赖者在服纳曲酮期间，均无复吸海洛因。能坚持长期服药的影响因素有：本人戒毒决心大，愿意接受家人监督，家属长期给予经济及心理上的支持。     

盐酸纳曲酮用于阿片类依赖者脱毒后预防复发的效能研究

采用开放与双盲试验的多中心性随访观察，对于３０２例海洛因依赖者脱毒治疗后服用纳曲酮进行的为期６个月观察，就纳曲酮对阿片类依赖者预防复吸的效能进行了研究。双盲组纳曲酮的服用剂量为５０ｍｇ·ｄ－１，开放试验的药物剂量随用药者的反应进行调整。双盲试验中，纳曲酮组和安慰剂组第６个月的保持率分别为２８．５７％和７．１４％。开放组第６个月的纳曲酮保持率及平均保持时间分别为２３．６％和３．１６月，而该组人群既往脱毒后第６个月的操守率及平均操守时间分别为１．２％和０．５个月。双盲试验中服用纳曲酮组再吸海洛因后无舒适体验者占６８．１８％，安慰剂组为３３．３％；纳曲酮组尿吗啡检测阳性率（２４．３８％）低于安慰剂组（４０．４８％）。服药后出现的反应包括睡眠障碍、焦虑、食欲减退、无力、易激惹、腹痛和骨肌肉痛、发冷、恶心呕吐、紧张、腹泻、头晕、头痛、便秘和皮疹。这些症状中包括纳曲酮促发的稽延性戒断症状。少部分受试者出现肝脏功能异常及心电图异常。为达到充分阻断海洛因的作用，服用剂量以４０－５０ｍｇ·ｄ－１为宜。本研究显示，纳曲酮对阿片类依赖者脱毒后预防复吸有一定的辅助作用，药物毒副作用较小，适于长期服用。     

海洛因瘾康复期使用纳曲酮防止复吸100例

目的：观察盐酸纳曲酮防止海洛因依赖者戒毒后复吸疗效。方法：ｍｏ１～２每日口服纳曲酮片１５～２０ｍｇ，ｍｏ３～４服１０～１５ｍｇ，ｍｏ５～６服５～１０ｍｇ，６ｍｏ为一个疗程。结果：３ｍｏ复吸率为４２％，６ｍｏ复吸率为７２％，显效率为４５％，有效率为７４％。结论：服药后可明显减轻海洛因依赖者对毒品渴求感和焦虑症状，降低复吸率。纳曲酮本身无依赖性，副作用轻微。     

纳曲酮预防海洛因瘾戒断后复吸

目的：观察纳曲酮对海洛因依赖戒断后抗复吸疗效，方法：海洛因依赖戒断后１００例（男性７７例，女性２３例，年龄２６±ｓ４ａ），所有病例戒毒后观察５～１０ｄ以上，服用纳曲酮前，经尿吗啡含量检查与纳洛酮催瘾试验阴性，口服纳曲酮５ｍｇ无反应，次日开始于饮后服用２０～３０ｍｇ／ｄ。无反应可带药出院继续服用观察。结果；观察１００例，最长１例达４ａ余，其除中失访１０例外，保持３７例（４１％），复吸５３例（５９％     

盐酸纳曲酮防复吸初步研究

用盐酸纳曲酮胶囊对１８２例海洛因依赖者脱毒后防复吸治疗，经１２个月临床观察，结果显示：１年内防复吸治疗巩固率为２７．５％。多数人在坚持服药２个月后，恶劣心境、人格扭曲、烦躁不安等精神症状改善，提示盐酸纳曲酮是一种有效的防复吸药物，它给有戒毒愿望的海洛因依赖者摆脱毒品困扰带来一线曙光     

纳曲酮预防海洛因瘾戒断后复吸

目的：观察纳曲酮对海洛因依赖戒断后抗复吸疗效。方法：海洛因依赖戒断后１００例（男性７７例，女性２３例；年龄２６±ｓ４ａ），所有病例戒毒后观察５～１０ｄ以上，服用纳曲酮前，经尿吗啡含量检查与纳洛酮催瘾试验阴性，口服纳曲酮５ｍｇ无反应，次日开始于饭后服用２０～３０ｍｇ／ｄ，无反应者可带药出院继续服用观察。结果：观察１００例，最长１例达４ａ余，除其中失访１０例外，保持３７例（４１％），复吸５３例（５９％）。结论：说明坚持服用纳曲酮，可使复吸率明显下降。     

海洛因瘾康期使用纳曲酮防止复吸100例

目的：观察盐酸钠曲酮防止海洛因依赖者戒毒后复吸疗效。方法：ｍｏ１￣２每日口服纳曲酮片１５￣２０ｍｇ，ｍｏ３￣４服１０￣１５ｍｇ，ｍｏ５￣６服５￣１０ｍｇ，６ｍｏ为一个疗程。结果：３ｍｏ复吸率为４２％，６ｍｏ复吸率为７２％，显效率为４５％，有效率为７４％。结论：服药后可明显减轻海海因依赖者对毒品渴求感和焦虑症状，降低复吸率。纳曲酮本身无依赖性，副作用轻微。     

快速脱毒加纳曲酮栓植入治疗海洛因依赖

目前公认海洛因依赖是一种慢性中毒性脑病。高复吸率是其特点。如何控制海洛因依赖患者的复吸率。提高戒毒的效果，是药物依赖治疗专业不断探讨的一个课题。盐酸纳曲酮是目前防止海洛因依赖复吸的唯一一种药物。而一般戒毒方法在自愿戒毒机构很难成功接受纳曲酮治疗，结果其戒毒复吸率高达90％-99％，而即使接受纳曲酮治疗后，因为海洛因患者的特点。服药的顺从性差．半年操守率仅达20％-30%，更谈不上长期操守，复吸率仍居高不下。     

Naltrexone for heroin dependence treatment in St. Petersburg, Russia

Naltrexone may be more effective for treating opioid (heroin) dependence in Russia than in the U.S. because patients are mostly young and living with their parents, who can control medication compliance. In this pilot study we randomized 52 consenting patients who completed detoxification in St. Petersburg to a double blind, 6-month course of biweekly drug counseling and naltrexone, or counseling and placebo naltrexone. Significant differences in retention and relapse favoring naltrexone were seen beginning at 1 month and continuing throughout the study. At the end of 6 months, 12 of the 27 naltrexone patients (44.4%) remained in treatment and had not relapsed as compared to 4 of 25 placebo patients (16%; p<0.05). Since heroin dependence is the main way HIV is being spread in Russia, naltrexone is likely to improve treatment outcome and help reduce the spread of HIV if it can be made more widely available.     

纳曲酮用于海洛因依赖治疗

目的 :了解纳曲酮抗复吸治疗效果。方法 :采用回顾性临床资料分析方法 ,分析 5 0例海洛因依赖者躯体脱毒后使用纳曲酮抗复吸治疗的临床资料。结果 :应用纳曲酮抗复吸治疗 6个月 ,患者对海洛因渴求程度分值从1 96±s 0 88降至 0 2 5±s 0 4 4 (P <0 0 1) ,复吸率从 2 8 6 %降至 5 0 % (P <0 0 1) ,17例原静脉注射毒品者复吸时11例改为烫吸 ,1例改为肌肉注射。结论 :纳曲酮能减轻或消除海洛因正性强化作用 ,间接淡化患者对海洛因的渴求程度 ,降低复吸率 ,无明显毒副作用 ;可使静脉注射海洛因者改变滥用方式 ,降低毒品危害     

快速脱毒加纳曲酮栓植入治疗海洛因依赖疗效观察

目的:寻找一种安全、有效、可靠、病人能够接受的治疗方法,以降低海洛因依赖病人的复吸率。方法:使用全麻下快速药物拮抗脱毒加纳曲酮栓植入方法,治疗海洛因依赖69例,并通过随访的方式跟踪治疗效果。结果:植入长效纳曲酮缓释栓6个月后,患者对海洛因渴求程度分值从植入前2.21±s0.58降至0.21±s0.14,再尝试海洛因率从81.25%降至5.00%。肝功能与植入前相比无明显变化。结论:全麻快速脱毒加长效纳曲酮缓释栓植入的治疗方法安全、有效、可靠,值得推广使用。     

615例海洛因依赖者复吸原因调查与分析

目的··:了解海洛因依赖者脱毒后复吸的原因 ,寻求有效的预防复吸措施。方法··:采用《药物滥用复吸因素调查表》对615例海洛因依赖者脱毒后复吸的情况进行调查。结果··:在615例被调查者中 ,脱毒后出院3d内复吸的占21.79 % ;1个月内复吸的占52.36 % ;6个月内复吸的占93.50 % ;1a内复吸率高达97.89 %。自愿戒毒、强制戒毒与劳教戒毒出所后不同时间内的复吸率比较无显著性差异 (P>0.05)。难以抗拒的对药物的心理渴求是产生复吸的主要心理因素 (占86.99 % ) ;身体不适、失眠等稽延性戒断症状是产生复吸的主要生理因素 (占76.75 % ) ;毒友引诱是产生复吸的主要社会因素 (占75.94 % )。心理、生理、社会诸因素造成海洛因依赖者脱毒后不能保持操守。结论·· :脱毒后给予必要的对症治疗和坚持不懈的行为矫治 ,以及持之以恒的家庭关心、监督 ,社会帮教、扶持 ,政府部门监控、管制和严惩毒贩 ,清除毒源等综合治理 ,是降低复吸率的有效办法     

纳曲酮两种给药方法依从性的比较

目的·· :比较脱毒后立即足量服用和常规逐渐递增至足量服用纳曲酮的服药依从性。方法·· :从1999年5月至2000年9月间来我院自愿戒毒的患者中筛选68例脱毒者 ,随机分为A、B两组 ,每组34例 ,分别对立即足量服用(A组)与常规逐渐增至足量服用(B组)两种给药方法的依从性进行比较。结果··:A组1周内服药依从率为88.2% ,B组为47.1 %,两组有显著性差异 (P<0.01) ;6个月时A(36.7 %)、B(37.5 % )两组的依从率无显著性差异,但A组 (11例 )保持操守人数多于B组 (6例 )。结论·· :临床脱毒后立即进入足量纳曲酮维持治疗 ,可缩短诱导期 ,降低脱失率 ,提高操守率     

A randomised, controlled trial of low dose naltrexone for the treatment of opioid dependence

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of low doses of naltrexone in relapse prevention for heroin dependence. DESIGN: Double blind, randomised comparison of three groups-Group 1 taking 50mg per day, Group 2: 0.5mg per day, and Group 3: 0.05 mg per day. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-six dependent heroin users. INTERVENTIONS: After detoxification followed by 1 week on 50mg per day naltrexone, participants were randomised to trial medication. All were offered counselling and monitored with weekly clinical reviews. Research interviews were conducted at three and 6 months. OUTCOME MEASURES: Retention in treatment and heroin use at 3 and 6 months. Secondary outcome measures were side effects and craving. FINDINGS: Mean days retained in randomised treatment were-Group 1: 58.9 days; Group 2: 46.6 days; and Group 3: 47.8 days. Differences in retention were not significant using survival analysis. However, nine of the first 60 participants, transferred to the 50 mg dose, and one transferred to a lower dose (chi-square = 0.142; P = 0.018). At follow-up, there was no relationship between abstinence from heroin and naltrexone dose, nor between level of heroin use and dose. There were no differences between groups in craving or depression. CONCLUSION: Low doses of naltrexone had no discernible advantage, and participants preferred 50mg per day. Despite preference for blocking doses of naltrexone, outcomes appeared to be independent of naltrexone dose.     

Long-Term Relapse of Ultra-Rapid Opioid Detoxification

Ultra-rapid opioid detoxification (UROD) and subsequently induction of naltrexone maintenance therapy can be regarded as a safe and effective detoxification method for use in patients with opiate addiction. Long-term efficacy, relapse time, and relapse rate of this method is not clear. The aim of this article was to assess UROD efficacy and estimate the relapse rate in the 2-year follow-up period. Opioid-addicted, self-reporting patients referred to our hospital center were enrolled. All demographic data were collected by direct interview and based on patients’ official documents. Addiction information were obtained from the patients’ own admission and the interviews. Patients then began the UROD process. Thereafter, patients were scheduled for follow-up visits every 3 months for a 2-year period. A total of 424 patients were enrolled in the study and entered the UROD program, of which 400 patients completed. Of the total patients, 303 (75.75%) were successful (successful group) and 97 (24.25%) relapsed (relapse group). The unemployment rate was significantly higher in the relapse group (76%) compared with those in the successful group (21%) (P = .02). No patients in the relapse group continued naltrexone maintenance at 6-month follow-up, which was significantly lower than successful group (75.8%) (P < .05). The relapse rate was 14% at the first month visit and 24% at the 6 month and thereafter. All patients who had a relapse incident discontinued use of naltrexone before relapse happened. UROD could be an effective method of detoxification in addicted patients, but case selection, sticking to the guidelines, and maintenance therapy accompanied with social support is necessary to minimize relapse and withdrawal symptoms.     

海洛因依赖者338例复吸调查

作者对338例海洛因依赖者住院戒毒后又再复吸的时间、复吸动因以及戒毒方法和复吸时间关系方面进行调查,结果发现其中95%的病例在3个月内都复吸,平均复吸时间为25 d,复吸原因多为病态渴求,次为同伴引诱,部分依赖者则认为多种原因共同起作用,至于戒毒方法和复吸时间关系,以用抗精神药物戒毒复吸较快,其次为二氢埃托啡,美沙酮;丁丙诺啡最慢。     

Efficacy of naltrexone treatment with combined crack and opiate users: A descriptive study of a new treatment service in Bristol,UK

Naltrexone has been shown to be clinically effective in treating opioid dependence, although there are reports that it may be unsafe in treatment of unselected cases. Although there are no generally accepted pharmacological treatments for crack cocaine addiction alone, there is evidence that naltrexone can be useful in cases of concurrent cocaine and heroin use. In 2005 Bristol Specialist Drug Service initiated a naltrexone treatment programme targeted at pre-release offenders using both crack cocaine and heroin. Of 172 referrals, only 51 (30%) were inducted into treatment, and only 16% of these were retained at 3 months, and 4% at 9 months. There was evidence to support induction in prison, as 90% of those who were inducted there continued treatment on release. An integrated approach between criminal justice and community services is of primary importance in getting users into treatment. Interviews highlighted that the environment outside of prison can trigger relapse, and that community clinics need to separate clients on an abstinence programme from those who continue to use. Of clients interviewed, 52% reported that they use heroin to mitigate severe come down from crack, and it is suggested that naltrexone may be of use for these specialized combined users.     

Depot naltrexone: antagonism of the reinforcing, subjective, and physiological effects of heroin

Rationale

Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that is currently approved as a treatment for opioid and alcohol dependence. Although it is highly effective in completely antagonizing the effects of opioids, medication noncompliance is a difficult obstacle to treatment. Therefore, a sustained-release form of naltrexone may improve treatment outcome.

Objective

The present study was designed to evaluate the time course, safety, and effectiveness of a depot formulation of naltrexone (Depotrex^®).

Materials and methods

Five heroin-dependent individuals participated in an 8-week inpatient study. After a 1-week detoxification period, the effects of a range of heroin doses (0, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg, i.v.) were examined. Participants then received 384 mg naltrexone base. The effects of heroin were again evaluated for the next 6 weeks. One dose of heroin was tested per day and the entire dose range was tested each week. Doses were administered in non-systematic order. During a morning sample session, participants received a dose of heroin and $20 and subjective, performance, and physiological effects were measured both before and after drug administration. During an afternoon choice session, participants were given the opportunity to choose the sampled heroin dose and/or amount of money using a modified progressive ratio procedure.

Results

Depot naltrexone antagonized both the reinforcing and subjective effects of heroin for 4–5 weeks. Subjective ratings of withdrawal were reduced after week 2 and throughout the remainder of the study. The effects of heroin on mean trough pupil diameter began to emerge by week 5. There were no clinically significant effects on respiratory or cardiovascular function.

Conclusions

The present results extend our previous findings by showing that the reinforcing effects of heroin were reduced for 4–5 weeks after administration of 384 mg depot naltrexone.