扩张器模拟法选择乳房假体

假体置入隆乳术开展已数十年 ,但对假体选择及术后乳房大小的预测 ,仍无一简单而经济、直观的方法。为此 ,1999～ 2 0 0 1年 ,我们将扩张器模拟法用于隆乳术前选择乳房假体体积及预测术后乳房大小 ,共应用 10 8例 ,取得良好效果。1　方法根据受术者经乳房下皱襞胸围尺寸及术后要求达到的乳罩杯型 ,初步选出术后适合乳罩。让受术者立于镜前 ,佩戴乳罩 ,将圆形扩张器放置于乳罩后 ,并向扩张器内注水。同时观察胸部隆起程度。至满意时 ,扩张器注水容积即为乳房假体体积的参考值。再根据受术者胖瘦、乳腺组织多少、皮肤弹性及置入层次等 ,适当增…     

假体容积的双重选择及假体上极胸大肌填充隆乳术

目的：探讨如何获得隆乳术后乳房的良好曲线。方法：应用乳房假体容积双重选择法，根据假体大小适当调节假体放置位置并行胸大肌部分剥离胸骨骨膜固定。结果：采用该法行隆乳术共113例，除2例受术者强烈要求选择较大的假体而造成术后乳房过假以外，111例均获得了较好的效果，术后乳房的曲线接近生理曲线。结论：综合应用假体大小选择的双重标准．放置位置的个体差异性选择及假体上极的胸大肌折叠充填，是一种改善隆乳术后乳房移行曲线差的良好方法。     

乳晕切口法解剖型假体隆乳术治疗轻度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体(又称泪滴型假体)隆乳术矫正轻度乳房下垂的可行性及临床效果。方法术前依据原乳房三维形态,测量胸乳距、乳房基底宽度、乳头至乳房下皱襞距离等数据,以确定所需采用的假体类型、容量及下垂乳房下皱襞距离,选用乳晕切口对36例轻度乳房下垂者应用麦格410解剖型假体行隆乳术。结果全部隆乳者术后乳房挺拔,下垂基本得到矫正,受术者均表满意。结论应用解剖型假体的隆乳术是目前矫正有增大乳房容积愿望的轻度乳房下垂者的最佳选择之一。     

应用三维扫描技术测量分析假体隆乳术后乳房形态变化的研究

目的 应用三维扫描技术准确客观地测量并分析隆乳术后乳房三维形态的变化。方法 双侧隆乳者18例（36只乳房）,均为圆形硅凝胶假体,采用胸肌下平面置入。假体体积平均为232．2ml,高度平均为3．46cm,其中低突型12只（h〈3．0cm）,中突型16只（3．0≤h＜4．0cm）,高突型8只（h≥4．0cm）。应用三维扫描仪采集术前及手术后1个月后的乳房三维图像,并用Geomagicl0．0软件测量乳房体积、突度、对称性等参数。结果 获得隆乳前后36只乳房的体积、突度等参数。术后乳房增加的体积与假体体积基本相当（P〉0．05）,乳房突度的增加值小于假体高度,术后乳房突度比预期突度（术前突度＋假体高度）减少12．9％,其中低型、中突型、高突型分别为5．2％、15．1％、20．2％。结论 三维扫描技术能在临床上简便、快捷、准确、非接触性地测量乳房的三维形态,为术前设计及术后评估提供科学性的指导,是理想的乳房形态测量工具。     

乳房体积测量器在乳房整形中的应用

目的 使两侧体积不等的乳房在行乳房整形术后获得对称、满意的效果。方法 使用自制的乳房体积测量器，应用计算乳房标准体积的方法，对隆乳和缩乳的患者进行测量并计算。从而选择不同容积的置入假体和切除不同体积的乳房组织。结果 本组32例患者，经过3个月至2年的随访．其中有2例单侧隆乳患者因原乳腺组织局部缺损，术后外形欠佳。其余患者术后两侧乳房的体积基本对称。效果较为理想。结论 术前只有较准确地测量出乳房体积，计算出既符合美学要求又能满足患者愿望的乳房体积，并选择适当容积的隆乳假体或切除适当体积的乳房组织。才能保证术后两侧乳房体积的对称。使手术效果更加理想。     

经乳晕不同层次假体置入矫正乳房不对称初步探讨

目的 针对各种原因的女性乳房不对称,采用不同大小和形状的假体分别置入两侧乳房不同组织层次的假体腔隙层面,以矫正乳房不对称.方法 采取乳晕下缘弧形切口,经乳腺下缘横行切开入路,按需要分离乳腺后各种不同组织层次的假体腔隙,置入术前选定的合适假体,调整两侧乳房大小、形态及手感达到对称一致.结果 术后均无感染和血肿发生,术后6个月内包膜挛缩发生率7%,均经及时、有效的按摩而消失.随访2～10年,两侧乳房基本对称,外形自然逼真,效果满意.结论 通过术前针对不同患者采取的个体化设计,经乳晕切口选择不同层次置入假体,可有效的解决假体隆乳术后不对称.     

隆乳术乳房假体容积的测算

以往隆乳术选择植入假体容积，常常仅凭经验、目测作粗略估算。为使手术效果既符合公认的美学要求，又能满足病人期望，希望找到一种较精确的计算乳房假体容积的方法。将近年来接受隆乳术病人的术前、术后乳房体表相关测量指标、乳房体积及假体容积等有关数据，经ＧＲＡＦＴＯＯＬ软件进行处理、分析，获得隆乳术病人术前、术后身高与胸围的关系曲线；术后胸围与术后双侧乳房总体积的关系曲线及回归方程。根据回归方程计算，再结合病人的身高、术前的胸围、乳房体积以及自己对术后乳房大小的要求，即可较精确地测算出植入假体的容积。这一计算方法，通过大量临床病例的验证，获得了满意的效果。     

乳房假体隆乳术后再次手术的临床分析

目的　总结乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因 ,以探索最佳的防治方法。　方法　从切口位置、放置层次、假体类型等多方面综合分析了 40例乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因。　结果　假体包膜挛缩是再次手术的主要原因 ,手术适应证过宽 ,假体质量低劣是术后并发症发生的主要原因。　结论　选用高质量的假体 ,严格手术适应证 ,提高对隆乳术相关知识的理解和掌握以及由专科医师实施手术是减少并发症的关键。乳晕内切口是乳房假体隆乳术以及假体置换术的最佳选择     

一种乳房体积测量器及其在隆乳术中应用

目的:设计一种乳房体积测量器,对其在隆乳术中的应用进行评价和探讨。方法:设计并自制乳房体积测量器,对隆乳的患者进行测量和计算,选择合适容积的乳房假体行隆乳术。结果:本组52例,41例乳房对称者,隆乳术后效果好;11例乳房不对称者,其中,8例术后乳房对称,效果好,2例有细小差异,1例因假体型号(直径和凸度)选择不当,术后乳房体积接近但直径和高度存在差别。结论:本乳房体积测量器准确合理、方便快捷,在隆乳术中对乳房假体容积的选择具有指导意义。     

经脐孔缘切口置人充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术

目的 探讨经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术的手术方法,为隆乳术提供新切口选择.方法 沿脐孔缘切口,采用特制专用器械分离皮下隧道至乳房下皱襞,然后穿进胸大肌后间隙,分离假体放置空间,先置人扩张器,充注生理盐水后,调整乳房形态以及扩张器位置.然后取出扩张器,更换为充注式生理盐水乳房假体而完成手术.结果 采用经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术者,均获得了良好的手术效果,无感染、血肿、假体渗水、Baker Ⅲ或Ⅳ级纤维囊挛缩等并发症发生.结论 采用生理盐水充注式乳房假体,经脐孔缘切口可以完成胸大肌下隆乳术,增加了隆乳手术切口的选择范围.     

硅凝胶假体隆乳753例术后早期随诊观察

目的：观察假体隆乳的效果及并发症情况，总结假体隆乳的经验。方法：分析753例假体隆乳者的效果及并发症率，总结手术方法、并发症的处理及术后治疗。结果：对6l8例进行了2～49个月的随访，其中并发症有纤维包膜挛缩、血肿、位置不正等，正确治疗后恢复良好，纤维包膜挛缩2例（0．32％）。结论：本丈所述假体隆乳方法效果良好，恰当地防治并发症能有效地提高假体隆乳的成功率。     

Augmentation Mastopexy with Implant and Autologous Tissue for Correction of Moderate/Severe Ptosis

Purpose: Breast augmentation combined with mastopexy is associated with a significantly higher complication rate than augmentation alone. The combination of mastopexy and breast implants has revealed a moderate recurrence of breast ptosis in many patients particularly with use of medium to large implants. Ptosis is the “bottoming out” of the breast tissue with loss of the desired roundness, due to the ptosis of the breast implant and the mammary tissue. In this study, we hypothesize the need for careful planning and careful preoperative surgical execution to minimize this complication. Patients and Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2011, augmentation mastopexy with implant and autologous tissue (“double implant”) was performed for 25 patients with grade III mammary ptosis. All patients underwent inverted-T mastopexy with supramuscular moderately cohesive gel breast implant using an inferior-based flap of de-epitelialized dermoglandular tissue and a superior-based nipple-areola complex pedicle. Results: An inferior-based flap of deepithelialized dermoglandular tissue was used to stabilize the implant and is projection. Breast lifting was performed through a strong anchorage to fascia and to muscle of second intercostal space, improving the profile of the breast. Results were analyzed, no breast ptosis recurrence was noted at 30-month follow-up. Conclusions: Our technique presents the challenge of determining the amount of excess skin to be removed after implantation to create symmetry and provide for skin tightening without compromising tissue vascularization.     

Augmentation Mammoplasty Using the Retrofascia Approach

In augmentation mammoplasty, the selection of placement for implants is based on the characteristics of each patient and the tissue conditions to ensure an optimal covering of these. The location must not be arbitrarily based on the preferences of the surgeon and the patient, but must ensure adequate tissue covering, thus minimizing shorts and long-term risks. Retromammary, retropectoral, and total and mixed retromuscular implants have been used. The retrofascia location of the mammary prosthesis reported in this article was described for the first time in the year 2000. This retrofascia technique refers to the collocation of the implant behind the fascia and in front of the pectoralis major muscle with the goal of achieving proper covering and good support of the implant. This is a nonrandomized prospective study investigated 110 cases of mammary hypoplasia and ptosis levels 1 and 2 from October 2001 to October 2002 with an average follow-up period of 1 year. Periareolar incisions were used in the retrofascia collocation of the mammary implant. The types of implants used included texturized silicone gel (85%) and smooth silicone gel (15%). As demonstrated by the findings, this surgical technique can achieve a good support to keep the prosthesis in an adequate position, maintaining the superior pole with a very natural projection. The incidence of complications was 7.6%, the most frequent of which was capsular contracture (3.53%).     

选择性COX-2抑制剂减少硅凝胶假体置入后包膜形成的实验研究

目的：探讨选择性环氧化酶（Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）抑制剂对硅凝胶假体置入后包膜形成的影响。方法：20只雌性新西兰白兔,随机分为2组,于胸肌下置入15ml光面硅凝胶假体,实验组每天饮用含有选择性COX-2抑制剂Celecoxib的蒸馏水,对照组饮用相同容量的蒸馏水。于术后第14、28、60天切取包膜组织,分别做免疫组化检测包膜中COX-2、TGF—β1及α-SMA含量;术后第60天切取包膜组织行HE染色,并以Image—pro—plus软件测量包膜厚度。结果：术后60天,实验组包膜厚度明显薄于对照组,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;术后14天及28天,实验组COX-2和TGF—β1表达明显弱于对照组：术后60天,实验组α-SMA表达弱于对照组。结论：选择性COX-2抑制剂对硅凝胶假体置入后包膜形成有抑制作用。     

骨内种植体178例临床应用研究及同顾

目的:探讨178例患者进行268颗人工牙种植成功因素.方法:采用卫生部口腔种植中心(CDIC)生产的螺旋状种植体和德国贝格公司(BEGO)生产的柱状种植体进行了268颗人工牙种植.结果:随访观察1～10年,成功260颗,占97%:失败8颗,占3%.取得了满意的临床疗效.结论:人工牙种植体修复取得长期成功的关键在于种植体材料的生物相容性、金属机械性能,病例选择,术前周密计划,手术操作技术,以及牙种植体的修复系统等有关.     

Facilitated Exposure of the Internal Mammary Artery in Minimally Invasive Direct-Vision CABG

A method is described to facilitate harvesting of the mammary artery in minimally invasive direct-vision coronary artery bypass grafting using a 10-cm anterior thoracotomy. Hoisting of the anterior thoracic wall with a modified retractor allows good exposure. Harvesting the mammary artery without the use of endoscopic tools was successful in all 10 cases.     

植物油乳房假体隆乳术后相关变化观察

目的：观察并总结植物油乳房假体置入体内后临床表现变化、假体变化以及假体包膜的组织病理变化。方法：对植物油假体隆乳术后的患者进行临床体检而后实施假体取出或更换，肉眼观察假体变化并对假体包膜进行组织学观察。结果：共16例(32只假体)，假体置入术后1～6年，1例单例出现红肿疼痛炎性表现，Baker’s包膜挛缩分级5例Ⅳ级，9例Ⅲ级，2例Ⅱ级，肉眼见包膜明显增厚，包膜腔有明显渗出液伴难闻气味，假体随置入时间延长出现明显皱缩变形，内容物稠厚有腐败气味，对4例包膜进行组织病理检查显示胶原纤维明显增多，包膜增厚。结论：植物油假体在置入人体后随时间延长会出现明显内容物外渗、内容物变质、假体变形、包膜增厚，可引起感染，影响术后美容效果并明显危及患者人身安全，应尽早取出。     

Immunohistochemical characterization of the perivascular infiltrate cells in tissues adjacent to stainless steel implants compared with titanium implants

Metallic orthopaedics implants are composed of elements that are known to be skin sensitizers in the general population. In this study, we analyzed the cells of perivascular infiltration in the tissue adjacent to titanium (n = 23) and steel (n = 8) implants after explantation of the metals by immunohistochemical methods. The following panel of monoclonal antibodies were used as parameters: CD 1a (Langerhans cells), CD 4 (T-helper cells), CD 8 (T-suppressor cells), CD 11c (monocytes and macrophages), CD 45 RO (memory cells), CD 45 RA (naive cells), eosinophil cationic proteins (ECP), neutrophil elastase, and HLA-DR. The number of perivascular total cells did not differ significantly. All cells were identified in both metal subgroups, but a statistical difference was not seen in the above-mentioned parameters. We conclude that sensitization to metals is possible in the tissue adjacent to steel and titanium implants, because all cells which play an important role in allergic delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV) reactions are present. This phenomenon may be called a ‘pre-sensitization’ phase, because no sensitization or allergic reactions were seen in our cases. Second, in the present study, a statistical difference was not seen in the number of infiltrate cells in the tissue adjacent to steel compared with titanium implants. Received: 6 November 1999     

Atlas and Histologic Classification of Tumors of the Rat Mammary Gland

Studies performed in experimental animal models have demonstrated that mammary cancer is a complex multistep process that can be induced either by chemicals, radiation, viruses, or genetic factors. Rodent models have been useful for dissecting the initiation, promotion, and progression steps of mammary carcinogenesis. Chemically induced mammary tumors, such as those induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, are, in general, hormone-dependent adenocarcinomas whose incidence, number of tumors per animal, tumor latency, and tumor type are influenced by the age, reproductive history, and endocrinologic milieu of the host at the time of carcinogen exposure as well as by diet and the dose of carcinogen administered. There is a need to classify tumors according to their histopathological type because those characteristics have implications in the interpretation of experimental data. In the classification presented here we attempt to provide a working framework for diagnosis of the type of lesions found in the mammary glands of rats treated with chemical carcinogens or radiation and to clarify criteria for establishing the basic biological characteristics of tumors.