彩色多普勒超声心动图对川崎病急性期冠状动脉病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图在川崎病所致的冠状动脉病变中的诊断价值。方法 对138例川崎病患儿进行二维彩色多普勒超声心动图检查，测量各冠状动脉内径及显示长度，观察冠状动脉内膜及腔内透声情况。结果 发现川崎病患儿冠状动脉不同程度病变71例，其中冠状动脉扩张52例，冠状动脉瘤15例，巨大冠状动脉瘤4例。结论 彩色多普勒超声心动图对川崎病冠状动脉病变的诊断及随访具有安全、简便、可靠、迅速、定位准确、重复性好的优点，为最佳的无创检查方法，具有重要的临床价值。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断川崎病冠状动脉损害及远期随访

目的 探讨川崎病（KD）患儿冠状动脉损害的发生及恢复期变化特点。方法 采用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查川崎病患儿388例,对伴冠状动脉损害者进行远期随访。结果 冠状动脉损害168例（43.3%）,随访6个月-5年,超声心动图显示冠状动脉扩张组106例冠状动脉全部恢复正常;中小型冠状动脉瘤组82.4%（42/51例）冠状动脉恢复正常;巨大型冠状动脉瘤组11例无一恢复正常。不同年龄组间冠状动脉损害率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 川崎病急性期冠状动脉扩张多可恢复;大部分中小型冠状动脉瘤改变可恢复;但巨大型冠状动脉瘤可长期存在。〈1岁年龄组冠状动脉瘤发生率较高。     

组织多普勒超声心动图检测川崎病患儿急性期心脏功能

川崎病（Kawasaki disease,KD）是好发于婴幼儿的全身性血管炎,可导致心肌缺血性损伤和心肌炎。多普勒超声心动图是诊断KD的主要依据之一,包括急性期的节段性室壁运动异常、冠状动脉（简称冠脉）瘤等。我们探讨应用组织多普勒显像（doppler tissue imaging,DTI）检测KD急性期患儿的心脏节段运动,评价心脏功能。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图检测小儿川畸病冠状动脉病变

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断和监测川畸病冠状动脉病变的价值。方法：采用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测川畸病患儿心脏。结果：31例川畸病患儿检出冠状动脉病变19例(61%),其中冠状动脉扩张17例,冠状动脉瘤2例,合并心包少量积液2例,三尖瓣返流3例。累及左冠状动脉主干(LCA)19例,右冠状动脉(RCA)15例,左前降支(LAD)9例,左旋支(LCX)4例。以LCA+LAD及LCA+RCA或LCA+RCA+LAD组合受累形式常见。结论：彩色多普勒超声心动图在诊断小儿川畸病并发心血管损伤,判断病情、指导治疗及估计预后方面具有重要作用。     

超声心动图和64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在川崎病冠状动脉瘤随访中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图和64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像（64SCTCA）在川崎病（KD）冠状动脉瘤临床诊断和随访中的应用价值。方法选择2006年12 月至2007年5月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院门诊随访的KD并发冠状动脉瘤患儿作为研究对象。患儿观察终点随访时依据病变程度除行超声 心动图检查外,同时行64SCTCA检查,对各项检查结果进行详细描述,并分析其应用价值。结果研究期间纳入15例患儿,急性期KD超声心动图检 查显示急性期累及冠状动脉48/60支（80％）。患儿观察终点随访9个月至8.6年,平均（2.8±2.0）年,超声心动图示14/48支(29.2％)冠状动 脉瘤或扩张消退,其余进一步扩张或无明显变化,累及冠状动脉34/60支（56.7%）,同时检测出2处血栓,未发现狭窄及钙化。64SCTCA示累及 冠状动脉30/60支（50％）,主要累及右冠状动脉和左前降支,分布部位与超声心动图检查基本一致,64SCTCA与超声心动图检查对冠状动脉瘤 最大内径的测量值具有较好的相关性（r =0.837,P<0.001）,64SCTCA发现4处血栓、5处钙化及3处狭窄。结论64SCTCA和超声心动图在KD并发 冠状动脉瘤患儿的随访中具有各自的应用价值,两种方法的联合应用可增加冠状动脉病变的检出率。     

冠状动脉造影和三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图对川崎病冠状动脉损害远期追踪的价值

目的 探讨选择性冠状动脉造影及三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图对川崎病（KD）冠状动脉损害远期追踪的价值。方法 选取1999至2007年广州市儿童医院KD急性期超声心动图检查发现合并冠状动脉损害的患儿，同时采用三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图及选择性冠状动脉造影于恢复期进行远期随访。结果依据纳入标准和排除标准逐层筛选，确定9例KD患儿为本研究的样本。男8例，女1例，急性期发病年龄为1～10岁，平均（4.44±3.09）岁。检查时年龄4～12岁，平均（7.89±2.62）岁。追踪时间1.5~7年，平均（3.44±1.67）年。急性期超声心动图示9例患儿中冠状动脉巨瘤5例，冠状动脉瘤3例，冠状动脉扩张1例。三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图示：节段性室壁运动异常6/9例；冠状动脉血流储备下降5/9例。冠状动脉造影示：双侧主干冠状动脉瘤4例，同时伴远端动脉瘤3处，冠状动脉左前降支狭窄1处，并冠状动脉扭曲，狭窄或充盈缺损3处，附近侧支血管形成1处；左前降支动脉瘤、右冠状动脉闭塞伴侧支循环形成1例，冠状动脉扩张4例。与同期超声心动图检查比较 ，冠状动脉造影新发现冠状动脉远端瘤3处，右冠状动脉远端狭窄2处，左前降支狭窄1处，右冠状动脉闭塞伴侧支血管形成1例。5例三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图检查结果阳性者与冠状动脉造影比较：均发现相应冠状动脉支狭窄或充盈缺损表现；1例三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图检查结果阳性，冠状动脉造影仅见轻度冠状动脉扩张。结论 KD合并冠状动脉损害特别是动脉瘤造成的心脏损害可长期存在。对于远期追踪观察KD患儿冠状动脉病变，三磷酸腺苷负荷超声心动图具无创、安全可靠的优点，是判断心肌缺血的重要方法；选择性冠状动脉造影可明确显示冠状动脉病变的位置、形态、数目及严重程度，特别对冠状动脉狭窄、闭塞及远端病变能做出准确的评估。两种方法结合检查对KD冠状动脉损害的远期追踪有重要帮助。     

川崎病并发心血管损害的病理机制和超声心动图检测

川崎病引起的心血管损害与冠状血管免疫性损伤、血管内皮功能障碍有密切关系;冠状动脉炎在川崎病急性期后持续存在,是导致血管内膜纤维增生,血管腔狭窄的重要原因。现代超声心图技术诊断川崎病并发心血管损害对判断病情、指导治疗和估计预后发挥越来越重要的作用。     

川崎病冠状动脉损害超声心动图及心电图分析

目的　探讨超声心动图与心电图对川崎病冠状动脉损害的诊断价值。方法　对川崎病患儿 78例行超声心动图及心电图检查 ,根据超声检查结果分为 3组 ,并对各组进行分析。结果　超声检出冠状动脉病变 45例 ,其中冠状动脉扩张 32例 ,冠状动脉瘤 1 3例 ;心电图异常 1 6例。冠状动脉损害组心电图异常率高于无冠状动脉损害组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;冠状动脉瘤组心电图异常率明显高于冠状动脉扩张组 (P <0 .0 0 5)。结论　超声心动图与心电图相结合可更全面地反映川崎病的冠状动脉损害。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图对新生儿中央性青紫的评价

新生儿青紫按病因分为生理性和病理性二类，后者因还原血红蛋增多又分为中央性和周围性二种。本文就ＣＦＭ对新生儿中央性青紫进行评价。２２５例新生儿中央性青紫中，心源性青紫９６例，占４２．７％，主要由各种复合性心脏畸形所致。肺源性青紫１３０例，占５７．３％，主要由肺部疾患及新生儿窒息所致，少数由持续胎儿循环引起，患儿均有不同程度的青紫，气急者７４．７％，心脏杂音者６１．７％，经ＣＦＭ检查，心源性紫绀中ＴＧ     

川崎病的急性期及远期抗凝治疗

川崎病急性期及亚急性期血小板功能及纤维蛋白溶解存在异常;并冠状动脉异常者可出现血管内皮功能障碍、血小板异常激活、纤维蛋白异常溶解及异常的血流动力学,使受累冠状动脉内易形成血栓.故对于川崎病患儿,特别是并冠状动脉瘤者,急性期及远期的抗凝治疗非常重要.现介绍川崎病急性、亚急性期及并冠状动脉并发症患儿慢性期凝血功能异常机制和急性期、亚急性期及并冠状动脉瘤患儿的抗凝治疗方法.     

Follow-Up Chest X-Ray in Patients with Kawasaki Disease: The Significance and Clinical Application of Coronary Artery Macro-Calcification

Kawasaki disease (KD) related coronary artery (CA) aneurysms may lead to significant and potentially insidious progressive stenosis. It is also well recognized that CA scarring leads to heavy calcification in KD. We intended to correlate the angiographic anomalies associated with coronary calcifications in KD and to evaluate the chronology and the detection rate of KD-related CA calcification on plain chest X-ray. Between 1992 and 2006, 65 CA angiograms were performed in 50 KD patients. Chest fluoroscopies and angiograms were retrospectively reviewed. When angiograms were abnormal, chest X-rays were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the results of angiograms. CA lesions were identified in 18/50 (36%) patients, including isolated CA aneurysms in 10. All 8 patients who had CA aneurysms associated with stenosis and/or occlusion had CA calcification identifiable on chest X-ray. All significant stenotic lesions were concomitant with calcification. Plain chest X-ray, a simple inexpensive low dose mean, easily identifies KD patients at risk for serious CA stenosis when specific search for CA calcification is pursued. When detected, a closer tracking of coronary artery patency is warranted via other imaging techniques, usually expensive, invasive, requiring sedation in children or exposing to high radiation.     

川崎病诊治及随访的若干问题研究进展

川崎病(KD)目前尚无特异的实验室诊断指标,未经治疗的KD患儿20%~40%发生冠状动脉病变(CAL),病变约50%在5年内恢复正常,巨大动脉瘤(GCAA)难以恢复,部分可能发展成为冠状动脉(CA)狭窄,有引起CA栓塞、心肌梗死和死亡的危险。因此美国、英国及加拿大等国均制定相应的诊断、治疗及长期随诊方案。     

121例早产儿心脏彩色多普勒超声诊断异常结果分析

近年来,出生的早产儿有逐渐增多趋势,随着医学技术的发展,越来越多的早产儿得以存活。为了提高早产儿存活率及生存质量,我院新生儿科应用彩色多普勒超声(彩超)对早产儿进行心脏疾病筛查。现将在我院新生儿病房2003年11月～2005年10月住院的709例早产儿,常规心脏彩超检查中诊断结果异常的121例,报告如下。1资料和方法1.1一般资料709例早产儿中超声诊断结果异常121例(占17.1%),其中男94例,女27例,男∶女为3.48∶1;胎龄(34.4±1.8)周;体重(2224±513)g;检查时日龄(4.38±2.22)d。其中极低体重儿4例,双胎11例,伴尿道下裂、外耳道闭锁、先天愚型…     

Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Young Patients with Kawasaki Disease

There has been no consistent approach to the follow-up of Kawasaki disease patients for remote coronary perfusion abnormalities. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has become a standard method for evaluation of perfusion abnormalities in adults with coronary artery disease. In addition, DSE has been used with success in some pediatric patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate safety and accuracy of DSE in the follow-up of patients with Kawasaki disease, to evaluate whether DSE adds any additional value to the resting echocardiogram, and to determine the association of DSE results with American Heart Association (AHA) risk level categories. DSE was performed 1 month to 13 years after acute Kawasaki disease in 47 patients (range, 3.8–22.6 years; 33 males and 16 females). Patients were stratified according to AHA risk level categories (I–V). Ischemia was defined as a new or worsening regional wall motion abnormality or >1 mm ST segment depression on the electrocardiogram during DSE. In 45/47 patients, DSE was completed successfully (i.e., achievement of target heart rate or development of ischemia). No patients in risk levels lower than V (i.e., patients without coronary artery stenoses) had positive DSE, whereas 2/4 (50%) in the risk level V category had positive DSE, both of whom had coronary occlusion >50% confirmed by angiography. Of the 2 AHA risk level V patients with negative DSE, 1 had extensive collateralization and the other had coronary obstruction <50%. DSE is a safe and feasible method for the evaluation of children with Kawasaki disease. DSE provides a confirmatory benefit and may be a useful screening alternative to cardiac catheterization during follow-up. Patients in AHA risk levels I–IV are unlikely to have dobutamine-induced coronary perfusion abnormalities. Patients in the risk level V category may or may not have positive DSE depending on the degree of both coronary obstruction and collateralization.     

川崎病85例

目的探讨川崎病（KD）患儿临床表现及并冠状动脉损害（CAL）的危险因素。方法对85例KD患儿进行临床分析。分析其年龄、性别、临床表现及心血管并发症的发生率，辅助检查等异常情况。对无CAL31例和并CAL54例患儿病程、实验室检查结果进行比较，分析CAL及冠脉瘤（CAA）发生的危险因素及治疗。结果1．男56例，女29例；年龄26个月～5岁者77例（90％）。KD并CAL发生率与WBC计数、血小板、血沉增高及血红蛋白、血清钠降低密切相关（P〈0．05）；与年龄、性别、发热天数均无相关性（P〉0．05）。除发热外，口唇潮红者占95％，皮疹占82％，球结膜充血占80％，颈部淋巴结大占75％，指趾端脱皮占70．5％，口唇及口腔改变占68％。2．心血管改变情况：并CAL54例（63．5％），3例形成CAA，在冠状动脉病变人群中占5．5％，占KD3．5％。左房左室扩大30例（35％），心包积液6例（7％），有心电图改变23例（27％）。病程5d以上确诊KD的患儿静脉注射人血丙种球蛋白（IVIG）和口服阿司匹林疗效均显著。结论5岁以下KD男童发病率高，早期大剂量应用IVIG对防治CAL有重要作用。     

血小板参数对川崎病诊断和预后判断的意义

目的观察川崎病（KD）患儿血小板参数变化并分析其对KD诊断和判断预后的意义。方法对确诊为KD病的23例患儿分别测定其急性期即入院发热时及恢复早期即热退1周内血小板数（PLT）、平均血小板体积（MPV）、血小板分布宽度（PDW）、血小板压积（PCT）,同时测定33例同期年龄相仿发热患儿（非KD及血液系统疾病）以上血小板参数作为对照。KD患儿均行心脏彩色多普勒超声检查。对有和无冠状动脉异常患儿血小板参数分别进行比较。并对血小板各参数进行相关性分析。结果KD患儿PLT、PCT升高,恢复早期较急性期更显著（P〈0.001）。冠状动脉异常患儿与无异常患儿血小板参数比较无显著差异性（P〉0.05）。PLT与MPV、PDW呈负相关（r=0.358,0.268Pa〈0.05）;MPV与PDW,PLT与PCT呈正相关（r=0.428,0.945Pa〈0.001）;MPV与PCT无相关性（r=0.071P〉0.05）。结论血小板参数变化对KD诊断有非常重要意义,但是否能以血小板参数变化程度来判断病情恢复程度及预后还有待进一步研究。     

Evaluation of Myocardial Function by Pulsed Tissue Doppler in Kawasaki Disease

Myocarditis is a well-recognized component of Kawasaki disease, with left ventricular dysfunction occurring in more than half of patients during the acute phase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate myocardial function in patients with Kawasaki disease using pulsed tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Twenty-five patients with the diagnosis of acute Kawasaki disease were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent echocardiographic studies at the time of diagnosis of the disease, in its acute phase, prior to treatment, and then 4 weeks later. For an aged-matched control group with fever and no cardiac disease, the same echocardiographic evaluations were performed. Peak velocities of systolic (Sa), early diastolic (Ea), and late diastolic (Aa) motion of the annulus were obtained at the lateral and septal sides in apical four-chamber view, and TDI-derived myocardial performance index (TDI-MPI) was also calculated. Peak Ea velocity of lateral mitral annulus was decreased significantly during the acute phase of illness (14 ± 4.40 vs. 17.67 ± 4.41; P = 0.028). In seven patients with carditis, changes in Ea-to-Aa ratio of septum (1.28 ± 0.278 vs. 1.78 ± 0.49; P = 0.018) and lateral mitral annulus (1.23 ± 0.496 vs. 2.11 ± 0.822; P = 0.014) were statistically significant but TDI-MPI showed no statistically significant changes. This study showed that peak mitral annular Ea velocities obtained by TDI were significantly altered in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. TDI- MPI does not add an incremental benefit to other indexes of myocardial performance for comprehensive myocardial function in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease.     

川崎病临床表现与早期诊断的探讨

目的：探讨建立一种早期诊断川崎病(KD)的诊断指标的可能性。方法：参照KD现行诊断标准,统计分析69例KD患儿各种临床表现出现的时间及发生率。结果：本病早期发热、唇红和或干裂、皮疹、眼结膜充血的发生率分别为100%,92.8%,84%,81%;肛周皮肤潮红和/或脱皮96%出现在起病8 d内,卡介苗接种疤痕(卡疤)反应常在起病3 d内出现。结论：KD患儿发热、皮肤粘膜改变是主要临床表现,当出现发热、唇红干裂、眼结膜充血的“川崎面容”时即应高度怀疑KD的可能。肛周皮损及“卡疤”反应具有早期诊断的价值。