Superior oblique tendon expanders with inferior rectus recessions for chin-up null point nystagmus.

Three patients with chin-up head postures caused by a nystagmus null point in downgaze were treated using bilateral superior oblique tendon expanders and inferior rectus muscle recessions. Preoperative chin-up head postures measured from 25 to 45 degrees. Postoperatively, 2 patients had complete resolution of their abnormal vertical head postures, and the third showed improvement.     

Unilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy and recession in the treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: The comparable long-term outcomes of inferior oblique muscle myectomy and recession for the treatment of superior oblique underaction (in primary position and straight right and left gaze) have not been well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinally these two procedures in a similar, patient population with binocular single vision, when both operations were performed by the same surgeon, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. METHODS: A total of 24 patients who randomly underwent either a unilateral myectomy (at the temporal border of the inferior rectus muscle) or a standard recession for inferior oblique muscle overaction associated with long-standing superior oblique underaction were evaluated preoperatively at 2 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months postoperatively by the same orthoptist. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients met the study criteria, (12 myectomies and 11 recessions). All but one patient had demonstrable binocular single vision. The average preoperative hyperdeviation in contralateral gaze was 26.5 prism dioptres (Delta) in the myectomies and 20 Delta in the recessions. This was reduced at 12 months postoperatively to 1.75 Delta in the myectomies and to 3 Delta in the recessions. Both procedures were largely self-grading, so that the larger the preoperative hyperdeviation, the greater the effect of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Single inferior oblique muscle-weakening procedures were effective in the vast majority of patients, even when the preoperative primary position hyperdeviation was 15 Delta or more. An improvement occurred in both groups immediately after surgery and in many throughout the follow-up period represented by a continuing drift towards orthotropia, but there was a recurrence of the hyperdeviation in some of the recession patients.     

One stage vertical rectus muscle recession using adjustable sutures under local anaesthesia.

AIMS: To assess the results of visual axis alignment following one stage adjustable suture surgery to correct vertical diplopia. METHOD: Eight patients with a mean age of 44.9 years (range 16-80 years) complaining of vertical diplopia underwent rectus muscle recession under local anaesthesia with intraoperative adjustment of sutures. Diplopia was secondary to superior oblique paresis in four patients, dysthyroid eye disease in two patients, superior rectus paresis in one patient, and one developed a consecutive deviation after previous squint surgery. The surgery consisted of seven single muscle recessions (six inferior recti and one superior rectus) and one two muscle recession (inferior and lateral recti). The surgery was performed under topical anaesthesia supplemented with a subconjunctival injection of local anaesthetic over the muscle insertions. RESULTS: The patients remained comfortable throughout their surgery. All had a reduction in their vertical deviation. Six were asymptomatic and were eventually discharged. One had residual diplopia which was well tolerated without further intervention. One had persistent troublesome diplopia which was corrected by temporary Fresnel prisms. He became asymptomatic after further surgery of a 1 mm inferior rectus advancement. CONCLUSION: One stage adjustable suture surgery is recommended in all cases of strabismus surgery when postoperative results would otherwise be unpredictable.     

分离性垂直斜视手术治疗的临床观察

探讨分离性垂直斜视有效的手术治疗方法。 方法:回顾性分析38例61眼分离性垂直斜视患者行上直肌大量后徙,合并下斜肌亢进者同时行下斜肌后徙转位术的临床资料。观察术后效果。 结果:术后满意46眼,满意率75%,术后改善14眼,改善率23%,无效1眼。 结论:上直肌大量后徙术和下斜肌后徙转位术是治疗分离性垂直斜视的有效方法。合并有下斜肌亢进者,首选下斜肌后徙转位术,无下斜肌亢进者,首选上直肌后徙术。     

Outcomes of surgical management in adults with unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of surgical management in adult patients with unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 82 patients who underwent surgical correction at the Department of Strabismology, Cracow Eye Hospital over a 20 years period (1982-2003) was done. The patients were divided into 2 groups: congenital (group I) and acquired (group II) of superior oblique muscle palsy. Group I consisted of 43, group II of 39 patients. The mean age at surgery was 34 years in the congenital and 38 years in the acquired group. Preoperative and postoperative vertical deviation and excycloduction was measured in diagnostic positions of gaze using a major synoptoscope. RESULTS: There were a total of 97 operations: inferior oblique muscle recession was performed in 61 patients, superior oblique muscle tuck in 33, contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession in 1 patient, superior rectus muscle recession in 1 patient and inferior rectus muscle resection in 1 patient. 83% of patients underwent muscle surgery once, 16% were operated twice and 1 patient was operated three times. An average of 1.1 surgeries were performed per patient in the congenital group and 1.2 in the acquired group. In both groups, in all diagnostic positions of gaze, the mean preoperative vertical deviation in patients operated twice was found to be significantly greater than in patients operated once. There was no such relationship found for excyclotorsion. In both groups high and statistically significant correlation was found between the amount of vertical deviation and excyclotorsion before treatment and their reduction in the inferior oblique muscle recession group. For the superior oblique muscle tuck, such a relationship was found only in the acquired group. For both groups (congenital and acquired) recession of the inferior oblique muscle was found to be more effective than superior oblique muscle tuck in the reduction of vertical deviation and excyclotorsion for primary position, downward gaze and downward gaze in adduction. Only in upward gaze in adduction the superior oblique muscle tuck, proved to be more effective than inferior oblique muscle recession. Hypercorrection (vertical and torsional) was found only in the upper field of binocular gaze. Postoperative Brown's syndrome was found to be more frequent after a superior oblique muscle tuck than after recession of the inferior oblique muscle. The risk of postoperative Brown's syndrome after the superior oblique muscle tuck was particularly high in the congenital group. CONCLUSIONS: Recession of the inferior oblique muscle was found to be not only more effective but also safer than superior oblique muscle tuck.     

分离性垂直斜视手术探讨

目的探讨分离性垂直斜视(Dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)的有效手术方法。方法对40例58眼DVD根据双眼视力状况,双眼上斜程度及合并其他类型斜视进行综合分析,设计手术。双眼DVD不伴有下斜肌功能亢进者,若双眼视力良好,且上斜程度相等者做双眼上直肌等量后徙术;双眼上斜程度不等者做双眼上直肌不等量后徙或先做上斜明显眼手术。若单眼弱视明显先做弱视眼手术。单眼DVD,仅做单眼手术。伴有下斜肌功能亢进者做下斜肌缩短4-5mm后徙转位术。DVD合并水平斜视者,尽可能一期完成。否则,先矫正水平斜视,6个月后行DVD矫正术。上直肌后徙按1mm矫正3Δ计算,最大后徙量为8mm。结果40例58眼DVD,50眼满意(85．21％), 8眼好转(13．79％)。结论对不伴有下斜肌功能亢进的DVD行上直肌超常量后徙术疗效满意;伴有下斜肌功能亢进的DVD行下斜肌缩短4-5mm后徙转位术疗效满意。     

Four-muscle surgery for infantile esotropia with V-pattern

Inferior oblique overaction is frequently seen with infantile esotropia. In patients with infantile esotropia and V-pattern with moderate to large inferior oblique overactions, the oblique weakening can be combined with horizontal muscle surgery. Eighteen patients with infantile esotropia and V-pattern underwent bilateral inferior oblique recessions with bilateral 5.0-mm medial rectus recessions. Sixty-one patients with infantile esotropia underwent bilateral 5.0-mm medial rectus recessions alone. At 2 years' follow-up, the patients who had undergone medial rectus recessions alone showed, on average, 12.9 dioptres more reduction in esodeviation at distance and 13.4 dioptres more reduction at near in primary position than did those who had undergone 4-muscle surgery (P = 0.03). Only 2 of the 18 patients (11%) who had undergone 4-muscle surgery developed an A-pattern postoperatively.     

不同临床特点的分离性垂直偏斜手术疗效

探讨不同临床特点的分离性垂直偏斜（DVD）的手术方式及其疗效以期提高治疗效果。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。收集青岛眼科医院2013年1月到2016年12月期间诊断为DVD上斜明显并行上直肌手术的患者共49例。根据双眼上斜程度不等对患者进行分组,设计手术量,并对手术疗效进行分析。A组：双眼上斜≥20△,上斜程度差别<5△,共18例;B组：双眼上斜≥20△,双眼上斜程度差别≥5△,共14例;C组：一眼上斜≥20△,另一眼上斜<5△,共17例。C组的上斜<5△是指仅有微小上转动度或未引出上斜。C组根据手术方式不同分为C1组（双眼手术）和C2组（单眼手术）。手术指征： A组：上斜程度明显影响外观,双眼上斜程度基本相等,上斜度数≥20△者,行双眼上直肌等量的大量后徙7～10 mm;B组：双眼上斜程度不等,上斜度数较大眼,行大量上直肌后徙7～10 mm,另一眼上直肌后徙为5～6 mm;C1组：一眼明显上斜者行其后徙7～10 mm,另一眼则后徙4 mm（10例）, C2组：只一眼行矫正手术（7例）。2组独立样本比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。结果：所有患者术后均未出现睑裂明显不等的变化。A组患者手术满意度为94%。B组患者手术满意度为93%。C1组行双眼手术者,手术满意度为100%。C2组行单眼手术者,手术满意度仅为29%。对C1和C2组进行比较,满意度差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.656,P<0.001）。结论：DVD是双眼性疾病,根据分离以及上斜程度是否相同,可行双眼上直肌等量及不等量的后徙。即便一眼无明显上斜,仍须按不等量手术设计给予最小量的上直肌后徙,若仅行明显上斜眼手术则易引起对侧眼术后上斜视和反转性的代偿头位。     

Surgery for the treatment of vertical head posturing associated with infantile nystagmus syndrome: results in 24 patients

Background: The study of the clinical and electrophysiological effects of eye muscle surgery on patients with infantile nystagmus has broadened our knowledge of the disease and its interventions. Design: Prospective, comparative, interventional case series. Participants: Twenty‐four patients with a vertical head posture because of electrophysiologically diagnosed infantile nystagmus syndrome. The ages ranged from 2.5 to 38 years and follow up averaged 14.0 months. Methods: Thirteen patients with a chin‐down posture had a bilateral superior rectus recession, inferior oblique myectomy and a horizontal rectus recession or tenotomy. Those 11 with a chin‐up posture had a bilateral superior oblique tenectomy, inferior rectus recession and a horizontal rectus recession or tenotomy. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included: demography, eye/systemic conditions and preoperative and postoperative; binocular, best optically corrected, null zone acuity, head posture, null zone foveation time and nystagmus waveform changes. Results: Associated conditions were strabismus in 66%, ametropia in 96%, amblyopia in 46% and optic nerve, foveal dysplasia or albinism in 54%. Null zone acuity increased at least 0.1 logMAR in 20 patients (P < 0.05 group mean change). Patients had significant (P < 0.05) improvements in degrees of head posture, average foveation time in milliseconds and infantile nystagmus syndrome waveform improvements. Conclusions: This study illustrates a successful surgical approach to treatment and provides expectations of ocular motor and visual results after vertical head posture surgery because of an eccentric gaze null in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome.     

Surgical results in highly asymmetric dissociated vertical deviations

The effect of surgery in highly asymmetric dissociated vertical deviations (DVD) was evaluated in 13 patients. All the patients had a moderate or large DVD (more than 15 PD) in one eye with a latent or very small (less than 5 PD) DVD in the fellow eye. As there was no strong fixation preference in either of the two eyes of the patients before surgery, bilateral surgery was performed. Eleven patients underwent surgery which consisted of conventional (3-5 mm) superior rectus (SR) recession combined with posterior fixation sutures placed 13 mm from the original insertion in the eye with moderate or large DVD, with posterior fixation sutures alone in the eye with minimal or latent DVD. In the remaining two patients, bilateral conventional SR recessions were combined with posterior fixation sutures. The mean follow-up was eight months. A cure was defined as latency or elimination of the hyperdeviation and was noted in five patients, two of whom had undergone bilateral SR recessions with posterior fixation sutures. All the remaining eight patients developed a cosmetically unacceptable moderate or large DVD (more than 15 PD) in the eye that had a very small DVD prior to surgery, two of them having a manifest comitant hypertropia postoperatively in addition to the DVD, demonstrating overcorrections with the previously elevated eye now in a hypotropic position. Performing posterior fixation sutures alone to the eye with a very small DVD does not seem to be effective in the surgical treatment of DVD; combining posterior fixation sutures with a recession of the SR muscle seems to be a more reasonable approach.     

Marginal myotomy of the minimally overacting inferior oblique muscle in asymmetric bilateral superior oblique palsies.

PURPOSE: We report the surgical results of marginal myotomy of a minimally overacting inferior oblique muscle in conjunction with traditional recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle in 10 patients with asymmetric bilateral superior oblique palsies and asymmetric inferior oblique overaction. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with bilateral superior oblique palsies had a hypertropia in primary position (5-28 PD) and unequal inferior oblique overaction (0 to +2 in the lesser overacting inferior oblique muscle, +2 to +4 in the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle). Reversal of the hypertropia was noted in ipsilateral oblique upgaze. All patients underwent a recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle and a marginal myotomy of the lesser overacting inferior oblique muscle. RESULTS: Seven patients had no vertical deviation in primary position, 2 patients had a residual hypertropia of 2 to 3 PD, and 1 patient had a residual hypertropia of 8 PD. The abnormal head position present preoperatively in 8 patients was eliminated or greatly improved after surgery. Postoperatively all but 1 inferior oblique overaction was graded as 0 to trace. Mean follow-up time was 19 months (range, 1.5-68 months). CONCLUSIONS: In bilateral superior oblique palsies with asymmetric inferior oblique overaction, a mildly overacting inferior oblique muscle can be corrected by marginal myotomy, combined with a recession or myectomy of the greater overacting inferior oblique muscle. This procedure can reduce or eliminate the hypertropia in primary position while minimizing the possibility of residual inferior oblique overaction.     

Is combined surgical correction of horizontal and vertical squint of value in graves' ophthalmopathy?

BACKGROUND: In Graves' ophthalmopathy squint can be corrected in about two-thirds of the patients with a single recession of an inferior or medialis rectus muscle. The dose-effect correlation is linear over a wide range. Combined vertical and convergent misalignments are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-effects in combined recessions of medialis and inferior rectus muscles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dose-effect of combined recessions (one side medialis and inferior n = 28, both sides medialis and one side inferior n = 9) was evaluated. The control groups were patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, who had single inferior recession (n = 187), single medialis recession (n = 37) and bilateral medialis recession (n = 44). RESULTS: Small hypotropias (up to 5 degrees ) at the eye with the poorer abduction disappear after single (17 of 21) or bilateral (11 of 19) medialis recessions. This obvious influence of horizontal recession on the vertical angle leads to a higher dose-effect for the inferior recessions in combined surgery, and was stronger for bilateral cases (from 2.0 degrees to 2.7 degrees /mm recession) than for unilateral cases (from 2.0 degrees to 2.2 degrees /mm recession). The dose-effect for medialis recession in combined surgery increased for the unilateral procedures only from 1.7 degrees to 1.8 degrees /mm recession and not for the bilateral medialis recession. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-effect for combined medialis and inferior recessions is enhanced and varies to a much higher degree in comparison to single muscle recessions. Because of the higher variability, patients who need both medialis and inferior recession should be better operated in separate sessions, beginning with the horizontal muscle(s).     

Anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscles in patients with missing superior oblique tendons.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with missing superior oblique (SO) tendons present with overelevation/underdepression in adduction. Unilateral cases often exhibit abnormal head postures, whereas in bilateral cases, there may be a marked V-pattern with upgaze exotropia. These patients may have craniosynostosis. METHODS: Nine children with unilateral (n = 2) or bilateral (n = 7) absent SO tendons underwent anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique (IO) muscles, some in combination with horizontal rectus recession for horizontal strabismus. They were evaluated 6 to 46 months postoperatively for alignment and oculomotor examination. Cyclodeviations were not evaluated in most children. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all patients improved. Both unilateral cases were orthotropic with no abnormal head posture. In the bilateral cases, vertical deviation in adduction and exotropia in upgaze had largely cleared, although some symptoms remained, most notably vertical deviation in side gaze (3 patients) and V-pattern esotropia in downgaze (2 patients). A patient missing both SO tendons as well as the left superior rectus muscle, who had the anterior and nasal transposition on the right side only, remained with 25(Delta) left hypotropia. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior and nasal transposition of the IO muscle reduces overelevation in adduction and helps eliminate or reduce divergence of the eyes in upgaze, but esodeviation may persist in downgaze. This procedure was most effective in unilateral absence of the SO tendon. It is likely to benefit patients with severe congenital fourth nerve palsy in which standard IO muscle weakening procedures have been ineffective.     

Vertical rectus muscle transposition for bilateral Duane syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Augmented transposition of the superior and inferior rectus muscles to the lateral rectus muscle is effective surgical treatment for esotropia in unilateral Duane syndrome. Medial rectus muscle recession in bilateral Duane syndrome may increase the risk of consecutive exotropia and cause limitation to adduction postoperatively. Vertical rectus muscle transposition may be useful in bilateral Duane syndrome with esotropia. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 11 patients with bilateral Duane syndrome and esotropia in primary position. All patients had vertical rectus muscle transpositions. Six patients had unilateral vertical rectus transpositions (2 eyes with and 4 without suture augmentation). Twelve eyes from 7 children (2 unilateral and 5 bilateral) had transpositions augmented with posterior fixation sutures. Posterior fixation suture were added to large deviations in patients without prior medial rectus recessions. RESULTS: The preoperative esotropia at distance was 22.8 +/- 6.3 prism diopters (PD). It reduced to 2.0 +/- 6.7 PD postoperatively. (P < 0.001) Esotropia at near changed from 21.0 +/- 5.8 PD preoperatively to 1.2 +/- 8.1 PD postoperatively. (P < 0.001) One patient with a 10-degree face turn had complete resolution postoperatively. One patient had a small undercorrection and developed a vertical deviation requiring additional surgery. All patients had improvement in abduction. Nine of 11 patients did not develop any limitation to adduction. One patient developed a -1 adduction deficit 5 years later. Three patients achieved fusion with a mean stereovision of 67 seconds of arc (range, 80-40 seconds.). Follow-up averaged 22.2 months (range, 1-100 months). CONCLUSION: Vertical rectus muscle transposition in patients with bilateral Duane syndrome and esotropia is an effective procedure to improve ocular alignment and motility while preserving adduction.     

隐匿性双眼上斜肌麻痹性斜视的临床特征和手术治疗

目的探讨双侧隐匿性双眼上斜肌麻痹性斜视的临床特点和诊疗方法。方法对1999年1月至2003年12月住院行手术治疗的7例双侧隐匿性双眼上斜肌麻痹性斜视患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察患者手术前、后的代偿头位、原在位垂直偏斜度数、上斜肌和下斜肌功能状况的变化情况。结果全部患者首次就诊时头均向健侧肩倾斜,均诊断为单侧上斜肌麻痹性斜视,原在位平均上斜视度数为19．7^△（6^△-30^△）,麻痹眼下斜肌功能亢进程度为＋2～＋4,上斜肌功能不足程度为-1或-2,对侧眼上、下斜肌功能未见明显异常。第1次手术2例患者选择单纯下斜肌减弱术,5例患者选择下斜肌前转位联合同侧上直肌后退术,术后原在位平均上斜视度数为12．0^△（0^△～20^△）。术后1周至4年内全部患者对侧眼均出现不同程度的上斜肌麻痹表现,下斜肌功能亢进程度为＋2或＋3,上斜肌功能不足程度为0或-1。全部患者均在第1次手术后4个月至4年内接受第2次手术,术后原在位平均上斜视度数为2．3^△（0^△-7^△）,眼位矫正效果较为满意。结论双侧隐匿性双眼上斜肌麻痹性斜视难以在第1次手术前确诊,对于单侧上斜肌麻痹性斜视患者术前应考虑到对侧眼存在上斜肌麻痹的可能。下斜肌减弱手术与垂直肌后退术宜分期进行。第1次手术后当对侧眼隐匿的麻痹症状明显表现时,应考虑行第2次矫正手术。     

“Inverted Brown pattern”: A tight inferior oblique muscle masquerading as a superior oblique muscle underaction—clinical characteristics and surgical management

PURPOSE: To characterize, and evaluate the surgical management of, patients with unilateral deficiency of depression in adduction, suggesting superior oblique muscle underaction, without significant ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction. METHODS: Such patients were identified who also had received either ipsilateral inferior oblique (IO) muscle weakening or contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession. Their histories, motility patterns, intraoperative findings, types of strabismus surgery, and postoperative results were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified with unilateral deficiency of depression in adduction, with no or minimal ipsilateral IO muscle overaction. Three of these patients (25%) had previously had surgery for Brown syndrome. Four (33%) had prior orbital floor trauma. On exaggerated forced duction testing recorded for nine patients, a tight IO muscle was recorded in 78%, with no laxity of the superior oblique tendon. Four patients (33%) underwent contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession, but in all four the deficiency of depression in adduction recurred. The other eight (67%) had an IO muscle weakening procedure and achieved overall improvement of ocular alignment. Nine subsequent patients with a similar pattern of misalignment were each managed with an IO weakening procedure, with good results. CONCLUSIONS: This motility pattern, which we are calling an "inverted Brown pattern," is caused by a tight or inelastic IO muscle. In such cases, IO muscle weakening yields better results than contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession, even though there is no significant IO muscle overaction preoperatively.     

Kestenbaum procedure on the vertical rectus muscles with simultaneous compensation of the induced cyclodeviation for nystagmus patients with chin-up or chin-down head posture

Background

Kestenbaum surgery is performed for nystagmus-related abnormal head posture, and symmetrically changes the position of both eyes to shift the null point to the primary position. Most patients with infantile nystagmus have their null point zone in a lateral gaze position. Less frequently, surgery can be performed to reduce chin-up or chin-down head posture. We report indications for, and the results of eight consecutive interventions performed according to the Kestenbaum principle for the reduction of a chin-up or chin-down head posture.

Methods

In a retrospective study, the clinical findings for eight patients who consecutively underwent treatment in the University Eye Hospital of Cologne between 2001 and 2007 were investigated. The patients were aged 6 to 16 years; median age was 6.5 years. For all patients, surgery was to correct a chin-up or chin-down head posture due to infantile nystagmus. Preoperatively, five patients showed a chin-down, three a chin-up head posture. All vertical rectus muscles were recessed or tucked between 6 and 7 mm; the resulting cyclodeviation was reduced by an intervention on the superior oblique muscles (6 to 8 mm tucking, in the case of chin-down, or recession in the case of chin-up head posture).

Results

Surgery was successful in seven of the eight patients, with a reduction of the vertical head posture to less than 10°. In the cases of chin-down posture, head posture was reduced to between 0° and a maximum of 20° in one case postoperatively (before the operation 20° to 35°); in the cases of chin-up posture, to less than 8° (before the operation 25° to 35°). One case showed no postoperative improvement in chin-down posture but a head turn to the left of up to 20°; another case had a remaining chin-up posture of 8° with a right turn of 15°. Binocular vision was better or the same in all cases after surgery.

Conclusion

For nystagmus patients with chin-up or chin-down head posture, surgery for bilateral parallel shifting of the eyes can considerably improve the head posture. It is possible to compensate the induced cyclodeviation at the same time by bilateral surgery on the superior oblique muscles.     

下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜

目的:观察下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)。方法:下斜肌前置移位于下直肌附着点颞侧前2mm或下直肌附着点颞侧成一直线处,同时矫正水平斜视。结果:患者8例11眼中,术前6眼DVD程度是1+,术后DVD消失;术前3眼DVD程度是2+,术后2眼垂直斜视消失,1眼DVD程度为1+;术前2眼DVD程度是3+,术后1眼DVD程度为1+,1眼为2+。所有患者下斜肌均不亢进。结论:下斜肌前置移位是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD的有效方式,无明显副作用。     

Modified Inferior Oblique Transposition Considering the Equator for Primary Inferior Oblique Overaction (IOOA) Associated with Dissociated Vertical Deviation (DVD)

Purpose: Inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) should be done only in patients with inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) without fusional potential because the procedure can cause anti-elevation syndrome. This study reports the results of modified inferior oblique transposition onto the equator in 7 patients diagnosed with infantile exotropia or esotropia associated with IOOA and DVD.

Methods: We performed modified inferior oblique (IO) transposition onto or considering the equator on 7 patients who had infantile exotropia or esotropia associated with IOOA and DVD. Five patients had infantile exotropia, and the other two patients had infantile esotropia. Six patients had undergone bilateral rectus -- Bilateral Lateral Rectus (BLR) or Bilateral Medial Rectus (BMR) -- recession previously and one patient underwent BLR recession and IO transposition simultaneously. They had more than +1.5 IOOA with DVD in both eyes. IO was transposed vertically onto the equator in this study. The mean distance between the lateral border of the inferior rectus insertion and the equator was 5.6?mm (range: 4.5 to 6.5?mm). Three months after the operation, degree of IOOA and DVD in each eye was evaluated.

Results: IOOA and DVD were markedly reduced in all patients (+0.5 ～+1 for IOOA postoperatively). Mild contralateral IOOA was noted but the motility disturbance was successfully corrected in all cases postoperatively.

Conclusion: Bilateral IO transposition onto the equator could minimize antielevation and corrected IOOA and DVD successfully in patients with infantile exotropia or esotropia.     

上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗

目的探讨上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方式。方法采用减弱下斜肌、上或下直肌的减弱和加强手术,矫正斜视手术。结果经过斜视手术后,垂直眼位、水平眼位、代偿头位多数获得满意矫正。结论减弱上斜肌的直接对抗肌下斜肌手术是治疗上斜肌麻痹的主要手段。