支气管肺淀粉样变1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨支气管肺淀粉样变的临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后。方法对我院确诊的1例和国内报道的47例支气管肺淀粉样变进行回顾性总结。结果①常见症状为咳嗽,咳痰,咯血,呼吸困难等,大部分肺部无异常体征。②胸片或CT常见表现为气管或支气管肥厚、狭窄,斑片浸润影,结节或肿块,肺不张等,亦可有正常胸片。③纤支镜常见表现为支气管黏膜结节、隆起或息肉。④48例患者中有37例经纤支镜取得病理标本。⑤治疗方法有激素等免疫抑制剂、激光、微波和手术治疗等,但无特效疗法。⑥易复发但病程多为良性经过。结论该病临床表现无特异性,纤支镜活检是确诊最有效的方法,无特效疗法,预后与病理类型有关,多数较好。     

肺透明细胞癌1例并文献复习

目的 分析肺透明细胞癌的临床特征、影像学表现及病理诊断要点.方法 报告1例经肺活检病理确诊的肺透明细胞癌病例,并结合文献资料对该病的临床特征、影像学表现及病理诊断要点进行分析.结果 本例患者为女性,45岁,以反复咳嗽2个月为首发症状,胸部CT示两肺多发结节灶合并肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大,胸腔镜下肺活检病理确诊为原发性肺透明细胞癌.近20年国内外文献报道肺透明细胞癌病例仅27例,其中男性18例,女性9例,平均年龄(55±11)岁.临床表现主要为咳嗽(16/27)、胸痛(12/27)、咯血(10/27).影像学表现以周围型单发结节或团块影多见(22/27),病灶直径0.5～11 cm.该病罕见,属大细胞癌的变异型;确诊多依赖开胸肺组织病理活检,免疫组织化学染色有助于鉴别.结论 肺透明细胞癌的临床表现无特异性;影像学表现以肺部单发结节或团块影多见,亦可为两肺多发和弥漫型;确诊依赖肺组织病理活检,免疫组织化学染色有助于鉴别.     

系统性硬化症肺部高分辨率CT影像学表现分析

目的探讨系统性硬化症(SSc)肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像学特征。方法回顾性分析2013-02~2017-04该院临床确诊15例SSc肺部HRCT影像学表现。结果 15例SSc患者肺部正常4例,表现以两肺外围分布为主的间质性纤维化11例。HRCT主要表现支气管血管束扭曲变形、小叶间隔增厚,可见条索状影、胸膜下线及弧形线9例,呈网格状改变7例。沿支气管血管束及小叶间隔分布小结节状影,胸膜下见小结节影10例。单纯以磨玻璃样改变5例,轻度胸膜增厚或少量胸腔积液9例。小片状实变影及蜂窝肺4例。结论 HRCT显示SSc的间质性细微病变,在SSc的诊断和随访治疗中具有重要价值。     

IgG4相关性肺疾病二例并文献复习

目的 总结IgG4相关性肺疾病的临床特点及诊治经验,提高临床对该病的认识,减少误诊误治.方法 分析第二军医大学附属长海医院呼吸内科收治的两例IgG4相关性肺疾病的一般情况、临床表现、实验室检查、组织病理学、治疗及预后,并进行相关文献复习.结果 两例患者均为男性,血清IgG4水平均显著升高(2.25 g/L;10 g/L).1例肺部影像学呈实性结节型改变,并有回盲部受累,糖皮质激素治疗有效.另1例肺部影像学呈支气管血管束型改变,对糖皮质激素治疗依赖.文献复习69例IgG4相关性肺疾病,因呼吸道症状就诊者39例(56.5％),伴有肺外受累者41例(59.4％).48例检测了血清IgG4水平,均显著升高(307 ～ 52 500 mg/L).胸部影像学表现实性结节型35例(50.7％).31例(44.9％)患者接受了糖皮质激素治疗,预后良好.结论 IgG4相关性肺疾病是临床少见的免疫性疾病,临床表现缺乏特异性,临床诊断应综合分析其血清免疫学检查、影像学表现及组织病理学结果,糖皮质激素治疗效果良好.     

伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤25例临床分析

目的 分析伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤的临床特点与诊断方法,以提高其诊断率.方法 回顾性分析2000-2007年北京大学第三医院确诊的有胸肺病变的淋巴瘤患者25例,收集患者确诊前的症状、体征、实验室检查结果、影像学资料、确诊方法和病理诊断.结果 25例患者中位年龄46岁,发热(13例)、6个月内体重减轻10%以上(11例)、咳嗽(10例)、气短(9例)、浅表淋巴结无痛性肿大(16例)是最常见的临床表现.72.7%的患者ESR增快;81%的患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)升高.25例患者中纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大者16例;影像学显示肺受累15例,包括斑片或实变表现、团块、多发结节、弥漫磨玻璃影、粟粒样病变;另外胸腔积液10例,心包积液4例,胸壁肿物2例;上述表现中有2种以上同时存在的患者18例.胸膜受累患者的胸腔积液外观呈黄色浑浊、血性或乳糜性,黏蛋白试验均阳性,比重1.031,白细胞6.72×10~9/L,淋巴细胞86%,中性粒细胞14%,蛋白31.4g/L,LDH 296 U/L,腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)67.4 U/L.外科手术活检确诊16例,其中浅表淋巴结活检确诊12例;超声或CT引导穿刺活检确诊5例;骨髓穿刺确诊1例;胸腔镜胸膜活检和纵隔镜纵隔肿物活检确诊各1例;经支气管镜黏膜活检确诊1例,而接受支气管镜气道黏膜活检和(或)经支气管肺活检(TBLB)确诊共8例.病理诊断除1例霍奇金淋巴瘤外,其余24例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.结论 伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤患者临床表现缺乏特异性,同时存在浅表或纵隔淋巴结肿大较为多见,血清学检查、胸腔积液性质和影像学检查亦有一定特点.浅表淋巴结手术活检是确诊淋巴瘤简便易行的方法;微创活检方法如超声或CT引导下浅表肿物、胸膜、肺、肝、脾、深部淋巴结活检及胸腔镜和纵隔镜胸膜、肺、纵隔病变活检亦具有较好的诊断价值,而经支气管镜获取气道黏膜和肺组织确诊率低.     

累及肺部的血管内淋巴瘤病一例并文献复习

目的 报道1例以肺部症状和体征为主要表现的血管内淋巴瘤病.方法 对2008年3月入住北京协和医院的36岁男性患者进行临床、影像学、病理组织学检查,明确诊断后行环磷酰胺+表柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松(CHOP)方案化疗.从文献中检索到14例以肺部症状和体征为主要表现,无皮肤和中枢神经系统临床表现的血管内淋巴瘤病.对15例的临床、影像学、病理组织学特点、治疗及预后进行总结.结果 患者以发热和肺部多发结节就诊,经开胸肺活检病理证实为T细胞性血管内淋巴瘤病,虽经CHOP方案化疗,但病情不断加重,诊断20 d后死亡.总结以肺部及呼吸系统症状和体征为主要表现的血管内淋巴瘤病主要见于老年人,年龄为36～79岁,中位年龄59岁;男11例,女4例;主要症状为气短(10/15)、发热(9/15)、咳嗽(5/15)、体重减轻(5/15)和乏力(2/15)等;肺功能检查以弥散功能障碍为主,可伴有不同程度的阻塞性通气功能障碍,1例有肺动脉高压,8例的血清乳酸脱氢酶升高.胸部CT示双肺弥漫性条索状阴影和(或)多发结节影,部分结节呈楔形,位于胸膜下,常伴有肺支气管血管束增粗.10例为B细胞性,3例为T细胞性,2例未区分细胞类型.有随访资料的B细胞性血管内淋巴瘤病6例,均行CHOP方案化疗,4例存活,2例死于呼吸衰竭;3例T细胞性血管内淋巴瘤病的预后均较差,经CHOP方案化疗的效果不佳,分别于诊断后20 d和3个月死亡.结论 以肺部症状和体征为主要表现的血管内淋巴瘤病较为少见,其临床症状无特异性,肺功能检查主要为弥散功能障碍,常伴有血清乳酸脱氢酶升高,胸部CT示双肺弥漫性条索状阴影和(或)多发结节影,部分结节呈楔形,位于胸膜下,常伴有肺支气管血管束增粗,纵隔肺门淋巴结无肿大.经支气管肺活检或开胸肺活检病理检查可明确诊断.     

原发性干燥综合征肺部CT表现及临床意义

目的 探讨原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者肺部CT表现及临床意义.方法 回顾性分析68例pSS患者肺部CT图像,观察各种病变的分布特征.用CT视觉评分方法定量分析肺内病变,并用二分类非条件Logistic回归分析探讨与pSS患者肺动脉高压(PAH)、抗SSB抗体阳性的关系.结果 68例pSS患者PAH 13例(19％),抗SSB抗体阳性25例(37％),肺部CT表现正常13例(19％),小叶间隔增厚、磨玻璃影、小叶内间质增厚在本组病例中出现的频率较高(＞40％).肺内病变分布具有周围分布、下肺分布为主的特点.小叶间隔增厚、囊性变与pSS患者PAH相关(OR=1.780、2.513,P＜0.05),囊性变与患者抗SSB抗体阳性有明显相关性(OR=10.530,P＜0.05).结论 肺部CT可以定量分析pSS肺损害的程度,并能为临床治疗及预后提供帮助.     

干燥综合征的肺部病变

干燥综合征(Sj?gren’s syndrome,SS)腺体外系统受累较常见,包括肺部病变。SS肺损害定义为出现呼吸道症状、肺功能异常或影像学异常等。患者表现各异,支气管炎和支气管扩张是常见的气道病变。SS合并间质性肺疾病是常见的肺部病变。另外,SS患者有患肺淋巴瘤的高风险,也可出现肺动脉高压、肺囊性病变、肺淀粉样变及胸膜受累等。基线评估SS患者肺部病变是必要的。目前关于SS合并肺损害的治疗尚缺乏大型、随机对照临床研究数据。进展性肺损害患者,糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂治疗是必要的。SS-肺动脉高压的治疗目前推荐靶向药物治疗为主。     

肺隐球菌病37例临床分析

目的分析肺隐球菌病(PC)患者的临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后,提高诊治水平。方法回顾分析37例确诊为肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,主要分析患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学特点、确诊方法及治疗情况。结果 37例患者中,男20例(54.1%),女17例(45.9%);原发性肺隐球菌病33例(89.2%),继发性4例(10.8%),合并基础疾病10例(27.0%)。患者主要症状为咳嗽(17例,45.9%)、胸痛(11例,29.7%)和发热(9例,24.3%)。影像学主要表现为肺部单发或多发结节/肿块29例(78.4%),主要分布在肺下叶(15例,51.7%)。外科手术组织病理学确诊16例;经皮穿刺肺活检19例,确诊18例(94.7%)。其35例患者接受治疗,治愈31例(88.6%),死亡4例(10.8%)。结论 PC患者临床症状、体征、实验室检查、影像学表现均无特异性,病情进展较缓和,易误诊。肺部结节/肿块是主要影像学表现。经皮肺穿刺活检术是重要确诊手段,氟康唑治疗效果好,继发性PC及合并隐球菌脑膜炎患者预后差。     

脓肿分枝杆菌群肺病16例临床表现及文献复习

目的 分析脓肿分枝杆菌群肺病的临床表现和对含头孢西丁治疗方案的疗效.方法 回顾性分析北京胸科医院新诊断的脓肿分枝杆菌群肺病16例的临床表现,以及全疗程克拉霉素和莫西沙星口服治疗,前12周增加头孢西丁和阿米卡星静脉滴注的强化治疗方案的疗效.结果 16例脓肿分枝杆菌群肺病患者中有14例为结节支气管扩张型,1例为上叶空洞型,1例为未分类型;影像学特点表现为多发微结节(14/16)、支气管扩张(14/16)、树芽征(13/16)、空洞(5/16)、肺实变(5/16)、结节(5/16)和肺体积缩小(3/16).5例采用含头孢西丁的强化治疗方案3个月,其中2例症状和影像学表现改善,痰分枝杆菌培养转阴;2例症状和影像学表现改善,但痰分枝杆菌未转阴;1例的症状、影像学表现和痰分枝杆菌培养均未改善,经后续的巩固治疗也未见改善.结论 脓肿分枝杆菌群肺病主要表现为结节支气管扩张型,以多发微结节、树芽征和支气管扩张为主要影像学表现,含头孢西丁的抗生素联合治疗方案对患者有一定疗效.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.